urgent opportunities for transmission system enhacement.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Results in Transmission Line Research Results in Transmission Line
s-Domain Models, Power System s-Domain Models, Power System
Harmonics, Electromagnetic Transients, Harmonics, Electromagnetic Transients,
Switching Overvoltage Suppressing Switching Overvoltage Suppressing
Devices Devices
and FACTS Controlsand FACTS Controls
Research Results in Transmission Line Research Results in Transmission Line
s-Domain Models, Power System s-Domain Models, Power System
Harmonics, Electromagnetic Transients, Harmonics, Electromagnetic Transients,
Switching Overvoltage Suppressing Switching Overvoltage Suppressing
Devices Devices
and FACTS Controlsand FACTS Controls
Urgent Opportunities for Transmission System Enhacement
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Modal AnalysisModal AnalysisModal AnalysisModal Analysis• Used worldwide and number of engineering Used worldwide and number of engineering
applications continuosly increasesapplications continuosly increases
• Helps determining the nature of problemsHelps determining the nature of problems in spite of in spite of the limitations associated with linearizationthe limitations associated with linearization
• Most effective locations for placing equipment or Most effective locations for placing equipment or controllers to improve system controllers to improve system performanceperformance
• Equipment or controller designEquipment or controller design
• Cost-effective solutions in several power systems Cost-effective solutions in several power systems areasareas
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Modal AnalysisModal Analysis in Power Systems in Power SystemsModal AnalysisModal Analysis in Power Systems in Power Systems
• Modeling of ac networks using descriptor and s-Modeling of ac networks using descriptor and s-domain models (transmission linesdomain models (transmission lines with with distributed distributed and frequency dependent parameters)and frequency dependent parameters)
• Small signal stability (Small signal stability (electromechanical oscillations, electromechanical oscillations, voltage stability andvoltage stability and ssubsynchronous ubsynchronous rresonance)esonance)
• Harmonic Harmonic aanalysisnalysis and filter design and filter design
• Electromagnetic Electromagnetic ttransientsransients
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Poles(Eigenvalues)
TF Zeros
Pole Location
System Model(Descriptor System or
S-Domain)
Mode-Shapes,Participation Factors,TF Residues & Other
Modal Sensitivities
Linear TimeResponse
FrequencyResponse
Root-Locus &Root-Contour Plots
Bifurcations;Stability
Boundaries
Filter orController
Design
Reduced OrderModel
(SISO & MIMO)
Dynamic Analysis of Linear(ized) SystemsDynamic Analysis of Linear(ized) SystemsDynamic Analysis of Linear(ized) SystemsDynamic Analysis of Linear(ized) Systems
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ss-Domain Modeling-Domain Modelingss-Domain Modeling-Domain Modeling
• NNodal admittance matrix (odal admittance matrix (YYbusbus)) is built is built in the s- in the s-domaindomain
• Equations are written directly in the s-domainEquations are written directly in the s-domain sisimpler, efficient and accurate mpler, efficient and accurate model for distributed model for distributed parameter,parameter, frequency dependen frequency dependentt transmission lines transmission lines
• YYields lower dimension system matricesields lower dimension system matrices
• EfficientEfficient eigensolution eigensolution algorithms algorithms have been have been developeddeveloped
• Advances the state-of-the-art Advances the state-of-the-art in modal analysisin modal analysis
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Electromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient Results
Synthetic System for Switching Transient Synthetic System for Switching Transient StudiesStudies
Transmission Line(500 kV, 300 km)
0.06 mH
100F
1 H
550
7 H 1.4FTransmission Line Parameters:
Zu = 0.028 /km +s 0.862 mH/km
Yu = s 0.0138 F/km
100F
7 H
E sin(0t + )
VS
VR
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Reduced Order ModelReduced Order Model for V for VRR(s) / V(s) / VSS(s)(s)Reduced Order ModelReduced Order Model for V for VRR(s) / V(s) / VSS(s)(s)
• VVRR = Receiving end voltage / V = Receiving end voltage / VS S = Sending end = Sending end voltagevoltage
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Frequency (Hz)
Vol
tag
e (p
u)
Complete Model
16th Order Model
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Electromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient Results
Sine Input ( = 0o)
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Electromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient Results
Cosine Input ( = 90o)
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Electromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient Results
Voltage Source Phase Angle ( in degrees)
Maximum Overvoltages
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Electromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient ResultsElectromagnetic Transient Results
Maximum Overvoltage Case ( 60o)
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Harmonic ResultsHarmonic ResultsHarmonic ResultsHarmonic Results
0.24 MW0.21 MVAr
0.10 MW0.09 MVAr
8.49 F
22.48 F
0.90 MW0.79 MVAr
0.12 MW0.10 MVAr
0.13 MW0.11 MVAr16.86 F
0.86 MW0.76 MVAr
0.86 MW0.76 MVAr
0.23 MW0.20 MVAr
1.09 MW0.96 MVAr
1.20 MW0.11 MVAr
11.24 F
0.14 MW0.12 MVAr
1.00 MW0.88 MVAr
0.15 MW0.13 MVAr
0.02 MW0.02 MVAr
2.81 F0.14 MW
0.13 MVAr
8.49 F2.54 MW
2.23 MVAr
15.18 MW6.47 MVAr
Bus 01
Bus 50
138 kV
11.9 kV
Bus 10 11.9 kV
Bus 11
Bus 12
Bus 13
Bus 14
Bus 101
Bus 21
Bus 22
Bus 23
Bus 24
Bus 25
Bus 201
Bus 31
Bus 32
Bus 33
Bus 34
Bus 35
Bus 301
Bus 41
Bus 42
Bus 43
0.43 MW0.38 MVAr
Bus 26
480 V
480 V
480 V
Z=1.712+j 8.94
0.50 MVA( 0.05 + j 5.0 )%
2.60 MVA( 0.05 + j 5.0 )%
7.00 MVA( 0.05 + j 5.0 )%
15.00 MVA( 0.08 + j 8.0 )%
15.00 MVA( 0.08 + j 8.0 )%
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
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Harmonic ResultsHarmonic ResultsHarmonic ResultsHarmonic Results
Weighted Impedance Seen from Bus 13
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500Frequency (Hz)
Impe
danc
e (p
u)
Original System
Proposed Solution
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TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
• Line energization (500 kV, 300 km)
• Receiving end is open
TOSD
LOA
D
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TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
Line Energization
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25Time (ms)
Rec
eivi
ng
En
d V
olt
age
(kV
) Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
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TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
Line Energization (Enlarged View of Time Axis)
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03Time (ms)
Rec
eiv
ing
En
d V
olt
age
(kV
)
Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
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TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
Line Energization with Device
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25Time (ms)
Rec
eivi
ng
En
d V
olt
age
(kV
) Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
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TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
TransientTransient Overvoltage Overvoltage Suppress Suppressinging DeviceDevice
Line Energization with Device (Enlarged View of Time Axis)
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03Time (ms)
Rec
eivi
ng
En
d V
olt
age
(kV
) Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
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FACTS Control StrategiesFACTS Control StrategiesFACTS Control StrategiesFACTS Control Strategies
• TCSC used for:TCSC used for:
– Line Power SchedulingLine Power Scheduling
– System Oscillation Damping (Power Oscillation System Oscillation Damping (Power Oscillation Damping – POD Controller)Damping – POD Controller)
1
3
4
P12
2
1000 MW
TCSC
P24
P23
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TCSC Control System DiagramTCSC Control System DiagramTCSC Control System DiagramTCSC Control System Diagram
+
Power System
x re f
PI Controller
TCSC Controls
P I (s )
P O D (s )
xcont
POD Controller
+
B 2-4
B P O D
+F 2 (s )
F 1 (s )
x inp
B P I
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TCSC ControlsTCSC Controls (Detail) (Detail)TCSC ControlsTCSC Controls (Detail) (Detail)
Ki = 5, Kp = 0.5 in all cases
xcont = P2-4 for Constant Line Power Strategy
+
s
+
B2-4
Ki + Kp
BPOD +
xinp
SeriesSusceptance
1 + sTws Tw Kstab
1 + saT
1 + sT
n
POD Controller
PI Controller
LogicON/OFF
Protection
Parallel LineStatus
Bmax
Bmin
xref
xcont
Washout Lead-Lag Gain
BPI
Bmax
Bmin
Bmax = 5
Bmin = 2.5
= 0.1
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TCSC at Fixed Impedance ModeTCSC at Fixed Impedance ModeTCSC at Fixed Impedance ModeTCSC at Fixed Impedance Mode
• Step disturbance Step disturbance PPMECMEC = 1 % = 1 %
• Dominant Mode Dominant Mode = +0.305 ±j 6.126= +0.305 ±j 6.126
-70
0
70
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.
Time (s)
P1-2
P2-3
P2-4
1
3
4
2
TCSC
P24
P23PMEC
P12
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TCSC with POD ControllerTCSC with POD ControllerTCSC with POD ControllerTCSC with POD Controller
-0.004
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0. 5. 10. 15. 20.
Time (s)
P1-2
P2-3
P2-4
Time (s)Time (s)
• PPMECMEC = 1 % = 1 % D Dominant Mode ominant Mode = = --0.0.890890 ±j ±j 55..822822
• Incremental steady-state powers are equally shared Incremental steady-state powers are equally shared between the two linesbetween the two lines
1
3
4
2
TCSC
P24
P23PMEC
P12
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TCSC with POD and Constant Line Power TCSC with POD and Constant Line Power ControllersControllers
TCSC with POD and Constant Line Power TCSC with POD and Constant Line Power ControllersControllers
-0.004
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.
Time (s)
Brings the power flow in line 2-4 to the specified value
P1-2
P2-3
P2-4
• PPMECMEC = 1 % = 1 % Dominant ModeDominant Modess = = --0.0.889889 ±j ±j 55..771 and 771 and = = --0.0.123123
1
3
4
2
TCSC
P24
P23PMEC
P12
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Transient Stability ResultsTransient Stability ResultsTransient Stability ResultsTransient Stability Results
• Non-linear simulation data:
– t = 0.5 s Short circuit in line 2-3
– t = 0.6 s Fault clearance by line tripping
– t = 0.6 s Rejection of one generation unit (200 MW)
1
3
4
P12
2
800 MW
TCSC
P24
P23 = 0
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Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results)Results)
Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results)Results)
Serious Control Problem
Dominant Mode: = 0
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0. 5. 10. 15. 20.
Time (s)
PI-Controller = ON
POD Controller = ON
V2
V4
1-2
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Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results)Results)
Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results)Results)
0.000
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.012
0.015
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.
Time (s)
PI-Controller = OFF
POD Controller = ON
System Stable
Dominant Mode: = -2.41 ±j 3.64
P1-2
P2-4
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Transient Stability ResultsTransient Stability ResultsTransient Stability ResultsTransient Stability Results
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
Time (s)
400
600
800
1000
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
Time (s)
PI-Controller = ONPOD Controller = ON
(TCSC output limiter is active – Bmin , Bmax)
System Very Poorly
Damped
P2-4BTCSC
Short circuit in line 2-3 ( t = 0.5 s )
Fault Clearance by line tripping and one generator unit drop ( t = 0.6 s )
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Transient Stability ResultsTransient Stability ResultsTransient Stability ResultsTransient Stability Results
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
Time (s)
400
600
800
1000
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
Time (s)
PI-Controller channel turned off by protection logics when line 2-3 is
tripped
System Highly Damped
P2-4
BTCSC
Short circuit in line 2-3 ( t = 0.5 s )
Fault Clearance by line tripping and one generator unit drop ( t = 0.6 s )
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Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC
• Using TCSC & SVC to emulate UPFC with functions:Using TCSC & SVC to emulate UPFC with functions:– Line Power SchedulingLine Power Scheduling– System Oscillation DampingSystem Oscillation Damping– Bus Voltage ControlBus Voltage Control
1
3
4
P12
2
1000 MW
SVC
TCSC
P24
P23
EmulatedUPFC
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Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVCEmulating UPFC using TCSC + SVCEmulating UPFC using TCSC + SVCEmulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC
1
3
4
2
TCSC
P24
P23PMEC
P12
SVC
EmulatedUPFC
-5.0E-3
0.0E+1
5.0E-3
1.0E-2
1.5E-2
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20.
Time (s)
Line Active Power Flow
P1-2
P2-3
P2-4
Line Active Power Flow Deviations
Brings the power flow in line 2-4 back to the specified value
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-2.0E-3
-1.0E-3
0.0E+1
1.0E-3
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20.
Time (s)
With Voltage Control Without Voltage Control
Voltage Deviation at Bus 2
Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVCEmulating UPFC using TCSC + SVCEmulating UPFC using TCSC + SVCEmulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC
Brings the voltage at bus 2 to the specified value
1
3
4
2
TCSC
P24
P23PMEC
P12
SVC
EmulatedUPFC
Without Voltage ControlWith Voltage Control
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Propagation of Electromechanical Propagation of Electromechanical DisturbancesDisturbances
Propagation of Electromechanical Propagation of Electromechanical DisturbancesDisturbances
Input: Input: PPMECMEC at at ItaipuItaipu
Output: Output: along the along the systemsystem
1- Itaipu1- Itaipu
2- Emborcação2- Emborcação
3- Serra da 3- Serra da MesaMesa
4- Tucurui4- Tucurui
5- Xingó5- Xingó
1122
33
44
55
PPMECMEC
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Propagation of Electromechanical Propagation of Electromechanical DisturbancesDisturbances
Propagation of Electromechanical Propagation of Electromechanical DisturbancesDisturbances
-3.5E-4
-1.8E-4
0.0E+1
1.7E-4
3.5E-4
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Time (s)
- Itaipu- Itaipu
- Emborcação- Emborcação
- Serra da Mesa- Serra da Mesa
- Tucurui- Tucurui
- Xingó- Xingó
©© Unpublished material from Ph.D. thesis of Julio C. R. Ferraz Unpublished material from Ph.D. thesis of Julio C. R. Ferraz
Input: Input: PPMECMEC at at ItaipuItaipu
Output: Output: along along the the systemsystem
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Propagation of Electromechanical Propagation of Electromechanical DisturbancesDisturbances
Propagation of Electromechanical Propagation of Electromechanical DisturbancesDisturbances
-3.5E-4
-1.8E-4
0.0E+1
1.7E-4
3.5E-4
0. 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3
Time (s)
- Itaipu- Itaipu
- Emborcação- Emborcação
- Serra da Mesa- Serra da Mesa
- Tucurui- Tucurui
- Xingó- Xingó
0.4 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.9
©© Unpublished material from Ph.D. thesis of Julio C. R. Ferraz Unpublished material from Ph.D. thesis of Julio C. R. Ferraz
Input: Input: PPMECMEC at at ItaipuItaipu
Output: Output: along along thethe
systemsystem
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Concluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
• Fernando França has given a broad view of the Fernando França has given a broad view of the challenges faced by the Brazilian ISOchallenges faced by the Brazilian ISO
• Luiz Pilloto presented developments on HSIL lines, Luiz Pilloto presented developments on HSIL lines, Defense Plans, FACTS concepts, new FACTS Defense Plans, FACTS concepts, new FACTS equipment and software toolsequipment and software tools
• This presentation covered a range of topics in which This presentation covered a range of topics in which the speaker is directly involvedthe speaker is directly involved
• Not much was said about Power Infrastructure Not much was said about Power Infrastructure Vulnerability, but the speaker is eager to contribute Vulnerability, but the speaker is eager to contribute to the discussionsto the discussions