Urogenital System

Paulo Rafael Symaco Joson, M.Sc.(cand.)

The Urinary System

• Components: Kidneys and tubules

• Function: Waste elimination

Structure of the Kidney

Structure of the Kidney

Microscopic components:

Blood Vessels

Renal Corpuscle

Uriniferous Tubule:

Nephron Collecting tubules

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Structure of the Kidney Renal Artery

Branchings, glomerulus

Renal capsule

Proximal, intermediate, distal

Collecting tubules

Out

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Embryonic Origin Expansion of intermediate mesoderm ->Nephric ridge

Nephrotome (develops into uriniferous tubule)

-Medial: glomerulus

-Lateral: common nephric duct

Plan: Coelom and nephric duct

Tripartite Concept

• Three-part development

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Tripartite Concept

• Pronephros

• Mesonephros

• Metanephros

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Tripartite Concept

• Pronephros • Pronephric tubules, pronephric

duct

• Glomeruli extends from roof of coelom and filters into them

• Ususally transient

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Tripartite Concept

• Mesonephros • Taps into pronephric tubules

• Embryonically functional, can persist into adulthood

• Opisthonephros

Tripartite Concept

• Metanephros • Rises from mesonephros

• Grows into posterior region of the nephric ridge

Kidney Phylogeny: Fish

• Primitive: Pronephros

• Most teleosts: Mesonephros or opisthonephros

Kidney Phylogeny: Tetrapods

• Larval amphibians: pronephros • Adults:

Remnants+Meso, Opistho

• Amniotes: • Transient

pronephros

• Metanephros

Function: Excretion

• Removal of byproducts of metabolism • Carbon dioxide, water

• Nitrogenous waste (ammonia)

• Ammonotelism

• Uricotelism

• Ureotelism

Function: Osmoregulation

• Regulation of body salt and water levels • Kidney

• Cloaca, large intestine

• Urinary bladder

Osmoregulation: Elimination and Conservation

• Filtration kidneys: glomerular filtrate, secretions along tubules, reabsorption

• Features: • Glomerulus size, presence of glomerulus

• Tubule length

• Loop of Henle

• Vasa recta

Osmoregulation: Elimination and Conservation

• Elimination: • Freshwater fish – large glomeruli, long distal tubule for more salt reabsorption

• Conservation – • Marine fish – no glomerulus, no distal tubules, secretion-dependent

• Terrestrial – loop of henle modification

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Reproductive System

• Gonads, secretions, gametes, and associated ducts

• Tunica albuginea

• Cortex

• Medulla

• Ova

• Follicle Cells

Embryonic Origin

• Genital ridge • Undifferentiated

• Extraembryonic: Germ cells • Females: Cortex

• Males: Medulla

• Organs: Salvaging from urinary

Embryonic Origin: Gonads

Duct Fates

• Pronephric duct – 1. Kidney (E)– 2. Adult Testes (Vas deferens)

• Wolffian duct – 1. Mesonephros (E) – 2. Adult Kidney (Ureter), Adult testes

• Mullerian duct – Parallel:Wolffian – Female Reproductive System

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Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Comparative Urogenital Anatomy - Females

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution by Kenneth V. Kardong

Comparative Urogenital Anatomy - Males

Copulatory Organs

• Intromittent organs for delivering sperm • Chondrichthyes – Claspers • Teleosts – Pelvic and anal fins

• Gonopodium

• Anurans – Amplexus • Urodeles – Spermatophore and Spermatheca • Apodans – Cloacal eversion • Squamates – Hemipenis • Crocodilians, Rhynchocephalians, Testudines, some birds, and mammals –

True penis • Some birds – Cloacal transfer

Images

• http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/693/flashcards/619693/png/kidney1312481120499.png

• http://web.uni-plovdiv.bg/stu1104541018/docs/res/skandalakis'%20surgical%20anatomy%20-%202004/Chapter%2023_%20Kidneys%20and%20Ureters_fichiers/loadBinaryCA82AUH2.jpg

• http://www.nature.com/nrneph/journal/v9/n3/images/nrneph.2012.290-f1.jpg

• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pP4Y9Fhq8M0/TvCwDSHJi_I/AAAAAAAAABc/Mil2NYBoYac/s1600/f51003.jpg

• http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy4480tsai/ovary.jpg

• http://www.melakafertility.com/images/drawings/anatomy/ant-001.png

• http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/urology/435575-1350956-452831-1615775.jpg

• http://teleanatomy.com/Developmental%20Anatomy/Nutfah/Male%20gametes_files/image010.jpg

• http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n12/images/nrg1225-i1.jpg

• https://www.ihcworld.com/imagegallery/images/he-stain/normal_Testis-ms-g.jpg

• http://www.repropedia.org/sites/repropedia/files/spermatogenesis.jpg

• http://education.med.nyu.edu/Histology/courseware/modules/fem-repro-sy/images/female.reproductive.02.gif

• http://celldivisionandreproduction.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/2/4/19240233/4000231_orig.png

• http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/maleurogenitalducts.gif

• http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/femaleurogenitalducts.gif

Diagrams and tables from Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution 6th Edition by Kenneth Kardong. 2012. Published by McGraw-Hill, New York.