urban manufacturing districts

UMDIUMDI

UMDIUMDI

This publication has been prepared as a part of the 2013 Master’s Research Studio in the Northeastern University School of Architecture. All research and content in this publication was produced by the “New Life for Urban Manufacturing Districts” studio research team.

Published byNortheastern University School of Architecture360 Huntington AvenueBoston Massachusetts, 02115

Copyright © 2013 byNortheastern University School of ArchitectureAll rights reserved.

UMDIUMDIContributors: Tim Love | Elizabeth Decorso | Basil Koutsogeorgas Chris Marciano | Ryan Matthew | Jonathan Miller | Rachel Mutschler | Nicole Pandolfo | Matthew Piccirillo | Eric Pereira Jenna Principi | Kate Schneider

INTRODUCTIONA Case For Urban ManufacturingA Case For ArchitectsRelevance

FIELD RESEARCH

GEOGRAPHY/LOGISTICSNew BedfordGreater Boston

STANDARDSPalletsTransporatationWarehouse Design

TYPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONSOrganizational StrategiesExpressing The ContentsDaylighting StrategiesPrototypical Strategies

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79818791

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INTRODUCTION

A CASE FOR URBAN MANUFACTURINGA CASE FOR THE ARCHITECT

RELEVANCE

The goal of our research initiative was to understand how architects and urban designers can better impact the conception, planning, and design of manufacturing facilities as part of a healthy mixed-use urban neighborhood. Central to our analysis and speculative thinking are two foundational questions:

What kinds of manufacturing (still) needs to be located in cities and why?

Why do architects need to be at the center of the discussion about the proper program-mix, layout, spatial qualities, and expressive strategy of these kinds of facilities?

These questions were posed not only to guide our research priorities, but also because our shared research was formulated and formatted to launch speculative design proposals by each of the eleven students on the research team.

Manufacturing needs to be close to designers and/or engineers because of on-going adjustments and revisions to the design of the product. Examples include small batch prototyping for new medical instruments, “bespoke” fashion and leather goods, and custom architectural components.

Manufacturing needs to be close to parts suppliers for bespoke and small batch production. Examples include the relationship between accessory suppliers (buttons, zippers, fabric, and thread) and manufacturers in the Garment District in New York.

Manufacturing needs to be close to a skilled work force with technical proficiency in all areas of relevant production. Examples include sewers and other specialists in the Garment District in New York and precision metal fabricators that work for defense suppliers in Connecticut.

Manufacturing needs to be close to a targeted consumer group because products are sold on-site in a showroom, testing room, or store. Examples include artisanal food production that appeals to nearby city residents and/or tourists drawn to a district by other destinations.

Manufacturers want to provide directly to retailers (and eliminate third-party distribution from the supply chain). Examples include micro-breweries distributing directly to stores, bars, and restaurants via their own fleet of trucks.

Each of the rationales for urban manufacturing has specific design implications, whether at the interface of people visiting the facility (designers, consumers, and/or potential new employees), the need to receive just-in-time stock for manufacturing, and/or the need to efficiently park a fleet of small trucks – all in a dense urban neighborhood.

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Facing Page:

Men pulling racks of clothing on busy sidewalk in Garment

District, NYC. World Telegram & Sun photo by Al Ravenna.

REASONS WHY MANUFACTURING TAKES PLACE IN NORTH AMERICAN CITIES

A CASE FOR URBAN MANUFACTURINGintroduction

The company both manufactures and sells products at the same location to highlight the manufacturing process itself as part of the marketing strategy and/or to provide shelf space during the early phases of a product line roll out (before third-party distributors have agreed to carry the product). As a result, the quality and character of the customer experience during tours of the facility and in the showroom are essential to the success of the business.

The company wants to broadcast the business brand by the shape and color of the building, applied graphics, transparency to the functions inside, and/or the character of the architecture itself.

Because of the physical characteristics of the neighborhood context, the exterior planning and architecture of the facility needs to be compatible with adjacent buildings in terms of scale, materiality, and relationship to the sidewalk and larger urban realm.

Because of land values and/or in-place development guidelines, manufacturing functions need or want to be part of a mixed-use building that includes other uses on the ground and/or upper floors.

Because of land values and/or in-place development guidelines, manufacturing functions need to be on multiple floors – thus complicating freight access, ventilation, and structural solutions.

Each of these overlays to the basic function of manufacturing requires an architectural response that balances the need for flexible high bay space with the idiosyncrasies of a specific business communication strategy and local context.

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Facing Page:

Craigieburn Train Maintenance Facility, HBO+EMTB.

FIVE REASONS FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF AN ARCHITECT

A CASE FOR THE ARCHITECTintroduction

Every large American city has a dedicated manufacturing and industrial district that was created from scratch in the late 1950s and 1960s to remove industry from the central business districts and to relocate manufacturing companies to the new interstate highway system. Many of the districts, such as Newmarket in Boston, Mill River in New Haven, CT, and Morris Point in the Bronx, still have vital companies, but not at the density that they had at their inception and through the 1970s. The question today is what to do with these districts from an economic development and urban design standpoint. Until recently, “post-industrial” sites were often seen as targets for mixed use residential/commercial/retail development – modeled on the mix of (non-industrial) uses that made up the traditional city. More recently, public policy has highlighted the need to preserve and attract manufacturing jobs to the city, casting these once-forgotten districts in a new light.

This studio will begin by understanding why certain businesses still thrive in 1960s era industrial districts to understand models for densification. We will also look at rapidly gentrifying districts like Red Hook in Brooklyn, NULU in Louisville, and the LA Garment District to learn about new kinds of businesses like micro-breweries, artisanal food producers, and precision fabrication shops that are flourishing in industrial districts located near potential customers. Our goal will be to leverage these lessons to develop a tool-kit for urban design and architectural interventions that can maximize the density of these districts while attracting and maintaining as many manufacturing jobs as possible. The hope is to achieve levels of density that inspire pedestrian activity, resulting in the chance encounters that can create synergies between businesses based on shared technological know-how, transportation needs, and talent. Facing Page:

Research team at Higher Ground (Kate Schneider)

DESIGNING HEALTHY MIXED-USE URBAN MANUFACTURING NEIGHBORHOODS

RELEVANCEintroduction

FIELD RESEARCH

ARTISAN’S ASYLUMBOLT

RADLABTAZA CHOCOLATE

HARPOON BREWERYHIGHER GROUND FARM

In order to gain an in-depth understanding of urban manufacturing, our research team visited and analyzed a targeted range of local businesses. The goal of to the research was to better understand the advantages and challenges of an urban location and to understand the logistical and urban design issues that impact specific manufacturing facilities.

Through the analysis of six local models, our research team was able to better understand the programmatic and spatial requirements of urban manufacturing across diverse scales of production and distribution. By visiting six facilities, we were able to compare dimensions, spatial adjacencies, and the flow of product during the production and distribution process. We also spoke with the business managers of each company to gain an understanding of the complex variables that affect their businesses. Through these visits our research team was able to see and hear firsthand how each of these businesses operates and learn about the challenges and advantages of operating a business in the city. More broadly, our research was guided by these questions:

Which types and scales of manufacturing currently exist in the city? What non-industrial programs currently inhabit post-industrial buildings? What opportunities exist for mixed-use industrial sites?

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LOCATION MAPFiELd rESEArcH

While a wide range of manufacturing occurs in the greater Boston area, we were able to identify four kinds of businesses that gravitate towards urban sites: large-scale manufacturing of consumer goods, “maker” spaces, urban agriculture, and food/ beverage production. We identified businesses from each of these categories in order to better understand the unique parameters of each type. Unfortunately, due to the heightened security surrounding large-scale facilities that manufacture consumer products, we were not able to gain access to or information about these facilities.

We were, however, able to visit and document the remaining categories of manufacturers by visiting the following businesses: Bolt, Artisan’s Asylum, Higher Ground Farm, Harpoon Brewery, Taza Chocolate, and RadLab.

Artisan’s Asylum, Inc. is a non-profit community craft studio launched in 2010 by robotics engineer Gui Cavalcanti. The organization’s mission is “to support and promote the teaching, learning and practicing of craft of all varieties,” whether that be in fiber arts or electrical fabrication. To support their mission and encourage DIY culture, Artisan’s Asylum offers a range of affordable, publicly-accessible classes taught by local artisans, monthly and daily membership plans, access to industrial-grade equipment for local artists and businesses, and on-site material storage. The 40,000 square foot facility is located in part of the former Ames Safety Envelope plant in Somerville, once a sprawling, multi-block operation over twelve buildings. Today, Artisan’s Asylum operates next door to diverse businesses including a clean energy idea incubator and a rock-climbing facility.

“THE BEST MAKERSPACE IN THE COUNTRY” -CHRIS QUINTERo, BOLT

ARTISAN’S ASYLUM

Small Batch

LargeBatch

Medium Batch

CustomSpec

FabricationFabricated

Local NationalRegional

Facing Page:

Artisan’s Asylum, Kate Schneider.

UMD Field Research

0 300 600’ 1200’

NEIGHBORHOODAdjacent Zoning

Additional Zoning

SITEZoning

Land UseDistance To FreewayDistance to T Station

Lot AreaLoading Docks

Truck TypeParking Spaces

BUILDINGOwner

Year BuiltBuilding area

Total building heightTotal allowable height

Number of floorsF.A.R.

Ceiling HeightOpen To Public?

Residential C, Light Industrial, BusinessArts Overlay District

Light IndustrialManufacturing, Warehouse1.7 miles1.0 miles131,816 SF1Semi Truck187 Off-Street

JWF LLC191040,000 SF of 132,041 SF24’-0”50’-0” maximum21.0124’-0”Yes

Somerville Ave

Tyler Street

SiteIndustrial Zoning

MAP KEY

Non-Industrial BuildingIndustrial Building

Loading Dock Truck Access

ZONING & STATISTICSArtiSAn’S ASYLuM

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2

Artisan’s Asylum is one of the largest and most efficiently run shared maker spaces in the country. They require membership to access and utilize a facility of approximately 40,000 square feet that is divided up among various tenants and shared production spaces. The production spaces include: a wood shop, machine shop, welding shop, and bike shop. The facility also has designated areas for hot crafts, electronics, screen-printing, and a chemical booth. In order to use any of the tools within a shop, members must become certified to work with that shop’s particular equipment. Tenants of Artisan’s Asylum either operate their small business out of their individual rented space, use the space in the facility as a second production office for their company, or are weekend hobbyists and artisans. There is a long wait list for open tenant space, but members are not required to rent a cubicle or shelf space, but instead can bring in their projects to work on them. All members also have access to the loading dock but must be present to receive their shipment orders.

Wood ShopMachine ShopWelding ShopElectronicsScreen PrintingHot Craft

Individual Tenant Spaces

30%

10%

10%

35%

5%

10%

Production & Fabrication

Loading DockAdministration Space

Circulation

Maker Spaces

Storage Space

Sunday Monday

Bike Shop

Wood Shop

Machine Shop

Welding Shop

Multipurpose Room

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Fiber Arts/ Glass

6:00a

Midnight

6:00p

Noon

Public ProgrammingOpen for Members

DRAWING KEYDuring all hours of the day, a wide variety of classed are taught in Artisan Asylum’s shared workspaces. Members serve as instructors in courses from jewelry making to welding.

PUBLIC PROGRAMMINGARTISAN’S ASYLUM

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200 ft² Bike Shop

100 ft² Sculptor’s Work Space

50 ft² Graphic Design Studio

50 ft² Painter’s Work Space

200 ft² Bike Shop

100 ft² Sculptor’s Work Space

100 ft² Graphic Design Studio

100 ft² Graphic Design Studio Storage

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Welding Shop, Kate Schneider.

Artisan’s Asylum, Kate Schneider.

Workstation, Kate Schneider. Toolbox, Kate Schneider.

Bolt, a short-term intensive program designed to accelerate hardware startups, inhabits part of a 71,000 square foot commercial space in downtown Boston. The innovation of Bolt is in their business model. A team of mentors provides guidance and expertise in everything from design for manufacturing, to funding, to getting the product on the shelf. Bolt’s facility is part machine shop, part office, and part event space. The space opens up to local innovators for weekly idea-sharing events.

“WE BUILD HARDWARE BUSINESSES”

BOLT

Small Batch

LargeBatch

Medium Batch

CustomSpec



Facing Page:

Bolt Desktop, Kate Schneider.

UMD Field Research

0 300’ 600’ 1200’


Additional Zoning

SITEZoning




BUILDINGOwner





Commercial, Mixed UseN/A

CommercialCommercial0.5 miles0.1 miles*0N/A0

Chauncy Place Corporation19109,796 SF of 71,000 SF****11’-0”Yes

Essex Street

Chau

ncy S

treet

Kneeland Street


MAP KEY



* = Information not available

ZONING & STATISTICSBoLt

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6

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Ground Level Lower Level

Bolt is a venture capital company that helps to grow and build hardware start up companies. Bolt is unique because a full time staff is on hand to help each start-up team design and prototype their product. Bolt’s team of on site experts has backgrounds in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and industrial design.

Production Space

Open Studio SpaceSmaller Meeting RoomsConference Room

30%5%

10%

40%

15%


Administration Space

Circulation

Studio Space

Storage Space

Ground Level Workstations, Kate Schneider.

Basement Workshop, Kate Schneider.Sketches, Kate Schneider.

Tools, Kate Schneider. Breakout Rooms, Kate Schneider.

During co-founder Matt Trimble’s education at MIT, he was intrigued by his classmates’ innovative use of scripting as an integrated part of the design process. Through the use of tools like the laser cutter, 3D printer, and CNC router, Trimble “began to see a range of potential commercial applications for ‘design computing’ (modeling, scripting, programming, animating, rendering). These applications included architecture, but were not limited to architecture.”

At RadLab, Trimble and his small team of industrial designers and programmers work as consultants for architects, product designers, and entrepreneurs. The office has recently completed work across scales: from a retail interiors scheme to high-volume production of tactile braille graphics.

A MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN & FABRICATION FIRM

RADLAB

Small Batch

LargeBatch

Medium Batch

CustomSpec



Facing Page:

Crafted Wood, Kate Schneider.

UMD Field Research

0 300’ 600’ 1200’


Additional Zoning

SITEZoning




BUILDINGOwner





Residential C, Institutional, Mixed UseN/A

IndustrialManufacturing0.1 miles0.1 miles11,615 SF1Box Truck5

Spice Street LLC*3,000 SF of 29,548 SF*N/A*2.520’-0”No

Spice Street


MAP KEY




ZONING & STATISTICSrAdLAB

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Clean Zone Open Studio Dirty Zone

The design of the Rad Lab facilities was driven by the desire to encourage design and production to be as unified as possible. In addition, the organization of the space needed to accommodate the technologically advanced production equipment that allows Matt Trimble and his colleagues to create highly customized and complex prototypes and building components. As a result, the facility is organized into separate clean and dirty production spaces, with an open studio space located between them. The use of glass partitions between the work zones ensures that natural light permeates the space and site lines are maintained between design and production spaces. Since moving into its Sullivan Square location, RadLab has attracted a variety of other design firms to the area that plan to collaborate with Matt Trimble and his team.

Clean ProductionDirty Production

Studio & Meeting Space


55%

10% 5%

10%

5%

15%


Circulation

Studio SpaceStorage Space

Shared Workstation, Kate Schneider.

Lobby, Kate Schneider.

Machine Shop, Kate Schneider.

Wood Paddles, Kate Schneider.

Two years ago, Taza Chocolate opened its Factory Store and began offering public tours. Since then, Taza has become known for its many food-culture events and for its holiday celebrations. This focus on in-factory programming has resulted in an increased demand for its products in grocery stores regionally. Despite these public programs, Taza struggles with finding its place in a continuously evolving neighborhood. While the factory is located in an industrial enclave that is experiencing an uptick in activity, it feels separated from the larger demographic forces that are making Somerville a center for entrepreneurial activity. Currently, the area is accessible by car, but the location is off the beaten track for pedestrians. With the extension of the Green Line to nearby Union Square, the neighborhood between Taza and Union Square is likely to be filled in with additional retail, entertainment venues, “maker” spaces, and arts-related organizations; thus improving Taza’s visibility and impact.

STONE GROUND CHOCOLATE

TAZA CHOCOLATE

Small Batch

LargeBatch

Medium Batch

CustomSpec



Facing Page:

Equipment Repair, Kate Schneider.

UMD Field Research

0 300 600’ 1200’


Additional Zoning

SITEZoning




BUILDINGOwner





Residential, CommercialArts Overlay District

Transit Oriented Development 135Industrial Warehouse1.3 miles1.0 miles27,481 SF1Semi Truck*

Millers River Realty Trust192083,224 SF65’-0”*53.012’-0”Yes

Windsor Pl

Cambridge Street

Webster Ave


MAP KEY




ZONING & STATISTICStAzA cHocoLAtE

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112Upper Level Ground Level

Taza Chocolate has sought to bring the rich tradition of Mexican chocolate to the United States, by using the same methods that have been used to make chocolate in Mexico for centuries. The centerpiece of their production process are hand-carved granite millstones which are fabricated on site using the same techniques used by traditional Oaxacan chocolatiers. It is precisely this milling process that gives Taza chocolate its distinctive texture and bright flavor.

Roasting RoomHot Room & MoldingCold RoomDemolding Room

Staff SpaceOffice Space

Automated & Hand PackagingShipping

Selling Space5%

20%

25%

10%

15%

5%

20%



Circulation

Packaging & Shipping

Storage Space

Entry, Kate Schneider. Kate Schneider, Roaster

Loading Dock, Ryan Matthew. Cocoa Beans, Kate Schneider.

Taza Chocolate, Chocolate Sample

Harpoon was an early participant in the major resurgence of local, craft brewing in the U.S. in the late 1980s. At the start, the founders set out to recreate the rich beer culture that they had experienced in their travels and sought to incorporate the brewery into the local community. Today, Harpoon has become famous for their weekend-long events and tours at the facility are often at capacity. While their location on the South Boston waterfront makes them difficult to access by public transportation, the brewery has easy access to interstate 93, an important connector to its suburban distribution center in Woburn, MA and second brewery in Windsor, VT.

THE LARGEST CRAFT BREWER IN NEW ENGLAND

HARPOON BREWERY

Small Batch

LargeBatch

Medium Batch

CustomSpec



Facing Page:

Brewery Tour, Ryan Matthew.

UMD Field Research

0 300 600’ 1200’


Additional Zoning

SITEZoning




BUILDINGOwner





IndustrialN/A

Industrial, Economic DevelopmentManufacturing, Retail0.4 miles1.4 miles50,000 SF2Semi Truck51

Economic Dvlpmnt. & Industrial Corp. of Boston192045,000 square feet43’-7”N/A20.928’-0”Yes

Drydock Ave

Northern Ave


MAP KEY




ZONING & STATISTICSHArPoon BrEWErY

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Upper Level: Observation Ground Level

Harpoon Brewery is all about the beer experience and bringing Europe’s rich beer culture to the United States. The founders of Harpoon have always aspired to have a beer hall that emulated the models found throughout their European travels. Recently they were able to make this dream a reality. They have a large beer hall which also doubles as rentable event space. The beer hall looks out onto the second story of their custom beer-bottling machine allowing customers to watch part of the beer making process while drinking their favorite Harpoon Ale. Harpoon also offers daily tours, which leave from the beer hall and take customers on a catwalk over the brewery, where customers can learn about the brewing process and sample the wide range of beers produced by the brewery.

Beer Hall & Retail Space

Brewing

Grain & Hops StoragePost-packaging Storage

Selling Space10%

25%

15%

15%

15%

5%

15%



Circulation

Bottling & Packaging

Storage Space

OBSERVATION CATWALKHArPoon BrEWErY

2| Harpoon Brewery Secondary Brew House Windsor, VT Local Distribution

3| Harpoon Brewery Distribution Warehouse Woburn, MA Regional Distribution

1| Harpoon Brewery Headquarters Boston, MA Hyper-Local Distribution

Small Portion of Product Sent to Distribution Warehouse

Majority of ProductSent to DistributionWarehouse

DISTRIBUTIONHArPoon BrEWErY

Harpoon Brewery Beer Hall, Ryan Matthew.

Pedestrian Catwalk, Ryan Matthew. Vintage Cans, Ryan Matthew.

Northern Avenue Gates, Ryan Matthew.Packaging, Ryan Matthew.

During its inaugural growing season in 2013, Higher Ground Farm, grewgreens, tomatoes, and herbs in planters on the roof of Boston’s Design Center. This fresh produce is marketed to Boston restaurants and retailers.

Currently, the farm provides bicycle deliveries to local restaurants three times a week. Current buyers include the Franklin Cafe, Neptune Oyster, Tavern Road, Ten Tables JP, Tres Gatos, Coppa, Toro, Sweet Cheeks, Anchovies, Giacomo’s, American Provisions, Clio, Teatro, and Bee’s Knees. In the future, farm founders Courtney Hennessey and John Stoddard hope to expand their offerings to include a CSA and a farm stand in the lobby of the Design Center.

BOSTON’S FIRST ROOFTOP FARM

HIGHER GROUND FARM

Small Batch

LargeBatch

Medium Batch

CustomSpec



6| Higher Ground Farm

Facing Page:

Basil Leaves, Ryan Matthew.

UMD Field Research


Additional Zoning

SITEZoning




BUILDINGOwner





General Industrial, Light Industrial, Mixed UseRestricted Parking District

General IndustrialManufacturing and Processing & Offices0.3 miles1.3 miles160,010 SF1 of 15Box Truck, Semi Truck*

Boston Design Center LLC191940,000 SF of 559,690 SF**83.5N/ANo

Drydock Ave

Northern Ave

0 300 600’ 1200’


MAP KEY




ZONING & STATISTICSHiGHEr Ground FArM

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34

Roof

Loading DockBelow

Current and Future Growing Space

Growing Space

50%

10%

5%

30%

Loading Dock

Circulation

Staging Space

Higher Ground Farm has a ten-year lease with the Design Center for approximately 55,000 square feet of the building’s roof space. Photovoltaic panels currently occupy the balance of the available area. Higher Ground Farm looked at three potential rooftop growing locations for their urban farm and ultimately decided on the roof of the Boston Design Center because it allowed them to have the most soil depth and, therefore, the largest variety of crops. This was determined after a structural analysis of Higher Ground’s options, including a calculation to determine the maximum amount of dead load that could be added to the existing roof without need for structural reinforcement.

The Rooftop Farm, Ryan Matthew.

Milk Crate Planters, Kate Schneider.

Tomato Vines, Ryan Matthew.Courtney Hennessey, Kate Schneider.

GEOGRAPHY/LOGISTICS

INTRODUCTIONNEW BEDFORD

GREATER BOSTON

Although manufacturing centers first developed within dense urban cores to be near ports and rail terminals, industrial districts were relocated to suburban parcels near the interchanges of the new federal interstate system in the mid twentieth century. This change was compelled by not only the shift to a more flexible national truck transport system, but also because of relatively low property values and government action, that included urban renewal and stricter land use regulations. Both policies aimed to remove noxious manufacturing from the central city. This chapter includes two separate comparative analyses:

1) A comparison of urban and suburban industrial districts and

2) The influence of the surrounding urban context on the evolution of historic industrial areas.

PROVIDENCE

NEWBEDFORD

WORCESTERBOSTON

TAUNTON

MIDDLEBOROUGH

BROCKTONRT 24

I-495

I-495

RT 140

RT 24

I-195

I-195

RT 140

NEWBEDFORD

FALLRIVER

PROVIDENCE

NEWBEDFORD

WORCESTERBOSTON

NEW BEDFORDgeography / logistics

To better understand the benefits and limitations of urban industrial zones and suburban industrial parks, two industrial districts in New Bedford were compared. The first is located the city’s historic core and the second was planned in a green field site along Route 140, which connects New Bedford to Boston.

New Bedford’s waterfront is an industrial area that has grown organically over time. It’s development began with a focus on whaling; however, when the industry began declining in the 1880’s, the city shifted its focus towards the cotton textile industry, which had already established itself in places such as Lowell and Pawtucket. By the end of the 19th century, New Bedford was one of the largest producers of cotton yarns and textiles in the country.

Over the last century, industry in the area has shifted again and the textile mills have been re-used for electronic circuitry production, needle trade, and other types of manufacturing uses. Additionally a large presense of seafood wholesale and distribution companies has been established n the area.

Recently some of the historic mill buildings in the area have also been adapted to other uses such as light manufacturing, small businesses, professional offices, and residential use.

“THE WHALING CAPITAL OF THE WORLD”

NEW BEDFORD WATERFRONT

New Bedford, Massachusetts, Google Maps.

UMD Geography+Logistics

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Waterfront IndustrialIndustrial AIndustrial BMixed Use

ZONING MAP KEY

Residential AResidential BResidential C

The industrial zones in the area exist along the waterfront, reflecting the industry’s historic connection to the water. These industrial areas are separated from adjacent residential zones by the JFK Memorial Highway (Route 18). A pocket of mixed use zoning defines New Bedfords “downtown” at the intersection of the JFK Memorial Highway and Route 6. This mixed use zoning has begun to spread as some of the historic mil structures have been re-zoned for other uses including residential and business.

ZONING ANALYSIS

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21%

11%

15%

32%

21%

ABCO Electric Inc.

Bobby T. Machine Co.

Continental Plastics Inc.

CL Machining

Crystal Ice Co.

Evergreen Sheet Metal

Marine Hydraulics Inc.

Mass Fabricating & Welding

Oberon Co. (safety equipment)

Revere Copper Inc.

Whaling City Iron Co.

FABRICATION

American Pride Seafood

Big G Seafood

Eastern Fisheries

Hygrade Ocean Products

Kylers Seafood Market

Marder Trawling Inc.

Mariner

Mar-Lees Seafood

M&B Sea Products

Northern Pelagic Group

Pier Fish Company

Saraiva Enterprises (wine/beer)

Sea Trade International

Skip's Marine Seafood Packaging

Sea Watch International

Tichon Seafood

Top Quality Seafood Inc.

FOOD PROCESSING/WHOLESALE

Bruce's Splicing & Rigging

Crystal Ice Company

New Bedford Ice & Cold Storage

NGN Transport

Packaging Products Corporation

West Terminal Cold Storage

DISTRIBUTION

CAT Marine Equipment

Global Co-Op Warf (oil & fuel)

Lighthouse Marine Supply

Luzo Fishing Gear

Marine Enterprises

New Bedford Ship Supply Co.

New Bedford Welding Supply

NStar Power Plant

SUPPLY

Dockside Repairs

Fishermen's Pier Visitor Center

Goyette Auto Part Recycling

Knuckle Head Bar & Grill

LECH Auto Body

Mill Stores Factory Outlet

New Bedford Glass Museum

Ryder Transportation Services

Shuster Machine Engineers

State Pier & Ferry Terminal

Warf Tavern

SERVICE/OTHER

0 1000 2000 4000

BUILDING USE ANALYSISNeW BeDForD WaterFroNt

0 250 500 1000

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5. SKIP’S MARINE SEAFOOD PCKGAREA: 43,346 SFFLOORS: 1USE: WHOLESALE/DISTRIBUTION

1. OBERON SAFETY EQUIPMENTAREA: 42,532 SFFLOORS: 1USE: MANUFACTURING

2. CL MANUFACTURINGAREA: 190,514FLOORS: 4USE: BUSINESS/LIGHT MFG.

4. FISHERMAN’S PIERAREA: 32,160FLOORS: 1USE: BUSINESS/DISTRIBUTION

3. SEA WATCH INTERNATIONALAREA: 28,252 SFFLOORS: 1USE: WHOLESALE/DISTRIBUTION

6. HYGRADE OCEAN PRODUCTSAREA: 46,677 SFFLOORS: 1USE: WHOLESALE/DISTRIBUTION

The New Bedford Business Park is comprised of 150 acres of industrially zoned land. The area currently employs over 2,500 employees and accounts for approximately $650 million in sales revenue. The New Bedford Business Park advertises itself as “New England’s most cost effective location” thus demonstrating the trend of moving industrial centers out of cities with high property values to the more affordable suburbs. The park is located adjacent to Route 140 and is located 40 miles from Boston and 25 Miles from Providence. In addition the park has access to three airports within an hour’s commute time.

“NEW ENGLAND’S MOST COST EFFECTIVE LOCATION”

New Bedford, Massachusetts, Google Maps.

NEW BEDFORD BUSINESS PARK


Route 140

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The New Bedford Business Park, adjacent to undeveloped greenfield sites, is zoned exclusively for industrial uses. The Park is also adjacent to a small mixed use zone near the Route 140 interchange. Unlike many organically grown urban industrial areas, this area is a result of planned development and is run by a separately established management company, the Greater New Bedford Industrial Foundation. As a result, it is constantly undergoing infrastructure improvements and provides it employees many services within the park including a daycare, restaurants, and a career center for job recruiting.

ZONING ANALYSIS

Industrial AIndustrial BIndustrial CMixed Use

ZONING MAP KEY

Residential AResidential BResidential C

Route 140

7

FABRICATION

Titleist Ball Plants 2 & 3

Morgan Technical Ceramics

Symmetry Medical New Bedford

Massachusetts State Lottery

HighTech Manufacturing

New England Plastics

Five Star Companies

Aerovox

DISTRIBUTION

Lighthouse Masonry

Symmetry Medical

Edson

ASSEMBLY

Better Image Apparel

Nameplates for Industry

SUPPLY

Butler Architectural Woodworking

Maximum Weather Instruments

FOOD PROCESSING / DISTRIBUTION

Reinhart Food Service

16%

23%

45%

13%

3%

C.P. Bourg

Polyneer

Poyant Signs

GEC Durham

Zapp Precision Strip

A & R Machining

AFC Cable Systems

Milhench Supply

Schaefer Marine

Horacio’s Welding & Sheet Metal

Epec Engineered Technologies

Vectrix/Gold Peak Industries

Imtra Marine Products

Ahead Inc.

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BUILDING USE ANALYSISNeW BeDForD BUsiNess parK

2. MASSACHUSETTS STATE LOTTERY AREA: 100,000 FT2 FLOORS: 1 USE:MANUFACTURING

3. TITLEIST AREA: 100,000 FT2 FLOORS: 2 USE: MANUFACTURING

1. AMERICAN CABLE SYSTEMS AREA:100,000 FT2 FLOORS:1 DOCKS: 7 USE: MANUFACTURING

4. NEW ENGLAND PLASTICS AREA: 40,000 FT2 FLOORS: 1 USE: MANUFACTURING

6. AEROVOX AREA: 60,000 FT2 FLOORS:1 USE: MANUFACTURER

5. IMTRA MAXIMUM AREA: 30,000 FT2 FLOORS:1 USE: MANUFACTURER

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PROVIDENCE

NEWBEDFORD

WORCESTERBOSTON

WOBURN

REVERE

CHELSEA

CAMBRIDGE

NEWTON

WALPOLE

NORWOOD

BOSTON

QUINCY

I-93

RT 1

I-95

I-95I-93

RT 3

I-90

GREATER BOSTONgeography / logistics

Three urban manufacturing centers located in the Greater Boston area were compared to understand how their function and character has been directly shaped by their surrounding urban context. These areas include Cambridge, whose industrial profile has been heavily influenced by its adjacency to MIT; the Boston Marine Industrial Park, which is currently being pressured by mixed-use development on its borders; and Newmarket, a district that the City of Boston is planning to maintain its identity as a manufacturing and food distribution district through zoning revisions that allow for a wider range of contemporary manufacturing business.

In the 1950s, Newmarket Square was built as a modern new home for the meatpacking and food processing companies that were being relocated from Faneuil Hall and Haymarket to allow for redevelopment of the area for retail, restaurants and office space. After the establishment of Newmarket, manufacturing and distribution continued to locate in the area, resulting in the establishment of the Newmarket Business Association in 1976. The organization was charged with maintaining continued business growth, encouraging collaboration between businesses, and advocating policies that would improve the economic health of the district. Today, Newmarket has grown substantially and though it now hosts a diversity of businesses, it still remains true to its core as a historically manufacturing-based district. Most food processing companies that were relocated in the late 50s are still alive and flourishing.

“BOSTON’S ‘PREMIERE’ INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT”

NEWMARKET INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT

Boston Massachusetts, Google Maps.


The industrial zoning of Newmarket, a legacy of the establishment of the district in the 1950s, allows for a very narrow bandwidth of uses. As a result, zoning in the district, is currently under review by the Boston Redevelopment Authority. The revised code will allow for uses that are compatible with and supportive of an industrial area such as specialty food production, accessory retail so companies can sell their products, and certain kinds of specialty manufacturing that are currently restricted. These new provisions will attract businesses, promote job creation, and will help retain existing businesses by allowing them to expand and diversify.

0 500 1000 2000

ZONING ANALYSIS

General IndustrialEconomic Dev. AreaCommercial Subdistr.

ZONING MAP KEY

Residential MFRResidential 2F 3F

18

16

30%

30%

5%

Atel

O’Bass Electronic5%

FABRICATION

Harry Miller Company

The Harvard Common Press

SUPPLY

New England Wood Floor

Capitol Wood Floor Supply Inc.

Maxwell Box Company

The Waldwin Group

Atlantic Seacove Inc.

Foley Fish Company

Slade Gorton Co.

Steve Connolly Seafood Company

Boston Briske Co.

Boston Lamb and Veal Co.

J & D Imports

J. Carter Veal Co.

Metropolitan Meat

Katsiroubas Bros.

Chinese Spaghetti Factory

City Packing Company

Costa Provision

Dancing Deer Bakery

Mutual Beef

Boston Salads & Provision

Lun Fat Produce


Eagle Elevator

Morgan Linen & Uniform Service

Guigliano Corp

Suffolk Construction

Alternate Concepts Inc.

Paul Revere Transportation

Boston Freightliners

C & L Auto

First Call Trucking

Boston Veterinarian

Salami’s Truck Center

United Waste

DISTRIBUTION

20%

Accurate Fasteners Inc.

Harrison Supply

R & R Sales

Waldo Bros Co.

Whitney Building Products

P.J. O’Donnel Co.

Portland Pine & Fitting Co.

Royal Fire Door Company Inc.

The Waterproofing Company

Chester Brown Wholesale Florist

SERVICE/OTHER

Boston Body Work

Dorchester Tire Company

Middlesex Truck & Coach

American Ice Co.

Peninsula of Boston Inc.

Castle Self Storage Inc.

Planet Self Storage

Howard Storage

New England Storage Warehouse

Public Storage

Patriot Self Storage

0 500 1000 2000

BUILDING USE ANALYSISNeWMarKet iNDUstrial District

4

63

1

5

2

1. KATSIROUBAS PRODUCEAREA: 15,000 SFFLOORS: 2USE: WHOLESALE

4. CHESTER BROWNAREA: 80,000 SFFLOORS: 1 USE: DISTRIBUTION

2. SLADE GORTON & CO.AREA: 50,000 SFFLOORS: 2USE: WHOLESALE

6. BOSTON FOOD TERMINALAREA: 100,000 SFFLOORS: 1USE: WHOLESALE

5. STEVE CONNOLY SEAFOODAREA: 20,000 SFFLOORS: 1USE: WHOLESALE

3. BOSTON LAMB AND VEAL CO.AREA: 50,000 SFFLOORS: 2USE: WHOLESALE

0 200 1000600

The Boston Marine Industrial Park is a 191-acre industrial area located on the eastern end of South Boston waterfront on the site of former South Boston Naval Annex, a military base that was decommissioned in 1974. The district is primarily known for its seafood processing and wholesale companies. Under Mayor Thomas Menino’s initiative to reinvigorate and enhance business growth in the area, the Marine Industrial Park has been attracting new businesses that use innovative new manufacturing processes.

“MANUFACTURING ON THE WATERFRONT”

“Boston, Massachusetts.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 25 October 2013.

BOSTON MARINE INDUSTRIAL PARK

Boston Massachusetts, Google Maps.


The Boston Marine Industrial Park has specifically-worded industrial and maritime regulations that are designed to protect existing industrial uses and promote industrial job growth in the region. The BMIP Master Plan, issued in 1999, provides a plan for the rehabilitation and reuse of commercial-industrial spaces through a public-private redevelopment investment strategy. Chapter 91 regulations (the Massachusetts Public Waterfront Act) also play a significant role in protecting maritime industry in BMIP, since the Act requires periodic comprehensive harbor plans that need to balance the needs of industrial ports and the rights of pedestrians to access the water’s edge.

0 500 1000 2000 4000

ZONING ANALYSIS

General IndustrialEconomic Dev. AreaCommercial Subdistr.

ZONING MAP KEY

Residential MFRResidential 2F 3F

25

24

30%

30%

5%

Adcotron EMS Inc.

Bitwise International Tech.

Matt J. McDonald Co. Inc.

Loki Custom Furniture

Fort Point Cabinet Makers15%

FABRICATION

Lumenpulse

Reflex Lighting Group

Coastal Cement

Design Communications

Amramp

SUPPLY

Calvin Fabrics

Koplow Games

Discover Tile

Again Faster Equipment

Commercial Lobster

F.J. O’Hare

Fresh Water Fish Co.

Globe Fish Co.

North Coast Seafood

P.J. Lobster

John Nagle Co.

Sousa Seafood Inc.

Sunny’s Seafood

B& M Fish Company

Atlantic Coast Seafood Inc.

Beau’s Seafood Inc.

Puritan Fish Co.

Stavis Seafod

Ideal Seafood Inc.

Frasher Fish Ltd.

Jonh Mantia & Sons Co.

Red’s Best

Sea Jem Imports Inc.

Pangea Shellfish


Allegra Print and Imaging

Blanchard Press

Copy Cop

Seaport Graphics

Sir Speedy

Waterfront Printing

Recycles Printing Co.

Francine Zaslow Photography

John Holt Studio

Boston Art

Casewell Framing

DISTRIBUTION

10%

Genalco

Grainger

HADCO

Megellan Distribuition

Wagner Solar

Back Stage Hardware

SERVICE/OTHER

Computer Science Corp.

Tide Street Tech Center

R & R Builders

Bachtel

First Call Trucking

Boston Buffalo Express

Portside Truck Repair

Baker Design Group

Philips Design Group

Silverman Trykowski Design

Peter King Design Co.0 500 1000 2000 4000

BUILDING USE ANALYSISBostoN MariNe iNDUstrial parK

12

3

4

5 6

1. THE BRONSTEIN BUILDINGAREA: 400,000 SFFLOORS: 8 USE: MULTIPLE SERVICES

2. 88 BLACK FALCON AVEAREA: 200,000 SFFLOORS: 3 USE: MULTIPLE SERVICES

3. NORTH COAST SEAFOODAREA: 140,000 SFFLOORS: 2 USE: SEAFOOD DISTRIBUTION

4. FISHING PIERAREA: 270,000 SFFLOORS: 3 USE: SEAFOOD DISTRIBUTION

5. HARPOON BREWERYAREA: 112,000 SFFLOORS: 2USE: BEER MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION

6. NEW BOSTON SEAFOOD CENTERAREA: 80,000 SFFLOORS: 1 USE: SEAFOOD DISTRIBUTION

0 500 1000 2000

Cambridge has a long history of manufacturing and was one of the main industrial cities of New England in the 1920s. From Carter’s Ink Company to the New England Glass Company, Cambridge hosted many major manufacturers at the time. After World War II, however, most of the industrial base left and Cambridge began its transition to an intellectual center of Boston. It was not until the 1980s that Cambridge brought in high-technology startups to reinvigorate its urban manufacturing heritage.

“INTELLECTUAL CENTER WITH INDUSTRIAL ROOTS”

CAMBRIDGE/SOMERVILLE

Cambridge Massachusetts, Google Maps.


The Cambridge Community Development Department has classified seven industrial districts into ‘light industrial’ and ‘heavy industrial’ zones. Light industrial districts permit a broad range of industrial activity, but are subject to stringent regulation, while heavy industrial districts permit assembly, processing, and manufacturing activities, depending on off-site impacts. Cambridge also consists of a number of Special Districts such as the Cambridge Center Mixed Use Development District, which requires a balance of land uses including light industrial, office, retail, institutional, and residential. These Special Districts constitute the majority of the Cambridge zoning districts where industrial uses are permitted; however, overlay districts such as Harvard Square, Massachusetts Avenue, and Central Square, require industrial development to maintain a visual continuity with the existing context and not obstruct the identity of landmarks.

0 1000 2000 4000

ZONING ANALYSIS

IndustrialMixed Use / SpecialOffice

ZONING MAP KEY

Residential A & BResidential C

2828

3

FABRICATION

Bolt Beraneck & Newman Inc

Boston Precision Parts CO

Brankamp Process Automation, Inc

Cambridge Electric Motor Service

Cambridge Keys & Security

China Fair

Ck Estores LLC

Concept Equipment Corporation

International Service Conslnts

L Singer Fire Alarm Line

Massachusetts Foundry Inc

Mass Gas & Electric Of Boston

Norel Service CO Inc

Nuclead Inc

Patricio Sandoval Oilfield Supply

Reliable Shade & Screen CO

Alien Industries

Bayard Industries Inc

Component Assembly Systems

Precibio Medical Devices, LLC

Soy Soul Candles

Style Factory

Accumet Corp Intelligent Medical Devices

5 College Storage

AAA Warehousing & Dstrbtn

Academy Movers

All Star Storage & Moving CO

Arty's Warehouse

Hold Everything

Joseph Barrell Plbg & Htg

Ligon Discovery

Lyman Real Estate Trust

M & A Space

1087systems Incorporated

2nd Gear, Inc

Abcam

Adaptive Optics Associates Inc

Airgas East

am Dutch Distribution Products

Amplitude Laser Inc

Best Mold Removal Of Cambridge

Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc

Biospace Lab Usa

Bmr Rogers St LLC Fire / Elevator Lines

Boston Biochem

Brankamp Process Automation

Brankamp Process Automation, Inc

Holleran Daily Grind

Medisense Inc

Opteon Corp

Oscomp Systems Inc

Perkinelmer, Inc

Perkinelmer Inc

Harvard Observatory Model Shop

President Fllows Hrvard Cllege

Pro Line Printing Ink Of NE

Pvi (America) Inc

Quaker Case Licsw

Sed Physics

Senior Spring Productions

Spring Technologies Inc

MANUFACTURING

WAREHOUSE / STORAGE

MACHINERY / EQUIPMENT / TECH

OTHER INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS / SERVICES

26%

7%

17%

45%

5%

0 1000 2000 4000

BUILDING USE ANALYSIScaMBriDge/soMerVille

2. CAMBRIDGE BRANDS INC - TOOTSIE ROLLSAREA: 12,000 SFFLOORS: 6USE: FOOD/WHOLESALE

4. CAMBRIDGE BREWING COMPANYAREA: 12,500 SFFLOORS: 6USE: MANUFACTURING

5. GOLDEN CANOLLI SHELLS CO.AREA: 2,500FLOORS: 2USE: MANUFACTURING

1. FLANN MICROWAVE CO.AREA: 25,000FLOORS: 12USE: FABRICATION

3. WAAV INC + RIVE TECHNOLOGYAREA: 150,000 SFFLOORS: 6USE: FABRICATION

2

3

1

4

5

0 250 500 1000

STANDARDSThe dimensional logic of modern manufacturing and distribution is built up from the dimensions of a standard 40” by 40” pallet. The pallet is the driving metric for global shipping and manufacturing industry; as a result, 80% of all US trade is carried on pallets. The dimensions of pallets influence the four fundamental ways that pallets are moved through a distribution system – by stacking, lifting, containerizing, and shipping. Each one of these categories, the stacked pallets of materials define spatial volumes and the logistics of truck, rail, and water transport; loading dock configurations; forklift operations; and shelving systems. As a result, the architect must fully understand these systems in order to design buildings that meet the needs of the contemporary global manufacturing and distribution network.

PALLETSTRANSPORTATION

WAREHOUSE DESIGN

48”40”

UMD Standards

PALLETS

The standard pallet size used in the US is 40” x 48”. When loaded and wrapped with goods, it represents a single unit load, which can then be easily stored or moved by pallet lifts and/or forklift trucks. In addition to packaging a wide range of products and goods into a single universal volume, this method minimizes the handling of individual products, reducing both cost and damage.

The Service Duty of a palette is understood using the following weight categories: Light-Duty (1000lbs); Medium-Duty (2000 lbs); Heavy-Duty (3000 lbs). For ‘Heavy-Duty’, stacking no more than 60” is allowable.

A DRIVING METRIC FOR MANUFACTURING

LOADED PALLET

The height of the load is largely dependant on its mass. For lighter loads (< 1000lbs.), a height of up to 92” is feasible. It is recommended that loads that approach the maximum capacity of a standard pallet (3000lbs.) are stacked no higher than 60”.

UMD Standards

TRANSPORTATION

The pallet is the smallest unit in a globally standardized system of intermodal freight transport. Pallets are designed to fill a shipping container, which can then be loaded, unloaded, stacked, and transported either by semi-trailer trucks, freight trains, or container ships.

Loaded Pallet - The height of the load is largely dependant on its mass. For lighter loads (< 1000lbs), a height of up to 92” is feasible. It is recommended that loads that approach the maximum capacity of a standard pallet (3000lbs) are stacked no higher than 60”.

A STANDARDIZED METHOD OF STORAGE AND SHIPMENT

INTERMODAL CONTAINER

ISO-standard intermodal containers measure either 20’ or 40’ in length, with a height and width of 8’. These dimensions allow for compatibility with the truck, rail, and ship. The smaller of the two standard sizes has a capacity of 9-10 standard pallets, while the large can hold 20-21 depending on the arrangement.

CONTAINER SHIP

Container ships exclusively transport ISO-standard intermodal containers. Load capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) and categorizes the seven sizes of ships. The panamax vessel, the fourth largest of seven (12,000 TEU), is limited by the width of the Panama canal. It can accomodate a maximum of 19 rows of containers.

LOADED PALLET

The height of the load is largely dependant on its mass. For lighter loads (< 1000lbs.), a height of up to 92” is feasible. It is recommended that loads that approach the maximum capacity of a standard pallet (3000lbs.) are stacked no higher than 60”.

130’

120’

104’

62’

45”-55”

LENGTH

HEIGHT (BED)

0’ 62”31’15.5’

55”-62”

19”-25”

45”-48”

HEIGHT (BED)

HEIGHT (BED)

0’ 62”31’15.5’

0’ 62”31’15.5’

0’ 62”31’ 46.5’

HEIGHT (BED)

60’ (53’ TRAILER)

0’ 60’30’15’

LENGTH


0’ 60’30’15’

LENGTH


0’ 60’30’15’

LENGTH

26’

0’ 60’30’15’

TRANSPORTATION

The transportation of pallets into and out of the building occurs via the truck. The type of truck that is most likely to be servicing the building brings with it a unique set of constraints that must be anticipated when designing the building. Once critical dimension to be considered is an adequately dimensioned Apron Space. This zone of tarmac must be provided immediately adjacent to the loading docks so trucks can be successfully maneuvered into their designated bay.

Apron Space Depth = 2(Length of Truck + Trailer) + 10’

This rule of thumb will provide a good working dimension for planning, but the final configuration of the Apron Space should be determined by testing the turning radii of the range of trucks that are likely to access the loading bays of a specific facility. For tight urban sites, easy of truck maneuverability should be weighed against other factors.

SemiThe Semi truck has an overall length of 60’, thus the apron space required is 130’ = 2(7’ + 53’) + 10’

ContainerThe Container truck has an overall length of 55’, thus the apron space required is 120’ = 2(7’ + 48’) + 10’

Low BoyThe Low Boy truck has an overall length of 47’, thus the apron space required is 104’ = 2(7’ + 40’) + 10’

CityThe City truck has an overall length of 26‘, thus the apron space required is 62’ = 2(40’) + 10’

APRON SPACE

SEMI52

PALLETS

4’LOAD

40PALLETS

4’LOAD

5’LOAD

40PALLETS

8PALLETS

5’LOAD

LOW

BO

YC

ON

TAIN

ERC

ITY52PALLETS

4’ LOAD

40PALLETS

4’ LOAD

40PALLETS

5’ LOAD

8PALLETS

5’ LOAD

10 FOOT

The 10’ high door provides the best access. At least one door should be the 10’ to allow for double-stacked pallets to be moved from the building to the truck.

9 FOOT

The 9’ high door is the second most flexible door height - still allowing for access to a double stacked trailer – but moving pallets is more difficult because it’s a tight fit.

The 8’ high door is able to accommodate most single stacked pallet arrangements, but it does not provide access to trailers that are double stacked with pallets.

8 FOOT

13’-6”max

10’-0”high

13’-6”max

9’-0”high

13’-6”max

8’-0”high

TRANSPORTATION

Porter, W. (2013). Loading dock design. Retrieved from http://loadingdocksupply.com/

The loading dock and truck bay, the threshold condition between truck and industrial building, are determined by the largest standard dimensions of trucks. As a result, standard bays are 9’ wide and 10’ tall, measured from the loading dock level (typically 4’ above grade). This makes the unloading of pallets manageable and gives truck drivers some maneuvering flexibility when backing into a bay.

The loading dock can either be exterior or an enclosed space. An exterior strategy is the most common because it is cost effective. Interior docks may be necessary due to security concerns and/or in northern climates where there is a large volume of shipments involving a large number of employees.

PALLET ENTRY

10 FOOT

The 10’ high door provides the best access. At least one door should be the 10’ to allow for double-stacked pallets to be moved from the building to the truck.

9 FOOT

The 9’ high door is the second most flexible door height - still allowing for access to a double stacked trailer – but moving pallets is more difficult because it’s a tight fit.

The 8’ high door is able to accommodate most single stacked pallet arrangements, but it does not provide access to trailers that are double stacked with pallets.

8 FOOT

13’-6”max

10’-0”high

13’-6”max

9’-0”high

13’-6”max

8’-0”high

11 FOOT

The width of the truck bay door is critical in making the process of unloading pallets manageable. An 11’ door width allows for an amount of flexibility of truck alignmentwhen backing into a designated bay.

9 FOOT

A 9’ bay is the standard truck bay width. It is 6” wider than the maximum legal truck width (without a special permit).

7 FOOT

While available, a 7’ wide door is not recommended because it is not broad enough to efficiently unload pallets from the trailer of a truck.

8’-6”wide

8’-6”wide

8’-6”wide

11’-0”wide

9’-0”wide

7’-0”wide

12’ landingstrip

The minimum spacing between loading docks is 12’ on center. This allows for a truck 10’ in width to have room to unload. The greater spacing, the easier the process

The Landing Strip is the concrete surface found outside of the doors. Asphalt, at certain temperatures, is not safe for standing trailers of considerable weight, thus concrete must be used.

BAY DISPLACEMENT

*

In this scenario, the dock face projects past the exterior wall of the building. This is desirable because it helps to protect the building itself in the case that the bumper fails.*

The Open loading dock is most preferred by the USPS, and its implementation is less cumbersome as compared to the Cantilever. The issue is there is little in terms of drainage.

PALLET ENTRY: CANTILEVER

PALLET ENTRY: OPEN

*

In this scenario, the dock face projects past the exterior wall of the building. This is desirable because it helps to protect the building itself in the case that the bumper fails.*

The Open loading dock is most preferred by the USPS, and its implementation is less cumbersome as compared to the Cantilever. The issue is there is little in terms of drainage.

PALLET ENTRY: CANTILEVER

PALLET ENTRY: OPEN

The Flush scenario is the most common, as it is the most cost effective; relying solely on the bumper. It is necessary that this bumper projects a minimum of 4.5” from the wall.

The Enclosed condition is widely used by package handlers and those exchanging sensitive materials. In this case, the space must be properly ventilated however.

PALLET ENTRY: FLUSH

PALLET ENTRY: ENCLOSED

28’

6’

18’

10’

Gandall, D. (2013). Pallet rack estimator. Retrieved from http://webtools.cisco-eagle.com/rack/

48’

HEAD LENGTH

LOAD LENGTH

12”6”

UMD Standards

WAREHOUSE DESIGN

Warehouse design is driven by the dimensional constraints of the pallet and the pallet lift. In plan, a 48’ x 48’ column grid optimizes the efficiency of shelf and aisle layouts. Assuming a standard aisle width of 12’, each structural bay can accommodate 24 pallet racks. The standard ceiling height is determined using a similar logic. The most common pallet lift, the counterbalanced lift, has a vertical reach of 15.5’, making the tri-level racking system ideal. The total height of such a system is 18‘, with each individual vertical segment being 6’ tall. An additional 10’ above the topmost pallet is recommended to ensure sufficient space is reserved for decking, lighting, and refrigeration units.

A MODEL FOR EFFICIENCY

HEAD LENGTH

LOAD LENGTH

12”6”

Pallet rack layout is largely dependent on the type of lift truck. The aisle width is defined as the dimension between pallets stored in the aisle. This is typically 6” narrower than the ‘rack to rack’ aisle dimension. Each truck varies in its dimensions, number of wheels, turning radius, and lift height. The necessary aisle width for a specific truck is equal to the sum of the head length, the load length, 12“ for maneuverability, plus the 6” pallet overhang.

The most common lift truck, the counterbalanced lift, requires an aisle width of approximately 12’. Although this is wider than average, this model boasts a load capacity of up to 6000 pounds.

AISLE WIDTH

Head Length: 6’-6”Load Length: 4’-0”Min. Aisle Width: 12’-0

Max. Lift Height: 16’-0”Turning Radius: 72o

Load Capacity: 6000 lbs.

5’12’

NUMBER OF PALLETS PER 1000 SF

50 250150 200100

180

30’

MINIMUM AISLE WIDTH

0’ 12’6’ 9’3’

5’

ORDER PICKER

Max. Lift Height: 30’Min. Aisle Width: 5’-0”Load Capacity: 3000 Lbs.

Aisle Width: 5’Building Height: 40’Pallet Load: 72 + 108Cost/SF: $170Cost/Pallet: $930

MINIMUM AISLE WIDTH

0’ 6’ 9’3’

12’

COUNTERBALANCED

Max. Lift Height: 16’-0”Min. Aisle Width: 12’-0”Load Capacity: 6000 Lbs.

Aisle Width: 12’Building Height: 28’Pallet Load: 72Cost/SF: $160Cost/Pallet: $2,240


50 250150 200100

72

9’ 5’

Aisle Width: 9’Building Height: 46’Pallet Load: 72 + 108Cost/SF: $190Cost/Pallet: $1,070

DEEP REACH


MINIMUM AISLE WIDTH

0’ 12’6’ 9’3’

9’


50 250150 200100

180


50 250150 200100

216

MINIMUM AISLE WIDTH

0’ 12’6’ 9’3’

5’-6’

TURRET STOCKPILER


Aisle Width: 5’Building Height: 46’Pallet Load: 72 + 144Cost/SF: $190Cost/Pallet: $890

TYPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIESEXPRESSING THE CONTENTS

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESPROTOTYPES

Like modern housing and office buildings, manufacturing facilities have both essential program components and time-tested circulation armatures that both provide access to and organize the relationship between the parts. When considered through a completely pragmatic lens, the determinants of space organization in factories are more complex than other building types because circulation patterns and space arrangement needs to suit the needs of both personnel and product movement. In addition, most manufacturing spaces need to account for spaces that can handle the machinery process as well as storage for stock items and completed goods before they are shipped.

These competing demands on the layout of a factory need to be balanced with the desire for flexibility to allow for changes in manufacturing processes because of technology and/or changes in production runs. As a result, a natural tension exists between the desire for universal space, on the one hand, and specialized spaces of specific tasks, on the other. Given these pragmatic and efficiency-driven parameters, factory design has recently been the purview of industrial engineers and not architects. The goal of our analysis is to take a half a step back to understand whether an architectural framework can point in innovative new directions.

In the development and design of industrial buildings, the placement of high and low bay spaces regulates both programmatic and spatial efficiencies. High bay spaces are often associated with the process and manufacturing of products the client fabricates. They also contain the building’s loading dock, a variable that may determine the ultimate height of the building. Contrasting this element is the low bay space which contains support programs including office and maintenance facilities. These two pieces are instrumental in the organization of an industrial building, and with the proper analysis of their relationships one may formulate effective prototypes for future use.

Tobias Grau, Industrial Buildings: a Design Manual.

Facing Page:

Gira, Industrial Buildings: a Design Manual.

UMD Typological Considerations

ANALYZING BUILDING ARRANGEMENT TECHNIQUES THROUGH PRECEDENT STUDIES AND PROTOTYPICAL DIAGRAMMING

ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES

1

2

3

4

5

6 7

8100

DetachedThe administrative program is physically disconnected from the manufacturing

Short SideThe administrative program is arranged along one side of the manufacturing

‘Sandwich’The administrative program is arranged along two sides of the manufacturing

Long SideThe administrative program is arranged along one side of the manufacturing

EmbeddedThe administrative program is centrally located, dividing the manufacturing space

AbsentThe administrative program is removed

ANALYZING PLAN ARRANGEMENTS USING HIGH AND LOW BAY SPACES.

PLAN ARCHETYPESORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES

The fundamental organizational structure of a manufacturing building is the relationship between high and low bay spaces. Low bay spaces, with conventional ceiling heights, line the edges of a central high bay space. The remaining exposure of the high bay space is often determined by the required number of truck bays to service the facility. Companies with high demand for truck access typically have loading docks along the long edge of the high bay space, for example.

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25 26

27

28

29 30

31

32 33

34

36

35

1: Somerset Industries 2: AWM 3: Edison Industrial 4: Factory for Plastic 5: Mors 6: Framingham 7: Metalsa 8: Schwarzenberger 9: Craigburn 10: Stadwerke 11: Lipton Tea Plant 12: DHC 13: Fournitures Select 14: Bio Mass 15: Agmont 16: Louis Leitz Factory 17: Yutes 18: Veenman 19: Walloon Forestry 20: EKZ 21: Edison Industrial 22: Erco Leuchten 23: Gira 24: Faustino Winery 25: Tobias Grau 26: Cartier Factory 27: IWB 28: Machine Factory 29: Daily Journal 30: Factory Warehouse 31: Model F 32: Electronics Factory 33: Agmont 34: Ricola Storage Building 35: Shipyard 36: Kaufmann SEE INDEX

10

5

18

20

29

8

19

36

34

100

AboveThe low-bay program is located above the high-bay program

Hung WithinThe low-bay program is located within the high-bay space as a mezzanine

AbsentThere is no low-bay space

Stacked AdjacentThe low-bay program is stacked adjacent to the high-bay program

DetachedThe low-bay program is separated from the high-bay program

ANALYZING SECTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS USING HIGH AND LOW BAY SPACES.

SECTION ARCHETYPESORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES

Given efficiencies in pallet stacking and the requirements of machine processing, the ceiling height is typically a more critical dimension than the overall plan dimensions of a high bay space. Since most modern production spaces are at least 25’ tall, the low bay spaces that surround the central space are often stacked two high in a variety of arrangements. In addition. These support spaces with lower ceilings can be located, over or within the high bay space.

9

26

16

30

11

12

22

23

2

25

24

28

27

7

1: Somerset Industries 2: AWM 3: Edison Industrial 4: Factory for Plastic 5: Mors 6: Framingham 7: Metalsa 8: Schwarzenberger 9: Craigburn 10: Stadwerke 11: Lipton Tea Plant 12: DHC 13: Fournitures Select 14: Bio Mass 15: Agmont 16: Louis Leitz Factory 17: Yutes 18: Veenman 19: Walloon Forestry 20: EKZ 21: Edison Industrial 22: Erco Leuchten 23: Gira 24: Faustino Winery 25: Tobias Grau 26: Cartier Factory 27: IWB 28: Machine Factory 29: Daily Journal 30: Factory Warehouse 31: Model F 32: Electronics Factory 33: Agmont 34: Ricola Storage Building 35: Shipyard 36: Kaufmann SEE INDEX

Expressive strategies help convey either a message about the company or the product they manufacture, and are often conceived as part of a broader branding strategy. Companies can use a wide range of strategies, from painting an exterior wall the company color to including large expanses of glass to expose the production process to people passing by. Many companies choose to express the company brand through the architecture but wish to conceal, for various reasons, actual production. An example of this can be seen in a printing press with large letters wrapping around its facade. For other companies, the plant tour is a central part of the marketing strategy. Often, the architects for these buildings have included special viewing areas such as elevated mezzanines and catwalks.

Understanding this range of expressive strategies equips the architect and client with a shared framework to make decisions about the design of a building for a specific company and site.

Veenman Printing, Industrial Buildings and Factories.

Facing Page:

BMW Central Building, Zaha Hadid


EXPRESSING THE CONTENTSSTRATEGIES FOR EXPRESSING THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND THE COMPANY BRAND

“BMW Factory.” Inthralled.

Expressive Building Shape

Graphic Skin Expression

Veenman Printing, Industrial Buildings and Factories.DHC Energy Production, ArchDaily.

Using both building shape and graphic representation on the building skin, this type of building contains a publice image, but does not actually reveal what happens inside. This is often a tactic to only convey a specific message, or is due to a necessity of privacy or safety for the specific program of the building. As a tool, this type of image strategy can be useful to both maintain an amount of necessary privacy while still addressing the public.

DECORATED SHED/DUCK

EXPRESSING THE CONTENTS

-

-

VEENMAN PRINTING PRESS

This building for a printing press company uses the pattern and letter graphics on the façade to suggest what is happening inside. This strategy conveys a clear public message about the function of the building without actually exposing the machinery within.

DHC ENERGY PRODUCTION

Instead of revealing the complex processes that take place within the building, a large LED screen communicates both the the type of energy being produced and quantity of energy produced per day.

METALSA

This distinctive and memorable building for automotive manufacturer Metalsa has a sculptural saw-toothed roofline that is reminiscent of old industrial buildings and references nearby mountains.

DHC Energy Production, ArchDaily.

Veenman Printing, Industrial Buildings and Factories.

Metalsa, Designboom.

Transparent Skin

Mors Distribution, Industrial Buildings: a Design Manual.Biomass Plant, ArchDaily.

TRANSPARENCY


Literally exposing the contents of a manufacturing space is a strategy for communicating the function of a building and the focus of a business. This is accomplished by using large areas of non-reflective glass and/or dramatic lighting of the production equipment at night. This strategy is deployed when a company’s brand is tied to their transparency of purpose and role in the larger society.

-

The Daily Journal, Industrial Buildings and Factories.

Biomass Plant, ArchDaily.

Mors Distribution Center, Industrial Buildings: a Design Manual.

BIOMASS PLANT

The main building of the biomass plant is clad entirely with glass, exposing all spaces, including both administrative and production areas. A wood “basket” screen wraps around the top portion of the building to create a distinctive crown and help shade some of the glazing.

THE DAILY JOURNAL

This building for an off-set printing press company was designed to show off the brightly painted printing presses on the interior.

MORS DISTRIBUTION CENTER

This project, designed for a footwear company, includes a large glass window that reveals both the showroom and machinery of the company.

Designed Viewing Area

Tillamook Tour, Tillamook.Aston Martin Production Line, Aston Martin.

VIEWING THE PROCESS


For some companies, tours of the production area are an important component of the marketing strategy. Some facilities include mezzanines or catwalks to provide views into the fabrication process.

HARPOON BREWERY

Recent renovations to Harpoon Brewery in Boston include a beer hall with views into the bottling production area and catwalks above the full production line for tours.

TAZA CHOCOLATE

Taza chocolate relies on their on-site store and tours to drive an important percentage of their business. Two large windows in the store provide views into the most interesting aspects of the chocolate production process: the melting and mixing machine, which includes piping to move the melted chocolate through the room. In addition, guided tours take visitors through the entire production line.

BMW FACTORY

This BMW Factory, by Zaha Hadid, takes a different approach to both building layout and experience. Partially assembled vehicles move through the office spaces on an overhead track between two points on the production line.

Taza Chocolate, Ryan Matthew.

Harpoon Brewery, Ryan Matthew.

BMW Factory, Inthralled.

The concept of passive daylighting strategies is not new for the manufacturing industry. Before the invention of inexpensive artificial lighting technology after World War II, architects and engineers experimented with a wide variety of skylight and clerestory configurations to provide glare free natural light for production and to improve the working conditions for laborers. In order to best serve the manufacturing process, the configuration of window and skylight apertures and glazing strategies were conceived to avoid bands of direct sunlight from entering the factory interior. In addition, energy savings has always been a driving factor in daylighting design and has reemerged as the primary rationale for the introduction of skylight systems.

Presented are six strategies for optimizing natural light levels.

NATURAL DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES FOR MANUFACTURING.

Daylighting, Industrial Buildings and Factories.


DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

SUMM

ER SUN 70º

WINTER SUN 24º

Direct Indirect

Low Light High Light

Direct Indirect


SUMM

ER SUN 70º

WINTER SUN 24º

POP-UP CLERESTORY ROWS (TRANSPARENT GLAZING) Depending on the orientation of the clerestories, light might enter directly into the space at certain times of the day. The amount of direct light can be mitigated by changing the orientation and/or spacing of the clerestory rows, adding overhangs, and/or using translucent glass on the south-facing elevations.

POP-UP CLERESTORY ROWS (DIFFUSE GLAZING) This type of clerestory rows optimizes the admittance of light. Diffuse glazing removes the need for shading and prioritzes capturing as much direct light as possible. The typical spacing for clerestories and skylights is a ratio of 1.5:1 where 1 equals the ceiling height of the space.

Clerestory, Industrial Buildings and Factories Albert Kahn Skylights, Industrial Buildings and Factories

Direct Indirect


Direct Indirect


SUMM

ER SUN 70º

WINTER SUN 24º

SUMM

ER SUN 70º

WINTER SUN 24º

SAWTOOTH SKYLIGHTS North-facing sawtooth skylights minimizes the amount of direct natural light, but does not allow the maximum amount of natural light. Angles can be adjusted to allow for sun angles in different locales.

LIGHT WELLS Light wells bring indirect natural light into a space by reflecting direct light off of light-colored surfaces. Unlike pop-up clerestory rows, the small amount of actual glazing used in light wells means that there is relatively less heat gain, an advantage in warm climates.

Sawtooth Pattern, Industrial Buildings and Factories Light Well, ArchDaily

SUMM

ER SUN 70º

WINTER SUN 24º

Direct Indirect


Direct Indirect


SUMM

ER SUN 70º

WINTER SUN 24º

LIGHT SHELF The light shelf brings light in from the side and bounces it to the ceiling, allowing the roof to be solid. With a properly sized shelf, no direct light will enter into the space, but it may need to penetrate deep into the space. Light shelves are less expensive than most skylight systems, but can only be used on the southern side, and cannot be a complete solution for a deep floor plate.

LOUVERS Properly shaped and positioned louvers beneath a glass roof is one of the most effective daylighting strategies as it provides even lighting throughout the day. However, this strategy can be costly to install and maintain.

Light Shelf Installed, ArchDaily Louvers, ArchDaily

After analyzing both plan, section, and expressive strategies to determine the various models implemented by past architects and engineers, an opportunity was presented to reconstruct each phase of the design process to produce ideal prototypes. Using the three basic design elements analyzed earlier in this chapter to break down manufacturing spaces into their fundamental pieces created a tool, which could then be used to reassemble the pieces using the strategies studied. Since the needs of both client and site vary from case to case, multiple templates were constructed to meet the ever changing demands of the marketplace. These prototypes generate a comprehensive list of organizational and expressive tools to be implemented as a set of options for future designers.

A COMPREHENSIVE SET OF PROTOTYPICAL BUILDINGDESIGNS.

Steel Beams, Wasatch Steel.


PROTOTYPICAL STRATEGIES

1. EMBEDDED ABOVE DECORATED DUCK

2. EMBEDDED ABOVE TRANSPARENT BOX

3. EMBEDDED WITHIN DECORATED DUCK

4. EMBEDDED WITHIN TRANSPARENT BOX

5. EMBEDDED STACKED DECORATED DUCK

6. EMBEDDED STACKED TRANSPARENT BOX

7. SHORT-SIDE ABOVE DECORATED DUCK

8. SHORT-SIDE ABOVE TRANSPARENT BOX

9. SHORT-SIDE STACKED DECORATED DUCK

10. SHORT-SIDE STACKED TRANSPARENT BOX

11. SHORT-SIDE WITHIN DECORATED DUCK

12. SHORT-SIDE WITHIN TRANSPARENT BOX

13. SHORT-SIDE DETACHED DECORATED DUCK

14. SHORT-SIDE DETACHED TRANSPARENT BOX

15. LONG-SIDE ABOVE DECORATED DUCK

16. LONG-SIDE ABOVE TRANSPARENT BOX

17. LONG-SIDE STACKED DECORATED DUCK

18. LONG-SIDE STACKED TRANSPARENT BOX

13. SHORT-SIDE DETACHED DECORATED DUCK

19. LONG-SIDE WITHIN DECORATED DUCK

20. LONG-SIDE WITHIN TRANSPARENT BOX

21. LONG-SIDE DETACHED DECORATED DUCK

22. LONG-SIDE DETACHED TRANSPARENT BOX

23. SANDWICH ABOVE DECORATED DUCK

24. SANDWICH ABOVE TRANSPARENT BOX

25. SANDWICH STACKED DECORATED DUCK

26. SANDWICH STACKED TRANSPARENT BOX

27. SANDWICH WITHIN DECORATED DUCK

28. SANDWICH WITHIN TRANSPARENT BOX

29. SANDWICH DETACHED DECORATED DUCK

30. SANDWICH DETACHED TRANSPARENT BOX

31. DETACHED STACKED DECORATED DUCK

32. DETACHED STACKED TRANSPARENT BOX

33. ABSENT ABOVE DECORATED DUCK

34. ABSENT ABOVE TRANSPARENT BOX

35. ABSENT ABSENT DECORATED DUCK

36. ABSENT ABSENT TRANSPARENT BOX

~dgies. Industrial Building and Field, December 26, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ daniel_gies/5392603136/.

Abroad, Joel. Keystone Industrial Building, Junction City, Ky., January 1, 2012. http://www. flickr.com/photos/40295335@N00/6685087345/.

Adam, Jürgen A. Industrial Buildings: a Design Manual. Basel ; Boston: Birkhäuser-Publishers for Architecture, 2004.

Arbyreed. Factory, August 30, 2009. http://www.flickr.com/photos/19779889@ N00/3972605468/.

“ArchDaily - Bio Mass Power Plant / Matteo Thun & Partners.” ArchDaily. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/423318/bio-mass-power-plant-matteo-thun-and-partners/.

“ArchDaily - Craigieburn Train Maintenance Facility / HBO+EMTB.” ArchDaily. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/294748/craigieburn-train-maintenance-facility-hboemtb/.

“ArchDaily - D.H.C Energy Production Center / Alday Jover Arquitectura y Paisaje.” ArchDaily. Ac-cessed November 3, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/390708/d-h-c-energy-production-cen-ter-alday-jover-arquitectura-y-paisaje/.

“ArchDaily - Faustino Winery / Foster + Partners.” ArchDaily. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/93538/faustino-winery-foster-partners/.

“ArchDaily - Fournitures Select / Blouin Tardif Architecture-Environnement.” ArchDaily. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/299321/fournitures-select-blouin-tardif-archi-tecture-environnement/.

“ArchDaily - Model Factory F / D.I.G Architects.” ArchDaily. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/279112/model-factory-f-d-i-g-architects/.

“ArchDaily - Yute’s / Flores Prats.” ArchDaily. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/324536/yutes-flores-prats/.

Barrie, David. Fertiliser Factory, Middlesbrough, November 24, 2006. http://www.flickr.com/pho-tos/addictive_picasso/304919350/.

Bartoszek, Brandon. Vacant Industrial Building, May 19, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/erido-ny/2529149491/.

Beyond, Great. Sugar Factory, September 7, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ tonyj-case/6305276468/.

“Brooks + Scarpa: Metalsa SA| Architecture & Design Magazine.” Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/19178/brooks-scarpa-metalsa-sa.html.

Brown, David. Van Nelle Factory, Rotterdam, August 30, 2007. http://www.flickr.com/photos/d_brown/1424015713/.

Brown, Elliott. Custard Factory - Zellig, July 24, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ell-r-brown/5975041653/.

———. Foundry House, Old Station Way, Yeovil - Site of Former Glove Factory, May 3, 2012.http://www.flickr.com/photos/ell-r-brown/7166833984/.

Buildings, Frisomat Industrial. Astra - Industrial Building, January 1, 2000. http://www.flickr.com/photos/51010867@N07/4687092913/.

———. Astrigma -Industrial Building, June 25, 2009. http://www.flickr.com/photos/51010867@N07/4687127505/.

Callahan, Andy. Cigar Factory, May 5, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ferret111/7172251642/.

Chan, Benjamin. Factory, May 18, 2007. http://www.flickr.com/photos/hensever/504210197/.

Cheetah_flicks. Factory Building | Vitra Campus - Weil Am Rhein | Álvaro Siza, June 28, 2010/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/cheetah_flicks/5044362254/.

———. Factory Buildings | Vitra Campus - Weil Am Rhein | Nicholas Grimshaw, June 28, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/cheetah_flicks/5043735399/.

Clift, Brian. Devonshire House, The Custard Factory, September 12, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/brianac37/7988109198/.

———. Harry Vincent Factory, July 12, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/bri-anac37/5937966539/.

Collection, World Bank Photo. Factory Smokestack, October 11, 2007. http://www.flickr.com/ photos/worldbank/2007250574/.

Commission, Montgomery County Planning. Old Industrial Building Pottstown, July 24, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/75012107@N05/7644414648/.

DC, Mr T. in. Frederick Former Glass Factory, November 27, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mr_t_in_dc/5219326571/.

Freimuth, Ian. Great Industrial Building, January 12, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/if-muth/2196391699/.

Grube, Grube. Industrial Buildings and Factories. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971.

Han, Lei. Domino Sugar Factory, Brooklyn, October 30, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/sun-setnoir/6309767550/.

Ian. CoOp_Old Factory_Digbeth_Birmingham_Jan10, January 23, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/iancvt55/4760779587/.

ICHINOHE, Shinya. Factory, September 12, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/shin-yai/6139840155/.

“Inapal Metal / Menos é Mais.” ArchDaily. Accessed November 5, 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/7548/inapal-metal-menos-e-mais/.

WORK CITEDURBAN MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS

Jagendorf, Bob. Youngstown Factory from Highway, November 9, 2009. http://www.flickr.com/photos/bobjagendorf/4096704262/.

Jannene, Jeramey. Louis Bass Factory, May 17, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/compu-jeramey/2504126516/.

Joseph. Studebaker Factory, October 5, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/josep-ha/6309326636/.

Killjoy, Margaret. The Sky Factory, August 15, 2013. http://www.flickr.com/photos/margaretkill-joy/9518002660/.

Knuutila, Tomi. Factory Area, September 17, 2007. http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourbartend-er/1571778872/.

Kortum, Mark. Abandoned Factory, July 2, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ mutrock/7552290842/.

leep. Ideal Cement Factory, October 2, 2005. http://www.flickr.com/photos/wilming-ton/49488652/.

LHOON. Industrial Building, October 21, 2006. http://www.flickr.com/photos/lhoon/276620840/.

Library, Digital Collections, UIC. Industrial Building, 429 West Superior Street, February 10, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/uicdigital/6852828571/.

———. Industrial Building, South Michigan Avenue, August 30, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/ photos/uicdigital/7980055997/.

Linwood, Jim. The Gillette Factory, Great West Road, Brentford, London., May 2, 2008. http:// www.flickr.com/photos/brighton/2459116550/.

Location, UK Film. LON1111 Industrial Building And Adjacent Dock For Filming 24, October 4, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/uk-film-locations/10607710423/.

Mack, Gerhard. Herzog & de Meuron: Das Gesamtwerk = the Complete Works. Basel ; Boston: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1996.

Martin, Steven. Industrial Building, Fairmount, February 19, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/pho tos/stevenm_61/7185726429/.

Mikey, FAC251: The Factory, July 14, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/raver_mikey/8031427458/.

mrgarris0n. Factory, Csepel Muvek, July 15, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ mrgarris0n/2668679913/.

Murphy, Chris. Tinted Factory, February 25, 2006. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ chrism70/104302940/.

Noone, Mohan. Tile Factory, April 4, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mlnoone/4502977248/.

nozoomii. Factory, June 24, 2007. http://www.flickr.com/photos/tschaut/614777238/.

O.F.E. Bata Factory, East Tilbury, August 13, 2009. http://www.flickr.com/photos/31505964@ N08/3833484447/.

Pacific, Canadian. Industrial Building (western Wall), February 19, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/ photos/18378305@N00/6994399976/.

Pritchard, Mark. Light-industrial Building, Harrison St., December 19, 2006. http://www.flickr. com/photos/toobeautiful/328555495/.

Sampson, Chris. 160411-115 CPS, April 16, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ lodekka/5646756765/.

seier+seier. Arne Jacobsen, NOVO Factories, Copenhagen 1966-1969, June 28, 2010. http:// www.flickr.com/photos/seier/4753283616/.

ShadowedHills. Factory Building, April 5, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/shadowed-hills/7412217022/.

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Slater, Amanda. Disused Factory Torrington Avenue, July 16, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/ photos/pikerslanefarm/2675185102/.

———. Kite Factory Torrington Avenue, July 16, 2008. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ pikerslanefarm/2674367929/.

Ursino, Michele. Warehouse, September 5, 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ micurs/6118627854/.

Westermayer, Till. Factory Building, August 26, 2005. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ tillwe/38526321/.

westvang, astrid. Cement Factory, June 9, 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ astrid/7459089344/.

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Wind, Éole. Former Oxygen Factory, June 11, 2003. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ eole/59437676/.

wwwuppertal. Historic Factory Building. Still in Use?, November 10, 2012. http://www.flickr. com/photos/wwwuppertal/9209357201/.

Zoetnet. Factory, March 30, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/zoetnet/4485539046/.

UMDIUMDI

URBAN MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS

ARCH 7130 GRADUATE RESEARCH STUDIO

FALL 2013

Every large American city has a dedicated

manufacturing and industrial district

that was created from scratch in the late

1950s and 1960s to remove industry

from the central business districts and to

relocate manufacturing companies to the

new interstate highway system. Many

of the districts, such as Newmarket in

Boston, Mill River in New Haven, CT, and

Morris Point in the Bronx, still have vital

companies, but not at the density that

they had at their inception and through

the 1970s. The question today is what to

do with these districts from an economic

development and urban design standpoint.

urban manufacturing districts

Documents

manufacturing needs

kinds of manufacturing

research initiative

research priorities

shared research

urban manufacturinga

urban designers

masters research studio