urban mobility challenges in developing countries - the case of latin america

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University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS ITS Research Seminar Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries: The Case of Latin America Eduardo A. Vasconcellos Leeds, June 23, 2016

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Page 1: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS

ITS Research Seminar 

Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries:The Case  of  Latin America 

Eduardo A. Vasconcellos

Leeds,  June 23, 2016

Page 2: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

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Historical development and current conditions

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 3: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Country Urban Areas

Argentina 1Brazil 5Chile 1Colombia 1Costa Rica 1Mexico 3Peru 1Uruguay 1Venezuela 1

TOTAL of 15 areasPop.: 106 million PT vehicles: 230,000 Automobiles: 25 millionTrips: 204 million per day

Brazil

Argentina

Mexico

Colombia

Peru

Chile Uruguay

C. Rica Venezuela

Page 4: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Social and economic issues

Uneven development post WWII + fast urbanization 

High levels of informality (50‐60%)/exclusion/ immobility

Low level of instruction and of political education

Fragile democracies + Poor citizenship development

Highly concentrated income distribution ( min. wage USD 250/ “manager” wage USD 5,000)

Page 5: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Mobility (data from the Brazilian and the Latin American Observatories)

NMT and PT serve 73% of trips

Public transport  Low‐quality + priority on roads < 1% of roadsHigh cost burden on poor families (up to 30%)Longer travel times opposed to automobiles

Automobile impacts:  80% (space), 70% (energy), 68/72% (PM/CO2)

Pedestrians/cyclists correspond to 68% of fatalities 

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 6: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Worrying Trends  

TransportIncrease in auto (5% y.) and motorcycle (13% y.)Pressures for deregulation of public transportActions against improvement of NMT

Social/economicVery slow movement to change poverty and exclusionContinued income concentrationIncreased externalities and inequity

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 7: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Critical issues and decisions

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 8: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Q1: Efficiency or equity?equity x equality

Q2: Sustainability for whom?economic/environ/social

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 9: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Q3: Public transport isa public service? a market issue?               

Q4: Subsidies arean investment ?waste of money ?

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 10: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Q5:  “Small is beautiful”?economic circuits and effects

Q6: Which city?elite/middle class/democratic

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 11: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Challenges and opportunities

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 12: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

12

Difficulties for changing mobility conditions

Transmission of myths and false “conclusions”Car as a “natural desire” and a “superior good”“ Unavoidable “ poor quality of public transportIgnorance on actual mobility  impacts (“empty bus”) 

Existent traffic environment is hostile to vulnerable people   

High vehicle speeds (20% over 60 km/hour)Few safe crossings, poor or inexistent sidewalksBike priority < 1% of roads

Pedestrians/cyclists cannot influence policies

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 13: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

13

The dilemma of public transport supply ‐ Typical cycles

Wild Individual operators supply services under strict “market” rules: low quality, conflicts, chaos

Latin America, Asia and Africa

Corporate Inefficient public operator leads to chaosSão Paulo, Mexico City

Irresponsible Hired private companies ensure spatial supply/regularitybut may capture state Brazil

Virtuous Society defines and controls, private  operator provides services with quality and efficiency Europe

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 14: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

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Challenges 

Convince society that NMT and PT are the best options 

Reshape the traffic environment towards NMT

Improve  PT systems and make them accessible for all

Stop subsidizing the automotive system + implement restrictions

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 15: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Structural Obstacles

• Urban structure already built – will  take decades to change

• No major political force sees PT as a priority

•Most financial resources tied to the automotive world

• Uneven distribution of power on policy decisions

• Continued poverty and weak citizenship

• Persistent influence of the middle classes  pervasive

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 16: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Opportunities

Society level

•Work with the sustainability network + environ/health

• Produce new knowledge to challenge myths

•Work at community level

• Exploit middle class new view of the environment

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 17: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

Opportunities

Political level

• Prioritize local level, working with mayors looking for change

• At federal level, work with Environment and Health Authorities

•Middle term: push for a strong National Policy on Mobility

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

Page 18: Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries - the Case of Latin America

References

ANTP, Sistema de Informação da Mobilidade Urbana, www.antp.org.br (reports in Portuguese)

CAF ‐Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, Observatorio de Movilidad Urbana – OMU  www.caf.com  (reports in Spanish)

Vasconcellos, Eduardo A .(2001) Urban transport, environment and equity –the case for developing countries, Earthscan, UK.

____________________(2015) Transporte urbano y movilidad – reflexiones y propuestas para países en desarrollo,UNSAM, Argentina.

____________________ (2010) Análisis de la movilidad urbana. Espacio, medio ambiente y equidad, CAF.

University of Leeds, Institute for  Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. VasconcellosTransport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016