urban design_lecture_08_urbanization and city growth

7/23/2019 Urban Design_Lecture_08_Urbanization and City Growth

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Lecture 08: Urbanization & City Growth

Lawrence Ogunsanya

[email protected]

[email protected]

URBAN DESIGN IV

Ur

ban

design

lecture

8
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Urbanization is a process that leads to the growth of

cities due to industrialization and economic

development, and that leads to urban- specific changes

in specialization, labour division and human behaviours.

The population is growing at the rate of about 17 million

annually which means a staggering 45,000 births perday and 31 births per minutes.

Industrialization is a process that extensively uses

inanimate sources of energy to enhance human

productivity. Following industrialization, surpluses increased in both

agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions of

a population live in cities. Economic forces are such, that

cities become the ideal places to locate factories and

their workers.

INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION:

URBANIZATION


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INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION:

URBANIZATION

Urbanizat ionrefers to the proportion of people in living

in cities.

It also refers to the process in which rural populations

move to urban areas.

Urbanization refers to all of the cities in a country,

considered as an urban system.

Implies better facilities, development, economy, health,

education, comfort.

The urban sys temis the network of individual cities

within a region or country.


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INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT

URBANIZATION

Currently more than 3.3 billion people live in towns and cities ,the number is expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030. Over 80

percent of this growth will accrue to Asia and Africa ,

In 1800 only about 2 percent of the world's population lived in

urban areas. In only 200 years, the world's urban populationhas grown from 2 percent to nearly 50 percent of all people.

The population of Chicago increased from 15 people to about

20 million, within a span of 78 years.

Almost 180,000 people are added to the urban population eachday

By 2030, it is expected that 60% of the world population will live

in urban areas.


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The World At Night


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URBANIZATION


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Urbanization in MDCs and LDCs

More Developed Countries:MDCs

Slow pre-industrial growth

Rapid industrial growth

Slows again once most

previously rural populationsare in cities

Europe, North America,Australia and Japan, thepopulation is 75% to 80%urban.

Canada is 80% urbanized.

Less Developed Countries:LDCs

Rapid urbanization without

proportional industrialization

(population growth, land

tenure) By 2020 majority of LDC

population will live in urban

areas of 1 million+

By 2020 most megacities of

10 million+ will be in LDCs


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Urban Growth is Speeding Up

Time required to reach 2 m i l lion popu lat ion:

Rome, Italy 2000 years

Vienna, Austria 400 years

Vancouver, B.C. 115 years

Shenzhen, China 20 years


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URBANIZATION: Before & After

New York city, USA: 1876-2015


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Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia. 1990-

2014


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Toronto, Canada,

1930-2014


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Fortaleza, Brazil,1975-2011


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Share of World Population Growth Urban and

Rural Areas LDCs and MDCs 1950 to 2025

Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be almost entirely attributable to

sub-Saharan Africa and Asia


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Urbanization in Less developed countries

Source: Marshall, J. 2005


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Source: Marshall, J. 2005



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URBANIZATION


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CAUSES OF URBANIZATION

The urban system of a country grows mainly by:1. Natural population increase (births deaths)

2. Migration from rural areas (especially in countries with

large rural populations)

3. Immigration from other countries (especially in Europe andNorth America)

4. Reclassification of urban boundaries to encompass

formerly rural areas

5. Economic growth

6. Emergence of large manufacturing centres/Industrialisation7. Job Opportunities

8. Availability of easy transportation

9. Demand of More Living Space

10. Lack of Proper Planning Policies


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IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION

Urbanization affects a range of economic, political,social, cultural and environmental factors:

Impact on atmosphere and climate

Creation of heat island.

Change in air quality. Change in patterns and precipitation.

Firstly, dark surfaces such as roadways and rooftops

efficiently absorb heat from sunlight and reradiate it as

thermal infrared radiation; these temperatures are higherthan surrounding air.

Second, urban areas are relatively devoid of vegetation,

especially trees; that would provide shade and cool the air

through evapotranspiration.


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Impact on lithosphere and land resources Erosion and other changes in land quality.

Pollution

Impact on hydrosphere and water resources

Flow of Water into Streams. Flow of Water through Streams.

Degraded Water Quality.

Impact on biosphere

Modification of Habitats.

Destruction of Habitats.

Creation of New Habitats


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Public health issues resulting from contaminated water

and air and the spread communicable diseases due toovercrowding.

Unemployment and under employment

Severe shortage of housing

Transportation-commuting issues, lack of publictransport, no adequate investment

Social effects - poverty, lack of opportunities,psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,violence and other deviant behaviors

Inflated Infrastructure and Public Service Costs Disparity in Wealth and unequal development



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RESOLUTIONS TO THE IMPACTS OF

URBANIZATION

Inner-city renewal and redevelopment.

The planning of new towns.

Rural development

Proper connectivity of environmental law and its application

to the civic society.

Reduce personal traffic and make public transport popular. Introduce Greener and efficient concepts and strategies for

all the activities in urban areas.

Provision of urban services, infrastructure and utility of

quality An efficient and sustainable urban development

An integrated and efficient urban transportation system

Provision and support for environmentally safe and cost-

effective technologies.


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Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange

of ideas, and sharing of natural resources. Cities act as beacons for the rural population

because they represent a higher standard of living

Cities offer opportunities to people not available in

the countryside

Social & Religious taboos/ sanctions disappearing

Industrialization, Education, Legislation,

Secularization-sequence of development

Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas

Improvement in economy &Growth of commercial

activities

Social & cultural integration

BENEFITS OF URBANIZATION


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Questions

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