Urbanization

The primary rationale for planning

An Understanding of Urbanization

There is a strength in numbers

SecuritySocial InteractionEconomic Agglomeration

Olynthos, Greece 423 B.C. http://www.trentu.ca/faculty/rfitzsimons/AHCL2200Y/11-02/(03)%20Olynthos%20(02).jpg

An Understanding of Urbanization

There is a strength in numbers

SecuritySocial InteractionEconomic Agglomeration

Early U.S. Cities

• 1800

• 5 million persons

• 300,000 in cities

• 1900

• 30 million persons

• 76 million in cities

• Growth rate (1800-1900)

• 2.4% National

• 5% Urban

Flatiron Building, NYC http://pixhost.me/pictures/1729398

What Contributed to Urban Growth?

• Natural Increase and Immigration

• Agricultural Productivity

• Industry and Mass Production

• Low-cost Transportation

Population Growth

• Natural Increase

• Births - Deaths

• Affluence in Cities (relative)

• Immigration

• Fleeing desperate situations

• Drawn to Opportunities

Immigrants at Castle Garden, NY http://www.gjenvick.com/images/Fig03-LandingImmigrantsAtCastleGarden.jpg

Agricultural Productivity

• Productivity, defined

• Creating a push from rural areas to the city

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/09/3a10809r.jpg

http://us.bergstrominc.com/agriculture/

Mass Production

• More work for more people

• Industrialization of many goods required workers

• Wages, jobs and standards of living were greater in cities

• Mass production created more, cheaper goods for everyone

• the ability to buy those goods was another matter entirely

http://web.bryant.edu/~ehu/h364proj/sprg_99/mccormick/history.htm

http://kingkong-research.wikispaces.com/Cultural+History

Low Cost Transport

• Railroads

• Canal Systems

• Import / Export

• Agricultural goods

• Manufactured goods

http://history.furman.edu/benson/hst121/hst121wk11.htm

http://voteview.com/rtopic4b.htm

Urban Density

• Largely Explained by

• Industrialization

• Agglomeration economies emerged

• Transportation

• Comparative costs of water vs land transport

http://www.urbanohio.com/forum2/index.php/topic,17719.0.html

http://www.urbanohio.com/forum2/index.php/topic,17719.0.html

Urban Density

http://dtsdapache.hershey.k12.pa.us/wpmu/hs_ac2/2009/01/09/new-york-tenement-houses-what-were-they-really-like/

http://www.maggieblanck.com/NewYork/Leslie1865.html

City / Suburb Dynamic

• Growth, often seen as parasitic

• Difference in rate of growth, not absolute growth

Explanation for Growth• Transportation

Technology / Infrastructure

• Federal Policies

• Affluence of Population

• Suburbanization of Employment