urine characteristics & urinalysis

8/12/2019 Urine Characteristics & Urinalysis

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CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE

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Urinalysis

1. Physical characteristics: color, odor,turbidity, volume, & specific gravity

2. Chemical characteristics: pH, glucose,protein, ketones, pus (WBCs &bacteria), RBCs, hemoglobin, bile . . .

3. Microscopic exam of urine sediment:crystals, cells, etc.


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Why is urinalysis an important

part of routine patient exams? Urine contains important metabolic

information & the presence of abnormalsubstances is helpful in diseasediagnosis

Urine is cheap, simple, & readilyavailable


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List the three main inorganic

solutes of urine Sodium, potassium, & chloride

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State the average daily urine

output

1200 - 1500 mL (1.2 - 1.5 L)


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State the normal daily range

of urine output 600 - 2000 mL (0.6 - 2.0 L)


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Define the following terms:

Anuria - complete stoppage of urine

Oliguria - reduced amount of urine

Polyuria - increased amount of urine

Nocturia - increased amount of urine @night


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Describe the different types ofurine specimens used in a

medical lab

Random 1st morning Mid-stream clean catch (MSCC) Fasting 24 hour


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List the normal colors of urine

Any shade of yellow due to the pigmenturochrome: light yellow, yellow, darkyellow, amber . . .


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List abnormal colors of urine

& possible causes Colorless - XS fluid intake; diabetes Orange - bilirubin, XS Vitamin A Green - bile, Pseudomonas bacteria Red/Brown - hemoglobin, beets

Black - melanins Any abnormal color can be due to dyes,foods, or medications


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State the term used to describeurine appearance

Turbidity - cloudiness due toparticulate mattersuspended in urine

Clear, transparent, hazy, cloudy,turbid, milky, or 0 - 4+ system




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Identify several factors thatmay affect urine appearance

Crystals, WBCs, RBCs, bacteria,epithelial cells, lipids, mucus, fecalmaterial, semen, lymph fluid, yeast,powders, creams, cotton fibers, etc.






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Define specificgravity

Density of a substancecompared to an equal

volume of water at asimilar temperature




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Describe a urinometer & theprocedure for using it todetermine s.g. of urine

A device that displaces water and sinks

to a level indicative of the specificgravity

Pour urine in jar, place urinometer influid, spin & when it settles, read theresults


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State the normal range ofspecific gravity for human

urine

1.001 - 1.035


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Explain the significance of aspecific gravity of 1.023 -

1.035 Normal; 1.023 or above indicates good

kidney function


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List 4 common reasons forabnormally high specific

gravity results

Presence of glucose Presence of protein Recent X-ray exposure

Use of IVs Dehydrating illnesses - fever, sweat,vomit, diarrhea


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List possible reasons forabnormally low specific gravity

results

Diabetes insipidus (water diabetes) Renal (kidney) disease/damage


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Chemical Tests for Urine - pH Average Range: 4.5 - 8.0 Average: 6.0 Affected by diet & changes in body metabolism

Acidic urine: -high protein diet or lots of

whole wheat = acid formingfoods

-diabetes

Alkaline urine: -high veggie or dairy diet = baseforming foods

-UTI

Either: medications, kidney stones (renal calculi)


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Chemical Tests for Urine -Glucose (glycosuria)

Benign: -heavy meal-emotional stress

Pathologic: -diabetes mellitus-kidney tubule defects

-CNS damage-thyroid disorders


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Chemical Tests for Urine -Protein (proteinuria)

Benign: -cold-strenuous exercise-acute illness (fever)-orthostatic proteinuria

Pathologic: -*kidney damage*

-pre-eclampsia-hypertension-multiple myeloma

Ch i l T f U i P


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Chemical Tests for Urine - Pus(Pyuria)

UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) orcontaminated specimen

High Risk for UTI:-School age children esp. girls-pregnant women-diabetic people-previous history of UTIs -patients with catheters-elderly people


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Chemical Tests for Urine -RBCs (Hematuria)

Whole blood = cloudy red

Bleeding in the urinary tract-trauma (ex: auto accident, kick)-kidney stones (renal calculi)

-kidney infection (pyelonephritis)-tumors-toxic chemicals/drugs


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Chemical Tests for Urine -Hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)

Hemoglobin = clear, red appearance

-hemolytic anemia-transfusion reactions

-severe burns


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Chemical Tests for Urine - Bile

(bilirubinuria)-hepatitis/liver disease


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Chemical Tests for Urine -Ketones (ketonuria)

Source: breakdown of fats instead ofcarbohydrates for energy

-diabetes-starvation (decreased carbohydrate

intake or increase carbohydrate loss -vomiting)

-wrong dose of insulin


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End.

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urine characteristics & urinalysis

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