urban disaster risk reduction - flagship 4
TRANSCRIPT
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STRATEGIES AND ACTIVIT IES
1 3 T H A U G U S T 2 0 1 2 -
N A R E S H G I R I B U I L D I N G C O D E A N D R I S K S E N S I T I V E L A N D U S E P L A N N I N G
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(UNDP/COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME – NEPAL)
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URBAN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
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Disaster Vulnerability of Urban Areas
Urban area characterized by;
q Huge concentrations of people, and physical and financial assets
q Engines of economic growth
q Urban poor in unsafe living conditions
q Located in hills exposed to geologically active zones
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Urbanization and Disasters
Recorded disaster events and world urban population (1950–2006) Data Sources: EM-DAT, CRED database, www.emdat.net; United Nations, 2005
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Urbanization Processes and Disaster Risks
Unregulated Development ¡ Settlements in hazard-prone areas ¡ Unsafe, sub-standard building and infrastructure construction ¡ Lack of open spaces
Unplanned urban growth ¡ Lack of or Inadequate planning and Poor plan implementation
Inadequate Governance ¡ Ineffective enforcement mechanisms
Environmental Mismanagement ¡ Unsustainable land use practices
Social Destitution
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Risks from Climate Change
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Climate Change and Cities
� Rising global temperatures, resultant changes in weather patterns and sea levels
� Increased number of extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, flooding and heat waves
� Migration from rural to urban areas
� Urban heat Island ; Dessert Regime conditions
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Context: What is Urban Disaster Risk Reduction? � Disaster Risk Reduction is a method or tool to reduce the
impacts of natural and human-made hazards. Such as tsunamis, earth-quakes, landslides, and climate change related events such as droughts, storms and sea level rise.
� Disaster Risk Reduction is a strategic approach with technical components. Such as land-use planning, infrastructure planning, education, preparedness and response.
� Disaster Risk Reduction can not prevent hazards from taking place, but we can reduce the impacts of hazards.
� (Source: UN – ISDR)
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What is Disaster Risk Reduction?
� Risk is a real or potential threat of a disaster that can lead to major loss of life, livelihoods and infrastructure.
� Disaster is the impact of a hazard. The causes of disasters are we, the human beings; the way we build societies, how we live in vulnerable environments and how we put pressure on the environment.
Assistant Secretary General of UNISDR Margareta Wahlstrom � Vulnerability relates to the ability of individuals, social groups and
societies to plan for, adapt to and address risk factors, and recover after a disaster has occurred. Example Kobe vs Bam
Disaster Risk Reduction in urban areas is Urban Risk Reduction
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Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Urban Development
� Disasters do not only cause loss of lives, but result in major economic setbacks: livelihoods have to start from beginning, houses and infrastructure have to be rebuilt. Many years of investment can disappear in a moment. Sustainable development incorporates risk of disasters in the planning and implementing process.
� Land-use planning and safe building construction are key elements of urban planning and also the main tools for integrating DRR in urban planning
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Urban DRR
Urban DRR Approaches
Design based / Structural [Ensure Safe Construction]
Location based [Limit Development in Hazardous areas]
Regulatory Non-regulatory
• Building Codes • Retrofit standards • Hazard resistance standards • Standalone Ordinances
• Public Information • Training Programs • Low cost loans & subsidies • Investment to induce development in non-hazardous areas
• Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning • Zoning & Micro-zoning • Subdivision regulations • Buyouts • Eminent Domain • Taxation
Regulatory
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� Planning and Implementation Support for RSLUP in
Kathmandu Valley:
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� Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR in Kathmandu Valley
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� Rationale for Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR :
Past
Present : Unplanned Sprawl
The Wake up call
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
14 � Existing Policies ; Nepal National Building Code (NNBC) EIA/IEE . � Need felt; � Effective implementation of NNBC � Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning (RSLUP) � Planning norms ( Risk based) � Bye laws as per RSLUP � Comprehensive DRM act � Training curricula � Strategies for Mainstreaming Urban DRR
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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� Intervention of Implementation of Nepal National Building
Code and Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning in Kathmandu Valley and rest of municipalities in Nepal
as a Programme Component of UNDP/ Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management
Programme.
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
16 � For Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning area ;
� In 2011 : � Review, consolidation and validation of Kathmandu
Metropolitan City – Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning ( KMC – RSLUP)
� Endorsement of KMC RSLUP through Municipal Council
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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� In 2012 : � Capacity development of Engineers and Planners on
RSLUP : 30 planners/ engineers trained on Risk Sensitive LUP ;
� Valley Wide Framework for RSLUP drafted and recommended to develop a valley-wide Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning :
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
18 � In 2012/13 : � Activity initiated on Comprehensive study of Urban
Growth Trend and Forecasting of Land Use of Kathmandu Valley: ( Lead Ministry : MoUD) Completion : End of May 2013.
Scope: � Growth trend :Valley municipalities and adjoining VDCs, � Assessment of Composite hazards, � Forecasting and modeling of future land use pattern under
different Risk/planning scenarios, � Evaluation of existing byelaws and recommendations for
Kathmandu Valley- Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning,
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
19 � In 2012/13 : � Comprehensive
study of Urban Growth Trend and Forecasting of Land Use of Kathmandu Valley:
� Impact of Fast Track / Outer Ring Road on Growth Trend and risk modeling
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Planning and Implementation Support for RSLUP
20 � In 2012/13 : � Comprehensive
study of Urban Growth Trend and Forecasting of Land Use of Kathmandu Valley:
� Multi – nucleated growth / Revision of Long Term Plan based on Risk scenario
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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� In 2012/13 : � For Implementation of existing KMC – RSLUP; � Preparing Infrastructure and socio- economic
inventory of Core area of KMC and developing Regeneration Approach in the area
� ( Building stock inventory, Socio –economic survey, vulnerability assessment, Regeneration approach)
� Demand creation for Urban DRR (Awareness raising activities)
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Planning and Implementation Support for RSLUP
22 The identified major core area linking to Kathmandu durbar square are
INDRACHOWK
ASAN
TYODAHA
THAMEL
BHIMSENSTHAN
DURBAR SQUARE
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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Regenerated Urban Design
Reducing Vulnerability, Introducing street furniture, Façade change and greenery
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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� In 2013 : � Support KVDA , Valley DDCs and
Municipalities in Developing RSLUP of Kathmandu valley, municipalities and VDCs in each district;
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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� In 2013 : � Support KVDA in
Revision of existing building byelaws of Valley in line with Valley RSLUP
� Support Valley municipalities in Updating/Developing of byelaws in line with valley RSLUP
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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� In 2014 : � Support Govt. in Developing Valley wide Risk
Sensitive Transport Plan: (No systematic study other than JICA 1993) Scope:
� Integration of Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Transport Planning
� Addressing Change in Traffic demand and Land use � Planning for Roadway throughput as well as for
Passenger throughput
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
27 � In 2014/15 : � Historical and Cultural areas Preservation Plan: � (Supporting policies for Conservation);
� Urban Growth Containment Policies: � ( Approaches to Green belt, large lot zoning, subdivision regulations,
exclusive farming right)
� Urban Spatial Strategy:
1. Strict Control (Kathmandu Valley Towns)
2. Growth Promotion (Outside the Valley)
3. Regulated Growth (Border Towns)
4. Promote Rural-Urban Linkage
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Planning and Implementation Support for Urban DRR
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� In 2015 : � Scaling Up of RSLUP in other growing urban areas of
Nepal …… � Pokhara Valley ( Pokhara and Lekhnath) - Hills � Chitwan (Bharatpur and RatnaNagar)- Terai � Kavre valley ( Banepa, Panauti and Dhulikhel) –
Satellite towns of Kathmandu Valley
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Activities on National Building Code Implementation:
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Policy
Capacity Development
Awareness Raising
Implementation
NBC Implementation
Source: UNCRD,2009
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Activities on National Building Code Implementation:
In 2011 q National strategy for implementation of Nepal National
Building code drafted
q Course curricula for Engineer’s Training drafted
q 60 Engineers trained on code compliant building design
q 60 Vulnerability and Post Damage Assessment trainings
q 200 masons in Kathmandu Valley trained on earthquake safe construction practices
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Activities on National Building Code Implementation:
� Activities for 2012:
q Developing Retrofitting Guidelines for existing buildings in Nepal
� Main Features; • Developing retrofitting guidelines • Course curricula for Masons, Middle level technicians and designers • Test training
• Time span : 9 months • Initiated on August 1, 2012
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Activities on National Building Code Implementation:
� Implementation of Building code through Automation of Building permit process in Municipalities of Kathmandu and Lalitpur
� Automation of building permit process flow chart - emphasis on checking
and monitoring process of code compliance in permit system ; • Forward and Backward entries • Building inventory of entire valley • Risk assessment • Mitigation measures • Retrofitting options and Regeneration Strategy � Time span : 12 months ; • Development phase of 6 months and support phase of 6 months • Started on August 1, 2012
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Activities on National Building Code Implementation:
� Supporting activities to Automation of BPS: • Programme for code compliant building investments by
commercial banks : Demand creation
• PPP strategy drafted for municipalities on NBC implementation : The structural analysis component to be partnered with professional consultants
• Minimum Conditions and Performance measures of Municipalities ( MCPM) to be NBC focused
• Awareness Strategy
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Activities on National Building Code Implementation:
q Developing a Video Toolkit of earthquake safe building practices
• Main features : • Cater to the need of prospective house owners ( 90 % of houses
are owner built) • 12 episodes ; each featuring different construction activities of a
residential building.. • Site selection- Foundation – substructures- Brick work
Superstructures- Column, beams –Slabs –Finishing - Services • Non structural elements. • Time span - 6 months : Activity already started • Partnering with TV medias to broadcast the toolkit ( One
consultation conducted with Kantipur TV)
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Follow up activities on Urban DRR – Building code implementation
• Strategy for licensing system for masons in municipality ; 3000 masons to be trained in valley on earthquake safe building construction
• • Building stock inventory , risk analysis and action planning
• Vulnerability assessment of Critical buildings and retrofitting options
� Safe House Wiring ( Electrical) training
� Building Retrofitting Training
q Disaster Financing mechanism for buildings
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Activities on National Building Code Implementation:
q Guiding principle : Phase wise Implementation
New and emerging towns : ( For 3 Years) � Preparing RSLUP and byelaws � Establishment of BPS � Integrating Basic Construction Guidelines in BPS Medium cities: ( For 3 Years) � RSLUP, Byelaws and Planning norms � Revision of BPS to integrate code provisions � Introduction of MRTS Large cities: � RSLUP, Byelaws and Planning norms � Strict NBC implementation � Automation of BPS q
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Challenges to Urban DRR � Minimal public interest in natural hazards ;
� Pressure for local economic development;
� Lack of political will ( Political Void in Local Bodies);
� Difficulty of operating programs in an intergovernmental setting;
� Deficiencies in management capacity;
� Lack of budgetary allocations for proactive measures;
� Emphasis on relief and reconstruction activities;
� Weak link between existing laws governing DRR and development functions;
� Gap between scientific and technological advancements and policies;
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Finally……….
� In Medical Terms, they say.. � “Quit smoking before a heart attack makes you do
so”..
� In Disaster Risk Reduction, � “Implement Urban DRR before a disaster
makes you do so..”
� THE CHOICE IS OURS………………..
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:
THANK YOU