urban permeability: on plants and plinths
DESCRIPTION
How can vast, unmaintained green spaces, avoided overheated squares and street be utilized while preserving and improving the ecological structure and characteristics of the area? And (how) can nature act as a catalyst for social interaction? More info on topic: https://www.facebook.com/urbanclimateTRANSCRIPT
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Urban permeability:On plants and plinths
Graduation ProjectUrban DesignAmsterdam Academy of Architecture2013/2014
Veronika Kovácsová
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Graduation project committee
Donald van Dansik, MSc.E vandansik[at]gmx[dot]comIndependant consultant for masterplanning and project management, Associate Space Group, tutor Academy of Architecture Amsterdam
Lisette Klok, Dr. ir. (TNO)E lisette[dot]klok[at]tno[dot]nlResearch Scientist Urban Environment, TNO
Sanda Lenzholzer, Dr. Dipl. Ing. MA(AA) (WUR)E sanda[dot]lenzholzer[at]wur[dot]nlAssistant Professor, Landscape Architecture group, Wageningen University, landscape architect and urban designer
External advisors
Erik Meinharter, Dl. E meinharter[at]plansinn[dot]atLandscape designer, partner at PlanSinn, expert on urban climate(Plansinn - Office for Planning and Communication, Vienna)
Zuzana Hudeková, Ing. PhD. E rec[at]changenet[dot]skLandscape architect and expert on (local) urban climate (Regional Environmental Centre, Bratislava)
This booklet has been published in January 2014
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Student
Veronika KovacsovaMaster Urban Design Amsterdam Academy of ArchitectureGraduation project presentation: 12/2013
E: [email protected]: www.facebook.com/urbanclimate
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ThIS GRADUATION PROjECT IS TACkLING
EcOLOGIcAL AnD SOcIAL PrOcESSES
ThAT AFFECT URBAN CLIMATE*
* Urban climate covers:
- influence of natural factors (sun, exchange of radiation, air, hu-midity of air, temperature, wind, precipitation (rain and snow), and electric interchange processes in their multiple combinations- modifications caused by the town (shape, height, volume, posi-tion, layout, arrangement of buildings and groups of buildings)- repercussions of human activities on the climate (in reference with ecology, management of land, water, air, water and air pollution
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introduction
The human civilisation is becoming ever more urban. With the growing densification in our cit-ies, green and open (public) spaces are put under pressure. As the number of built, non-permeable surfaces (such as asphalt and concrete) increase, storm water absorption, biodiversity and a pleas-ant microclimate in our cities is threatened. All non-permeable materials contribute to extreme water conditions in the city (low ground water lev-el or flooding) and to the so called 'urban heat is-land' effect. Alongside with this development, the number and quality of public spaces is put under pressure. How do we provide the necessary built urban environment (housing, infrastructure) of a growing city, and at the same time enhance and offer lively, inclusive public spaces with a comfort-able microclimate?
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INCREASING AMOUNT OF
PEOPLE LIVING IN URBAN AREAS
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More people using less and more compact space
Growing use of (non-renewable) resources
. . .
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INCREASING WORLD POPULATION*
* Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision (2007)
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65%
35%
rural
urban
50%
50%
30%
70%
205020101970
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PhYSICALGROWTh
=
hORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
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problems & challenges
urban heat island effectheat stressdrought & floods
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70%
60%
50%
40%
30% 26.7°C
29.4°C
32.2°C
35°C
37.8°C
Relative huminity Temperature
less hazardous, adaptive body temperature
caution
danger
heat stress
When it‘s over 35°C outside, I rather do not leave my apart-ment.
nausea, vomiting, headaches, and low blood pressure and the latter can lead to fainting or dizziness
heat stress / hyperther-mia - occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dis-sipates
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33.5°C
31.5°C
31°C32°C33°C34°C35°C36°C
36.7°C
urban heat island effect
Temperature in densely built centres from 1-10 °C higher, 10% less humidity and 30% weaker wind than in surrounding countryside
36.7°C (afternoon)city centre
15km
Old Town Petržalka
Measurements: 19.08.2013 | 12:00 -14:00 | Sunny
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stormwater infiltration
effects of materialisation: disability to filtrate water leading to droughts and floods
stormwater run-off
more extreme conditions
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all temperatures self-measured with an infrared thermometer (see device and measurements further)
22°c
25°c
46°c
56°c
30°c
tar, bitumen
soil
greenwet/in shadow
greenin sun26°c
asphalt/concrete in the sun
asphalt/concrete in the shadow
29°cair temperature
effects of materialisation
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VARIOUS TEMPERATURES IN ThE CITY INFLUENCING ThE hUMAN CLIMATE COMFORT*
* the acceptance of public spaces in various microclimatatic cond-tions, including sunshine, shade or wind
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urban climate comfort
More on human comfort here:
http://urbanclimate.stadachtig.nl/humancomfort/ andhttp://urbanclimate.stadachtig.nl/the-social-life-of-small-urban-spaces/
Climatological factors such as sun, temperature, wind and humidity largely influence our behav-iour in and usage of public spaces, and they even determine why we like to stay in certain places more than others. They have an effect on how we feel, how ‘comfortable’ the circumstances of being outdoors are. human comfort is a subjec-tive concept. In a public urban environment it has to do with people’s acceptance of spaces and their conditions.
TEMPERATURE 22°C (when dressed)WIND SPEED 1.5M/S - 1.8M/ShUMIDITY 30% - 60%
(Lenzholzer, 2009)
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Subjectiveness of the urban climate comfort
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“This is the plaza of the Seagram building in New York in the morning. With a time lapse camera we were test-ing a hypothesis. The sun – we were pretty sure – would be the chief factor determining where people would sit or not sit. Now, just after 12, they begin to sit. Right where the sun is! I was enormously pleased with a per-fectly splendid correlation. It was quiet misleading as we’ll see later, but it was a very encouraging way to start.”
0:35 – 1:06
The very first sentence of ThE SOCIAL LIFE OF SMALL URBAN SPACES, a docu-mentary from 1980 by William h. Whyte, who was an was an American urban-ist, organizational analyst, journalist and people-watcher (Wikipedia).
“There was a very strong correlation between sitters and sun. That was in May. As the time went on: June, July, August. The correlation vanished. People sat any-where – sun or shade.”
Image left: ThE SOCIAL LIFE OF SMALL URBAN SPACES (1980)
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23Bratislava /photos take during summer 2012/
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location
Vienna = 66km
Budapest = 200km
Prague = 329km
EU
Bratislava
POPULAtIOn GrOwtH PrOjEctIOnS
2011 462.6032025 459.828 -0.6%Mid-sized capital
population size stagnating or slowly decreasing (low birth rate & greying)
SOURCE: http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/pdf/publikaciaproj.pdf)
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The urban fabric (built environment), like in many other post-communist cities, has to a cer-tain extent gone through degradation. The city does not grow and develop hand-in-hand with its ecological and climatological processes. The surrounding green hills and vineyards are gradu-ally turning into housing projects of private de-velopers. The city does not have a central park, and only very few urban parks which are threat-ened to turn into asphalt squares or underground parking lots. Reduction in green permeable areas of cities is one of the main causes for the increas-ing urban temperature, poor storm water man-agement and decreasing air quality. Also, the city currently does not have any legislative regulation on the protection of green areas in urban areas, as well as a economically sustainable strategy to create and maintain existing and new green in-frastructure in the city.
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low or no maintenance of elements in public space
low or no maintenance of green spaces (no watering)
Degrading public space in central Bratislava: Freedom Square / Namestie Slodoby
degrading materialisation non-functioning / broken public fountain
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Only 6% of the total surface of Old Town is open and green, while the European average is 35% (de Roo, 2011) within an direct urban living environment. This dominant non-permeable surface area is supporting the development of the urban heat island effect.
Open / green space in the city
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OPEn SPAcE
Forests and urban parks
Agriculture
Water
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ThE CITY DOES NOT hAVE A CENTRAL PARk, AND ONLY VERY FEW URBAN PARkS WhICh ARE ThREATENED TO TURN INTO ASPhALT SqUARES OR UNDERGROUND PARkING LOTS.
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BUILt SPAcE / Sealed land in %
>80%
50 - 80%
30 - 50%
10 - 30%
<10%
Industry
Airport
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REDUCTION IN GREEN PERMEABLE AREAS OF CITIES IS ONE OF ThE MAIN CAUSES FOR ThE URBAN hEAT ISLAND EFFECT, POOR STORM WATER MAN-AGEMENT, DECREAS-ING AIR qUALITY AND BIODIVERSITY.
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SOIL tyPES
loam
sandy-loam
loamy-sand
1 2
1
2
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GrOUnD wAtEr LEVELAUGUSt - OctOBEr 2010 (MAxIMUMS)
5,8 – 8,7 m
6,5 – 7,5 m
1, 5m
1, 3 -1 ,4m
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tO ADAPtAtIOn
FROM ADjUSTMENT
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"WhO WANTS TO ESCAPE ThE hEAT AND TEMPERATURES BELOW 30 DEGREES, MUST GO TO ALTITUDES WELL OVER 1,200 AND 1,300 METERS. ESCAPE FROM ThE hEAT INTO ThE hILLS - SOMEThING ThAT IN ThE COURSE OF hUMAN-INDUCED CLIMATE ChANGE YOU WILL PROBABLY hAVE TO ADjUST MORE OFTEN IN FUTURE."
(Rainer Schultheis, ORF-Weatherreditorial, 17.08.2012;http://orf.at/stories/2135932/2135927/)
tO ADAPtAtIOn
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cOLLEctIVE rISK
COOPERATIVE BEhAVIOR
COLLECTIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENT
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„The world has warmed by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) since the Industrial Revolu-tion, with most of the rise in tem-perature coming since the 1970s. Such rapid warming is unprece-dented over at least 20,000 years.“
http://www.priweb.org/globalchange/climat-echange/globalwarming/gw_05.html
may well have seen it all, but certainly have not
We have to adapt, think and apply new strategies of DEGrOwtH, ‘business as usual‘ way of production and consumption has to end
New chance to slow down and reflect, use existing ASSEtS and smartly transforming and updating them
cOLLEctIVE rISK
COOPERATIVE BEhAVIOR
COLLECTIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENT
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It seems that every year the local municipality is cutting costs in maintenance of public spaces, resulting in transformation of green open surfaces into lower maintenance paved squares or demol-ished public elements or facilities such as fountains, pavement materials, benches. With the current economic situation and lack of finances, we tend to forget that we have at hand unused, even renewable resources: climatological (such as storm water, wind or sun energy) and social (sharing tools and skills).
Ideas Money€
Progress
City administration
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How can the vast green carpets, avoided overheated squares and street be utilized while preserving and improving the ecological structure and characteristics of the area?
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Setting ground and establishing public-private partnership could offer a new strategy for the city as a step towards a more resil-ient and resourceful city. The city would save costs by collecting storm water (less load on the drainage system and stored water to be used for watering the parks in the hot summer months) in the maintenance and create attractive cooling urban spaces, when ex-isting resources - human capital and natural renewable resources - are smartly utilized.
Bratislava citizens
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By letting the people adopt and re-create the green spaces between their buildings. they will feel more responsible and connected to their living environment.
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PUBLIC
The public-private partnership between the city and citizens or lo-cal initiatives would create a platform where both parties would decide and be responsible in creating, protecting and maintaining urban open spaces (for instance proposing new permeable spaces or planting new and protecting existing trees or repairing existing public fountains and installing new drinking water taps in urban 'hot-spots').
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PRIVATE
Partnership between the public administration and the citizens based on mutual responsibility and shared maintenance
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concept
urban permeability
concept of urban permeability, influencing not only human comfort but also climate resilience in urban spaces. On one hand the aforementioned open, breathing, absorbing and cooling green spaces in cities, on the other hand accessible, inclusive, lively plinths and the public space formed by and in-between them acting as catalysts of social interaction.
vertical(open plinths and spaces of face-to-face interaction)
horizontal(open surface for storm water to be ab-sorbed and to cool the urban environment)
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research & analysis research & analysis
PArt 1
Besides scientific reserach literature on ur-ban climate and geomorphological loca-tion analisys, one of the starting points of this work was setting up open online plat-forms establishing dialogue, exchange of knowledge, experience, ideas and feedback directly from those who have personal everyday experience with urban climate within the built environment - the citizens (in some questions diretly focused on Bratislavans).
BLOG http://urbanclimate.stadachtig.nlFacebook Page http://www.facebook.com/urbanclimate
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37 unique voters total of 44 votes
WhAT DO YOU APPRECIATE IN PUBLIC SPACE ThE MOST DURING A hOT SUMMER DAY IN ThE CITY?
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ANSWERS: importance of shadow, green spaces and presence of water & ‘beer’, ‘hot girls with mini-skirts’, ‘free Club Mate’, ‘seating’ or ‘pub’
More on: http://urbanclimate.sta-dachtig.nl/rounding-off-question-1/
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+/- 20 PLACES22 RESPONDENTS
8 x
6 x
3 x
3 x
WhERE CAN WE FIND YOU DURING A hOT SUMMER DAY IN ThE CITY?*
mostly missed: water in city centre in form of fountains
* (focused on citizens and visitors of Bratislava)
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More on: http://urbanclimate.stadachtig.nl/mapping-urban-comfort-bratislava/
Selection of the OPEN SOURCE MAP
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OBc
HO
Dn
Ast
reet
FrEE
DO
M
squa
re
MA
In s
quar
e
WhICh PUBLIC PLACES IN BRATISLAVA ARE AVOIDED DURING ThE hOT SUMMER DAYS?*
12
3
* (focused on citizens and visitors of Bratislava)
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1
2
OBChODNAstreet
FREEDOMsquare
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Second stage of my research and data col-lection included 1) subjective experien-tial / qualitative measurement of outdoor materialsand 2) objective quantitative urban cli-mate data collection (with the help of an anemometer and infrared thermometer) and 3) qualitative demographic data col-lection
research & analysisPArt 2
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grassfelt as the coldest element of the square
marmorused partly as the facade of the building (Tesco)
clay soilfelt some heat absorpti-on
light color plastered facadefelt very nice and refreshing, an example that light colors absorb less heat than darker colors
natural stoneused partly in the facade of a residential building. Felt surprisingly hot.
asphaltthe surface of the square felt very hot
Location: kamenne Namestie, BratislavaDate / Time: 27.04.2013 / 17:00Air temperature: 25°C
Subjective experiential / qualitative measurement of outdoor materials
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quantitative data collection with the help of an anemometer (measuring air temperature and wind velocity)
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quantitative data collection with the help of an infrared thermometer measuring temperature of materials
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2010 2025
I (Old Town)0 - 14 12% 10% -2%15-64 69% 61% -8%65+ 19% 29% +10%II0 - 14 13% 12% -1%15-64 70% 66% -4%65+ 17% 22% +5%III0 - 14 12% 12% -15-64 70% 64% -6%65+ 18% 24% +6%IV0 - 14 13% 13% -15-64 73% 66% -7%65+ 14% 21% +7%V (Petrzalka) 0 - 14 12% 14% +2%15-64 81% 60,5% -20,5%65+ 7% 25,5 +18,5
qUALItAtIVE DEMOGrAPHIc DAtA cOLLEctIOnpopulation by age in 2012 and 2025
(Together with children and pregnant wo-men), I belong to the popula-tion vulnerable to urban heat.
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% 65+ (2025)% 65+ (2012)
<15
20.1 - 2515.1 - 20
15.1 - 20
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Sensitive areas: built and population
V (Petrzalka)
I (Old Town)
qUALItAtIVE DEMOGrAPHIc DAtA cOLLEctIOn
>3500
1500 - 3500500 - 1500
<500
V (Petrzalka)
I (Old Town)
population density 2012 (people per km2)
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dense built mass = lively street life, but insufficient green space for a healthy microclimate and uninviting environment for fauna & flora
socially deteriorating area, where anonimity rules. There's lots of green, open spaces - lots of potential for a inviting microclimate and potential for a development of a better social life on a community level.
Old Town
Petržalka
Sensitive areas: built and population
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OLD TOWN
PETRŽALkA
Two totally different areas in Bratislava are studied and compared. On one hand, a dense historical centre (Old Town) with scarce porous spaces and a vibrant social citylife; on the other hand a 1970s prefab mass-housing neigh-bourhood (Petržalka) with an excess of unused greenery, but a limited offer of vibrant public spaces for its inhabitants. Both neighbourhoods have approxi-mately the same density of inhabit-ants (around 4000/km2), however their urban fabric is totally different. Only 6% of the total surface of Old Town is open and green, while the European average is 35% (de Roo, 2011) within an direct urban living environment. This dominant non-permeable surface area is supporting the development of the urban heat island effect. Density of functions (shops, cafes, ...) on ground floors is highest in the whole Bratislava and is a foundation of a vibrant urban life. Petržalka, on contrary, has a high amount of ground vegetation (about 66%), open corridors for fresh air to en-ter, but a deteriorating public life due to large distances between buildings, diso-rientated planning and marginal social functions on ground level for people to pass by and meet.
WhAT CAN A hISTORICAL CENTRE AND A MASS-hOUSING NEIGhBOURhOOD LEARN FROM EAChOThER?
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According to ‘The Green City Guidelines’, a pocket park (10-1000m2) should be reachable within 200m (4minutes walking) and a neighbour-hood park (1000-6000m2) within 400m (6minutes walking).
500mradius
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PEtrŽALKA
19
Number of floors
12
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
BUILt/ SEALED SUrFAcE OLD tOwn
94%
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PEtrŽALKA
49%
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OPEn/ POrOUS SUrFAcE OLD tOwn
1.35m2 ofgreen space per inhabitant
6%
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OPEn/ POrOUS SUrFAcEPEtrŽALKA
39m2 of green space
per inhabitant
51%
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
OUtDOOr SPAcES tO MEEt, SIt AnD StAy & FUnctIOnS
functions also open at night time (cafes, restau-rants, hotels)public functions (schools, libraries, doctors’s office, po-lice, cultur-al institu-tions, ...)
functions open dur-ing the day (cafes, res-taurants, hotels)
outdoor public space to meet, sit and stay
PEtrŽALKAOLD tOwn
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OUtDOOr SPAcES tO MEEt, SIt AnD StAy & FUnctIOnS
PEtrŽALKA
functions also open at night time (cafes, restau-rants, hotels)public functions (schools, libraries, doctors’s office, po-lice, cultur-al institu-tions, ...)
functions open dur-ing the day (cafes, res-taurants, hotels)
outdoor public space to meet, sit and stay
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Plinths as catalysators of social interaction in public space
A study and book by the dutch office Stipo, The City at Eye Level, suggests that public functions in plinths on a 15m distance (approximately 6-8 timer per 100m) contribute to a livable, socially interac-tive environment. Petržalka as a neighbourhood built in the 1970s – 1980s, is based on the princi-ple of functional segregation. Although density of public functions within the plinth varies, a shop, restaurant or a school pop up every 30 – 70m on a main street.
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sites
Petržalka
Petrzalka’s dead plinths as garage units
Old Town
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Green, permeable surfaces form spaces in Petržalka do not only collect storm water (runoff storm water can be held up to 80%), but also cool off the sur-rounding urban spaces. Because the Old Town lacks these kinds of open spaces, a new strategy is needed to improve the (micro)climatological comfort of the city, but also to reconnect urban life with nature.
The most obvious method to introduce permeability is by opening sealed, non-porous surfaces in the city and adding new vegetation to support storm water collection, absorption, and contribute to a cooling effect during the hot summer periods. In the Old Town, the open plac-es with a permeable potential are the unused empty plots, parking lots, tram tracks and roofs of buildings. During the last two years, the first community gar-dens have been set up in Bratislava, on both public and private grounds. Many of them have been initiated by active citizens who have decided to take things into their own hands and transformed empty, unused voids in the city into a new public space for the people, a per-meable space allowing water absorp-
Old Town
LEARNING FROM PETRŽALkA: RECONNECTING URBAN WITh NATURE
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tion and a green space offering shade and a cooling microclimate.The city administration and the citizens have to realize that it is never too late to improve their urban environment, and the scale of the interventions into the existing urban fabric does not have to exceed a couple of m2. Where there is no space for larger green areas, a solution of let storm water run-off or to be stored would be a simple tree-bed instead of a parking place (Benepe, 2013). Such a green pockets can store about 10.000 litres of storm water. Also, a fountain or public drinking water tap can improve the human comfort during hot summer days in the city. Many of the fountains in the Old Town of Bratislava are out of order due to lack of finances for their
fountains
roofs
maintenance. So is since 2007 the larg-est fountain called “Unity” on the Free-dom Square, which is considered in the hot summer days as one of the most unpleasant public spaces to be in the in the city. This square went through a number of transformations in the last two centuries, covering up 64% of its surface with heat-radiating and non-permeable asphalt and concrete. With small scale interventions like collecting storm water into smartly enlargened existing green surfaces, forming volun-teering groups for park management, maintenance and repairing the foun-tain with the help of local volunteering plumbers and engineers, the park will become not only more lively, but also a cooler public space
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H
H
49
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streetscape as anurban heat canyon
Obchodna street
6m4m 6m
summer sun
winter sun
49
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49
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H
H
49
69
H
proposed situationexisting situation
6m4m 6m
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Linen sails for shade(overhead tram wires)PhASE 1:
SUN SAILS
New bike path
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Phase 1: Sun sails
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Phase 2: Grapevine / Visualisation
PhASE 2: GRAPEVINE
Grapevines offering shade and drainage (wireless tram with inductive power transfer)
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WATER DRAINAGE AND COLLECTION:= 4500m3 of volume = about 1500L of water capacity
3m (D)
1.5m (L)
1m (W)
GRAPEVINEheight/length till 35m
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF A VINE OR TREE
shade/shelter
regulation of climate
flood protection
roots of trees are cap-turing storm water and
helping to stabilize ground water level
clean water
soil fertility, stability and health
pollination
habitat
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Many of the fountains in the Old Town of Bratislava are out
of order due to lack of finances for their maintenance.
The fountain on Freedom Square out of order since 2007
Freedom square
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792020+Freedom square
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DEVELOPMENT OF ThE FREEDOM SqUARE
Built
are
a /
Impe
rmea
ble
surf
ace
1600Vineyard
100% 80%
1873Archbishop’s palace built
Ope
n ar
ea /
Perm
eabl
e su
rfac
e
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8157% 32% 36% 45%
1940-1960’sModernism
1970’sParking place
1980-2014Square with large fountain, since 2007 out of order
2015+Enlargement of green open surface
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2-5°
8-9mground water
angle terrain
PROFILE 1 / OVERVIEW
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Profile 1 / Detail 1 water collection throught unused urban assets: roofs
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Profile 1 / Detail 2 water collection throught the concrete multi-use and -functional drainage
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Profile 1 / Detail 3 Refreshment effect of the combination wind & fountain
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FREEDOM SqUARE ELEVATION
2-5°terrainangle
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PROFILE 2 / OVERVIEW
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89Profile 2
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Profile 2 / Detail 1 Use of the concrete water drainage pool during ‚dry‘ day as a skating and sitting public area
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Use of the concrete water drainage pool during ‚wet‘ day as a water storage or ice-skating rink (with temperatures below 0°C)
Profile 2 / Detail 2
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Profile 2 / Detail 3 Movable chairs in de-elevated grass area give users the freedom and flexibility to position itself comfortably for sun, shade, shelter, meetings and events.
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Water collected by drainage is stored in the central fountain of the square and is recycled.
Profile 2 / Detail 4
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Profile 2 / Detail 5 Movable chairs in front of the cafe give users the freedom and flexibility to position itself comfortably for sun, shade, meetings and events.
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Use of the concrete water drainage pool during ‚wet‘ day as a water storage
Seasonal multi-functional use of the loop around the fountain on freedom square
December
May
junejuly
August
September
October
November
january February
March
April
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Use of the concrete water drainage pool during ‚dry‘ day as a skating and sitting public area
December
May
junejuly
August
September
October
November
january February
March
April
Seasonal multi-functional use of the loop around the fountain on freedom square
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Loose chairs instead of fixed existing benched gives users the freedom to position itself best suited for sun / shade and events.
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Use of the concrete water drainage pool during ‚wet‘ day as an ice-skating rink (with temperatures below 0°C)
December
May
junejuly
August
September
October
November
january February
March
April
Seasonal multi-functional use of the loop around the fountain on freedom square
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LEARNING FROM OLD TOWN: URBANITY ThROUGh SOCIAL ACTION
A study and book by the Dutch office Stipo, The City at Eye Level (karssenberg 2013), suggests that public functions in plinths on a 15m distance (approxi-mately 6-8 timer per 100m) contribute to a liveable, socially interactive envi-ronment. Petržalka as a neighbourhood built in the 1970s – 1980s, is based on the principle of functional segregation. Although density of public functions within the plinth varies, a shop, restau-rant or a school pop up every 30 – 70m on a main street.
One can also experience a very undem-ocratic street-scape, where cars domi-nate on every sidewalk, and sometimes hinder any connection of the pedestrian with the ground floor. As mentioned above, the area is characterized by an excess of green public spaces, which the planners originally intended to be used for recreation. however, today this ex-cessive grass land is mostly used only for taking ones pet out for a wee . hence, in this case, quantity of green open spac-es does not correspond with an equal-ly high quality. On the other hand, the green is the most valued characteristic by the inhabitants of Petržalka, and pro-
Petržalka
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tect it for instance against a top-down development of a highway1. The question remains: how can the vast green carpets be utilized by the inhabitants? And could nature possibly act as a catalyst of so-cial change? Urbanity of the Old Town in Bratislava is achieved through density of the build environment and the number of public functions which bring people not only socially but also physically together. But when buildings in a mass-housing neighbourhood like Petržalka are some-times tens of meters apart from another, it creates spaces difficult for social inter-action - to see and hear one another from such distances. What could be done to form these spaces between buildings into a motor of social interaction while pre-serving the beloved ecological structure and pleasant climatological characteris-tics of the area?
One of the most important ingredients of urbanity, besides density, is active par-ticipation of the inhabitants in a commu-nity. During the socialist times in Slovakia, the notion of the „empowered“ citizen was not common, as it resembled more
1 http://petrzalka.otvorene.sk (Website only in Slovak, last accessed on july 24, 2013)
someone’s private interest than the inter-est of a community. however, more and more people today are not only showing their increasing need to go out and meet in public spaces, but also demonstrating right and responsibility for public spaces.2
What does this have to do with climate re-silience? By letting the people adopt and re-create the green spaces between their buildings, they will feel more responsible and connected to their living environ-ment. Why not to plant an urban (food) forest into the vast green lands (slowing down but not blocking the air circulation coming into the city), tree nurseries or playgrounds and sport facilities (with per-meable pavement and bioswales to cap-ture storm water)? When programmed well, the vast grass areas can act as incu-bators of social action: form a network of green infrastructure and attract people to access by foot or bicycle. The built en-
2 Approximately since 2011, Bratislava has experienced a growing number of engaging civic communities based on volunteering such as ‘ Zelena hliadka’ (a well-networked, active group of citizens cleanig up specific locations in Bratislava on a daily basis; http://www.zelenahliadka.blog.sme.sk) or ‘Bratislavske dobrovolnicke centrum’ (a community around the newly reopened Old Markethall, offering ‘donation’ of people’s helping hands and skills; http://www.dobrovolnictvoba.sk).
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cars dominate on sidewalks, and sometimes hinder connection of pedestrians with the ground floor
undemocratic street-scape
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surface vegetation in Petrzalka, Bratislava
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excess of green surface / little shade / no maintenance
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appropriation of public green in Petrzalka (photographed in 2012)
privatisation of the ground floor (plinth) in Petrzalka(photographed in 2012)
the need to meet in public spaces is slowly increasing, with the right and responsibility for public spaces.
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vironment would reconnect with the ecological and climatological processes of the city. Besides environmental devel-opment, green urban areas offer health and social benefits and are considered as community builders, strengthening the social ties between the citizens.
Together with the development of a new green infrastructure, the current car-sidewalk-parking would gain back its role as pedestrian zone, along more open and accessible plinths. Permeabil-ity of facades is made possible through letting local entrepreneurs settle, al-lowing partial integration of the public (square, street, sidewalk) with the pri-vate (shop). This kind of development creates interaction, broadens our under-standing and experiencing of our urban environment. In Petržalka, the currently weak layer of semi-public spaces can be strengthened through supporting small neighbourhood shops. Some of these already exist, but because of strict regu-lations of a monofunctional zoning plan, private initiatives and local, small scale entrepreneurship are imposed with reg-ulative barriers.
empty grassfields
dead plinths
Peržalka Pioneers
1 € / m2
1 € / year
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MANIFEsTO plAy PETRŽALKA!
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MANIFEsTO plAy PETRŽALKA!
MANIFEsTO plAy PETRŽALKA!1. PARTICIPATORY DESIGN Inhabitants have a say and can influ-ence and co-create the new meaning of the empty spaces.
2. OPENNESS, PUBLICNESS, ACCESS Applicants may propose anything that will be 'open': (e.g. an office, but should remain open to the public and encourage 'inside-outside' interaction)- if they decide to 'seal' a piece of land, it should be a) temporary or b) offer a compensation, solution that the building will add 'good' and give something back to the environment (collect and reuse storm water, col-lect and reuse waste, ...)
3. DIVERSTY The projects / new-use proposals should aim at needs and wants of all inhabitants of Petrzalka and be as varied and diverse as possible target group. Projects that include a variety of users and func-tions are prioritized.
4. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP 1-year contract with the city and the citizens. Both parties have responsibilities and a list of minimal 'deliverables' to ensure stability and fairness of the project during the process.
5. SEASONALITY AND ALL YEAR-ROUNDNESS Find and assign all season use (so not only summer, but also winter when it's cold and snow outside).
6. COLLABORATION Priority goes to projects that work together, where collaborations are created. (For instance to reduce costs and re-sources)
7. RESPONSIBILITY Applicants have to take responsibility, be pre-sent to build a community.
8. ZERO-CENT URBANISM There is NO BUDGET. However, there is a lot of freedom for urban pioneers (artists, cooks, …) to experiment outdoors or young architects to build and start their own studio.
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DESIRE PAThS 2013
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
SOIL TYPES
loam
sandy-loam
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fruit trees for shade and jams
hammocks and slacklines
new business: grow-ing vegetables for the supermarket
offices for start-upslibrary
neighbourhood vegetable gardens
movies and pop-up bistro
flower garden for elderly
local marketplace for barbeque
playground
local shopsoutdoor gym
urban meadow
PLOT DIVISION
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urbanfruit forest
collective food production gardens
outdoor market
multi-functional playfield area
outdoor cinema
urban meadows
PETRŽALkA 2020+ACTIVATING ThE PUBLIC SPACE AND GRASS FIELDS
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TREES220 new trees
Amount of trees in urban fruit forest
Walnut
61 64
220280
320
Cherry Apple PeachFig
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PETRŽALkA‘S URBAN FOREST
SIZE (meters)
0
10
20
30
Walnut Cherry Apple PeachFig
LIFE ExPECTANCY (years)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
W C A PF
Cherrya
FigsFigb
Peach
c
Apple
d
Walnute
December
May
junejuly
August
September
October
November
januaryFebruary
March
April
SEASONALISATION
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WATER NETWORk
ditches around the commer-cial and community gardens serving as a water source and boarder(detail on p. 125 & 128)
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UPGRADED DESIRE PAThS
Central car traffic axis becomes a slow traffic space(detail on p. 126)
Emancipation of cyclists and pedestrians
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UPDATED CAR TRAFFIC INFRASTRUCTURE
circular motorized traffic creates a car-free zone between the blocks
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63 pp
96 pp
282 pp
PARkING
from undefined to assigned
cars will be assigned official parking places, which wil diminish parking on sidewalks and grassfields
from undefined to assigned
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new assigned parking plac-es will be made into flexible, permeable spaces, allowing infiltration and growth into grassland once less parking places are needed in the future (lower car ownership, more car sharing, ...)
new assigned parking plac-es will be made into flexible, permeable spaces, allowing infiltration and growth into grassland once less parking places are needed in the future (lower car ownership, more car sharing, ...)
flexible permeable spaces
PERMEABLE PARkING
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PERMEABLE PARkING
PhASE 1
PhASE 2
PhASE 3
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PROFILE 1 / OVERALL
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Profile 1 / Detail 1 Livable plinth and first floor (start-ups, shared offices, ...)
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Profile 1 / Detail 2 Water gutter and a groundwater well with solar powered pump
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Profile 1 / Detail 3 Multi-functional playfields
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Multi-functional playfields Profile 1 / Detail 4 Raised beds (for elderly and disabled) to join the collective food production
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Profile 1 / Detail 5 Central car traffic axis becomes a slow traffic space (cyclists, pedestrians)
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Profile 1 / Detail 6 Outdoor market (where the locally grown vege-tables and fruits are being sold) and a cafe
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ground water well with solar powered pump
9m
4m
1m
ditches around the commercial and community gardens serving as a water source and boarder
2m
0.8m
4m
PROFILE 1 / ELEMENTS
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semi-permeable surface terrace / market area
6m10cm
Surface will be partly kept free to assure permeability of water.
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PROFILE 2 / OVERALL
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Profile 2 / Detail 1 Livable plinth and first floor (start-ups, shared offices, ...)
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Profile 2 / Detail 2 Outdoor market and cafe (where the locally grown vegetables and fruits are being sold) and playing / bbq area
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LIFE ALONG ThE PLINTh
shared private space - main entrance to section, staircase
existing centre - supermartet, fitness centre, offices of small entreprices
new functions
GROUND FLOOR: mostly public functions open till late in the evening, bigger spaces available- shared bicycle storage and bicycle kitchen- kindergarten (connected to the playground or sport field outdoor)- bar, cinema, ...
220m
52m 52m
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fragmented flat divided into 4 sections on the ground level to create a more human scale
GALLERY: - start up offices (cheap rent)- working ateliers for students- design and crafts- library (for the neighbourhood, not only the building)- cafe- specialized small shops (toys, knitting, books, flowers) - possible due to cheap rents
49m 47m
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SHArED BIcycLE StOrAGE AnD BIKE KItcHEn
StArt-UP OFFIcES AnD AtELIErS
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LIBrAry
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PETRŽALkARESIDENTIAL BUILDING EAST/ GROUND FLOOR
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PETRŽALkARESIDENTIAL BUILDING EAST/GROUND FLOOR DETAIL
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PETRŽALkARESIDENTIAL BUILDING EAST /1ST FLOOR
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PETRŽALkARESIDENTIAL BUILDING EAST /1ST FLOORDETAIL
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water gutters for1. better infiltration of storm water2. as a natural water source3. as a natural boarder between public pedestrian paths and semi-public collective gardens
1.3m ground level
VISUALISATION PETRŽALkA 2020+URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION IN COLLECTIVE GARDENS
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more planted trees and plants will keep the water closer to the grass and vegetables and will prevent it from drying
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Local products are brought and sold in the local supermatket, establishing and strenghtening the local micro economy
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Citizens picking up fruit from food forest to make their own jams, pies, sirup or schnaps
Fruits from the food forest directy to the kitchens of locals!
Newly opened café in the plinth buys many of the local produces for their cakes and home-made fruitshakes
The local supermar-ket buys produce from the local market
The local vegetables get directly into the homes of the people
Local farmers harvest and take theirproduce home
LOCAL FOOD PROxIMITY
200m
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VISUALISATION PETRŽALkA 2020+URBAN MEADOWS
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“Flower meadows in cities to im-prove understanding of urbanisa-tion on insect pollinators. All of the crops in the community gardens will need pollinating, so urban pol-linators are important.”
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TOWARDS A RESOURCEFUL AND RESPONSIBLE CITY
A paradigm shift does not mean less care from the city administration's side, but a partnership based on mutual re-sponsibility and shared maintenance. It seems that every year the local munici-pality is cutting costs in maintenance of public spaces, resulting in transfor-mation of green open surfaces into lower maintenance paved squares1 or demolished public elements or facilities such as fountains, pavement materials, benches. With the current economic situation and lack of finances, we tend to forget that we have at hand unused, even renewable resources: climatologi-cal (such as storm water, wind or sun energy) and social (sharing tools and skills). Setting ground and establishing public-private partnership could of-fer a new strategy for the city as a step towards a more resilient and resource-ful city. The city would save costs by collecting storm water (less load on the drainage system and stored water to be used for watering the parks in the hot summer months) in the maintenance and create attractive cooling urban spaces, when existing resources - hu-man capital and natural renewable re-sources - are smartly utilized. The pub-
conclusion
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Karol (dog) seems happier with all the sniffing and digging in our new mead-ow. And I bump into more friends. Last time on our walk I even applied for volunteering at the beekeeping station!
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lic-private partnership between the city and citizens or local initiatives would create a platform where both parties would decide and be responsible in creating, protecting and maintaining urban open spaces (for instance propos-ing new permeable spaces or planting new and protecting existing trees or repairing existing public fountains and installing new drinking water taps in urban 'hot-spots').
In both cases, Old Town and Petržalka, the notion of rediscovering and creat-ing a relationship with the city is strong. The Old Town has the potential to be-come more resourceful with its clima-tological processes such as storm water and to create a cooler and more attrac-tive urban environment to its citizens. It can also become more cost-effective by putting less load on the drainage sys-tem and mobilizing and letting people maintain and re-establish a relationship with their parks. Petržalka is a home to one third of Bratislava’s population, offering an anonymous city-scape to anonymous city-dwellers. Through re-creating, rediscovering and recon-necting with the social and natural
components of the city, the living con-ditions of us city-dwellers will improve. All ideas of citizens, not interfering with the permeable character and ecological processes of the area, are welcome and allowed. A tree nursery becoming an ur-ban forest, food growing or a sport area for children and adults.
In the beginning of this paper, both of case study locations were presented with their strengths and weaknesses. With simple and smart environmental and social injections, both can benefit enormously and move towards a more resilient city. This, however, is not in the hands of „someone“ or a centrally re-sponsible institution, but in the hands of all of us who want to live in a healthy and attractive urban environment.
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REFERENCES:Benepe, Adrian; Parks as Green Infrastructure, Green Infrastructure as Parks: how Need, Design and Technology Are Coming Together to Make Better Cities, April 17, 2013 <http://www.thenatureofcities.com/2013/04/17/parks-as-green-infrastructure-green-infrastructure-as-parks-how-need-de-sign-and-technology-are-coming-together-to-make-better-cities> (last accessed on july 24, 2013)
de Carlo, Giancarlo; Architecture's public: the revolt and the frustration of the school of ar-chitecture (1969), ARCh+ 211/212 Think Global Build Social, summer 2013, p. 86 – 96
de Roo, Michelle; Roozen, Niek; The Green City GuidelinesTechniques for a healthy liveable city, Septem-ber 2011 <www.degroenestad.nl/Media/down-load/7074/Green+City+Guidelines.pdf> (last accessed on july 24, 2013)
karssenberg, hans ed., The City at Eye Level, Eburon, 2012 <http://www.thecityateyelevel.com> (last accessed on july 24, 2013)
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Urban permeability:On plants and plinths
A graduation urban design project by
Veronika Kovácsová
Amsterdam Academy of ArchitectureJanuary 2014