GEO524 Seminar in Urban analysis and problems

Himmet Haybat

Third World is a term originally used to distinguish those nations that neither aligned with the West nor with the East during the Cold War.

These countries are also known as the Global South, developing countries, and least developed countries in academic circles.

WHAT İS İT MEAN OF THİRD WORLD COUNTRİES?

Also this term means that the economically underdeveloped countries of South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as poverty, high birthrates, and economic dependence on the advance countries

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America

The underdevelopment of the third world is marked by a number of common traits; distorted and highly dependent economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world and to provide markets for their finished goods; traditional, rural social structures; high population growth; and widespread poverty.

Urbanisation is the process in which the number of people living in cities increases compared with the number of people living in rural areas. A country is considered to be urbanised when over 50% of its population lives in urban places.

Urbanisation is most rapid in Third World countries, where the world's largest cities occur

The process of urbanization has occurred differently in much of the developing world.

Historically many of these countries were former colonies. They have some of the highest rates of population growth and the largest urban areas. They are characterized as being poor having significantly less technology then the developed world, and a very rapid transition from rural to urban societies.

Population is placing pressure on urban areas and without having the benefit of industrialization the lack of employment opportunities for the mass of urban migrants is undermining the ability of cities to incorporate people. 

The consequences of this lack of employment opportunities are growing urban areas a large percent of whose population is unemployed and living in poverty and forced to live in unsanitary squatter settlements(Slum ,Favela, Shantytown )

Slums form at edges of cities, not in the center

No infrastructure is provided (water, utilities, sanitation Pirated electricity

Small formal sector, so large numbers unemployed or, at best, in the informal sector

Squatter settlements = illegally set up settlements on land and do not pay rent.

These places have not sewer, water or electricity

Area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security.

Also known as informal settlements found in cities in the developing world.

One billion people worldwide live in slums

Slum can seen mostly in India

Slum in Kolkata, India

Generally used term for a shanty town in Brazil or Mexico

This was the place where former slaves with no land ownership and no options for work lived.

Favela, Mexico City

Shanty towns, which are usually built on the periphery of cities, often do not have proper sanitation, electricity or telephone services.

Shanty towns are mostly found in developing nations

One-sixth of the world's population live in the shanty towns

School Children walk to their shanty homes in Kenya They live 10 to a room

Year City Number evicted1976 Mumbai (India) 70,0001988 Seoul (South Korea)

800,0001989 Lagos (Nigeria )

300,0001990 Rangoon (Burma)

1,000,0001995 Beijing (China) 100,0002001-03 Jakarta (Indonesia) 500,0002005 Harare (Zimbabwe ) 750,000

More than 50% illegal Addis Ababa 85% Jakarta 62% Dar es Salaam 60% Bogata 59% Cairo 54% Ankara 51%

30-50% of housing illegal Karachi 50% Lusaka 50% Mexico City 50% Manila 40% Delhi 40% Caracas 34% Lima 33% Sao Paulo 32%

Inner-city slums Peripheral slums

Karachi (Pakistan) 34% 66% Khartoum(Sudan)17% 83% Lusaka(Zambia) 34% 66% Mexico City 27% 73% Mumbai (India) 20% 80% Rio de Janeiro 23% 77%

Involution is capacity of service sector to absorb more and more labor in a finely expressed division of jobs

Two parts: Firm centered or formal and bazaar or informal economy

Firm centered consists of impersonal social institutions, specialized occupations for productive ends and is capital intensive

Bazaar economy consists of independent activities of highly competitive traders who relate to one another through complex

Informal-Bazaar economy is the most absorptive

Consist of carefully managed credit relationships, splitting of risks and sliding prices

Effect is to split trading activities to allow more to enter the system

Process of involution and absorption is characterized by tenacity of basic patterns, internal ornateness and unending virtuosity-special skills

Informal- characterized by small scale, easy entry, adapted technology, flexible hours, no set wages and family or local organization

Formal- large scale, more difficult entry requirements, often imported technology, fixed hours of operation, daily/weekly or monthly wage, distant ownership or management

Contaminated water Inadequate disposal of human wastes Wastewater and garbage Insects, pests (e.g. rats) and parasites in homes Inadequate-sized houses, poor ventilation and

overcrowding Children at risk from traffic, unsafe or contaminated

sites Indoor air pollution House sites vulnerable to landslides or floods Nutritional deficiencies No or inadequate health care and advice No emergency services

Compact cities Transportation by walking, biking, or

mass transit

Dispersed cities Transportation by automobile

Ecocity, green city: Curitiba, Brazil

Bus system: cars banned in certain areas

Housing and industrial parks

Recycling of materials

Helping the poor

Road Supply as a Percentage of Urbanized AreasCity Road Space (%)

Developing Countries Kolkata (India) 6.4 Shanghai (China) 7.4 Bangkok (Thailand) 11.4 Seoul (S. Korea) 20.0 Delhi (India) 21.0 São Paulo (Brazil) 21.0

Developed Countries New York (US) 22.0 London (UK) 23.0 Tokyo (Japan) 24.0 Paris (France) 25.0

VehicleOwnership

Poor Households(%)

Rich Households(%)

Bamako Ouaga Bamako OuagaNo vehicle at all 37 8 21 3One or morebicycles

25 62 16 48

One or moremotorcycles

45 47 59 94

One or morecars

2 5 34 29

Vehicle Ownership and Household Income, Two African Cities, 1992

Global Car Ownership, 1993

Region Cars/1000 pop

South Asia 3Africa 14East Asia & Pacific 29Middle East 45Latin America & Caribbean 68Central & Eastern Europe 72OECD (excluding the US) 366US 561

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ouagadougou

Hanoi

Bamako

Yaounde

Sao Paulo

Douala

Caracas

Lagos

Dakar

Pretoria

Buenos Aires

Mexico city

Cairo

Seoul

Colombo

Santiago

Abdijan

Rio

Bouake

Beijing

Cit

y

% of Daily Trips

PublicPrivate

Daily Motorized Trips by Public & Private Transport, Selected Cities in Developing Countries

Trip Purpose %

City (country)

Work School WorkandSchool

Other

Alger (Algeria) 25 50 75 25Bangkok(Thailand)

34 18 52 48

Kolkata (India) 44 29 73 28Delhi (India) 46 3 77 25Hanoi (Vietnam) 45 19 64 36Jakarta (Indonesia) 39 20 59 41Santiago (Chile) 36 32 68 32São Paulo (Brazil) 41 34 75 25

Trip Purpose, Selected Cities

Travel Times (min)

City (Country)Bus Car Ratio

bus/carAlger (Algeria), 1990 56 30 1.9Caracas (Venezuela), 1982 54 36 1.5Mexico City (Mexico), 1994 50 35 1.4São Paulo (Brazil), 1997 56 28 2

Car and Bus Travel Times

(a) door-to-door travel times, average for all trips

Country Fatalities/year

Fatalities/10,000 veh

Fatalities/100,000 pop

Developed US, 1995 41,798 3 16 France, 1984 11,685 6 21 Germany, 1984 10,199 4 16 Japan, 1984 9,262 2 8Developing India, 1996 69,800 21 8 China, 1994 66,322 82 6 Brazil, 1995 27,886 11 17 S. Korea, 1995 10,323 12 23 S. Africa, 1992 10,142 18 32 Nigeria, 1980 8,936 141 13 Thailand, 1992 8,184 9 14 Poland, 992 6,946 6 18 Mexico, 1994 5,115 4 5 Bagladesh, 1992 2,317 61 2 Czech Republic,1997

1,600 4 15

Traffic Fatalities and Rates, Selected Countries

Low wage jobs – shoe shine, begging, selling souvenirs.

Child labour Huge gaps between rich and

poor. Hard to offer services to public

Schools, transportation systems, social services

Social Problems Squatter settlements - Illegally set

up settlements on land and do not pay rent. Very poor living conditions – no sewers, water or electricity .

Slum Dwellers – pay rent Poor living conditions

High sick rates High Infant mortality Poverty Crime World Bank gives aid to assist in

educating and providing healthcare.

Natural Disasters hit them the hardest because of the poorly constructed buildings.

Sites next to industrial areas are very susceptible to toxins and air pollutants.

Developing countries usually have very poorly maintained vehicles and unregulated gas leading to pollution. (CO, CO2, lead, NO2,)

Infrastructure supplying clean drinking water is usually connected to infrastructure dealing with disposal of waste. (Much of the sewage in poor urban areas still runs

into ditches beside roads and flows into rivers used for drinking.)

3rd World Drinking Water Clean water

3 million people die every year due to waterborne diseases caused by unclean water, 90% are children under the age of 5.

Increase in demand of rural property can cause prices to rise

Young people cannot afford to buy homes in their own village

Newcomers to rural areas may not appreciate the traditional customs of village life

Original inhabitants may feel swamped by new-comers

The people who leave cities to live in rural areas tend to be skilled or be professionals. They are often well educated and earn god salaries.

People who are left behind tend to belong to the lower income groups, less skilled and less educated, and more likely to be unemployed

Due to population decline in urban areas the following may occur:

Funds diminish for transport, education, leisure and other services

Poorer unemployed people remain in the city