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Urban and Peri-urban AgricultureSustainable Food Production Issues for the 21st CenturyLA301 Housing and Community Planning Design StudioFall 2011

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Glossary of Agricultural TermsUSDA – United States Department of AgricultureConventional Cultivation – as defined by the USDA, the use of chemical inputs to maximize agricultural production to provide healthy safe and cost efficient food stuffs for the American public.Organic Cultivation - as owned by the United States Government, organic is a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods that integrate cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. Synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, and genetic engineering may not be used. Learn more.Chemical Free Cultivation – as defined by the European Union and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the use of natural minerals and organic carbon sources for food production.Sustainable Agriculture – Sustainable production practices involve a variety of methods. Specific strategies take into account topography, soil characteristics, climate, pests, local availability of inputs and the individual grower's goals.Urban Agriculture - the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities. Learn more.Local Food – as defined by Slow Foods International is less than 300 miles.

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

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On the Farm

•Valentine Hill Farm an Overview

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Contents of this digital presentation are covered by US and international Copyright 2011Valentine Hill Farm

•Valentine Hill Farm

Valentine Hill Farm.

Our goal is to provide healthy, locally grown

and produced, chemical free foods for you and

your family.

The Bakery at Valentine Hill Farm

•We specialize in growing chemical free vegetables and fruit on our farm and producing artisan bakery products in our bakery.

•We also provide membership opportunities in our Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) services.

•We exceed the USDA National Organic Program standards through sustainable chemical free farming practices.

•To insure the health of the land for this generation and future generations and we strive to do so with the smallest possible carbon footprint.

•We pledge non-GMO and chemical free.

•We use100% certified organic ingredients.

Mission of Valentine Hill Farm• Located in southeastern Boone

County, Zionsville, Indiana• Serving the greater Indianapolis

metropolitan area since 2005• Using ecologically sustainable

agricultural practices• Preparing and educating

farmers, educators and students for optimal local food production

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

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Business StrategiesHow to meet the bills

Organic CertificationBusiness CostsLiving CostsSavings and Cash FlowCommodity PricesWhat to GrowHow To GrowWhere to GrowOther Income Centers, Farmers Markets

AgritourismWorkshopsEducational SessionsBed and BreakfastInternshipsExternshipsClasses and Tours

Value Added ProductsBakeryLecturesEducation

•IncomeLA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011

www.valentinehillfarm.com

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Cultivation StrategiesSite Conditions

TopographySoil TypesSoil FertilitySoil ChemistryAccess and EquipmentSun StudyWind PatternSoil MoistureClimate Data

Cultivation TypesLow DensityMedium DensityHigh Density

Cropping TypesMonocultureMixed single family speciesPlant or animal or mixedSpecialty CashTruck or SubsistenceSustainable (optimal) Conventional (maximal)

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

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Why Urban FarmingFood Safety

Large scale operations for plant and animal production and finishing is susceptible to breakdown and loss of adequate food production

Increased number of stops along the supply chain results in a loss of custody

Consumer DemandFear that contaminated food is

everywhereUncertain about the safety and quality of

the food being soldHigher exposure to a wider variety of

food productsCosmopolitan and cultural diversity

increasing in smaller market areas

Transportation CostsIncreasing dependency on large farm

operations (CAFO) isolated and removed from major markets

•Why Change Farming Locations?

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

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Food Production IssuesAffordablePopulation DensityProduction Parcel SizesClimate ChangesHabitat IntrusionsMicro Weather PatternsPlant and Animal Natural History and CyclesZoning RequirementsLand Use PlanningLocal EconomiesLocal Regulation, Inspections and CertificationsConsumer EducationUrban EcologyAgricultural EcologyMixed Use CompatibilityAir Rights (Height restrictions)Sun RightsWater Rights

•What to Think AboutLA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011

www.valentinehillfarm.com

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At the MarketHow has the outdoor shopping market changed?

Still have local foodsStill have crowdsStill have seasonsStill have funProducer vs. resellerOrganic vs. conventionalSeasonal vs. year roundFocus on local production vs. nationwide

Are there Design Standards for a market?

Minimal Design Standards specifically for farmers markets standards are controlled by local jurisdiction and inspection

Most design elements are up to the designer

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Contents of this digital presentation are covered by US and international Copyright 2011Valentine Hill Farm

Selected Bibliography and Readings for Urban Ecology, Urban Farming and Design

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Urban Farming Planning ReadingsAmerican Planning Association. (2007). Policy guide on community and regional food planning. Retrieved from http://www.bracrtf.com/documents/APAPolicyGuide-CommunityandRegionalFoodPlanning.pdf

Balmer, K., Gill, J., Kaplinger, H., Miller, J., Peterson,M., Rhoads, A., …Wall, T. (2005). The diggable city:Making urban agriculture a planning priority. Nohad A.Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning.Retrieved from http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=122587

Bingen, J., Colasanti, K., Fitzpatrick, M., & Nault, K.(2009). Urban agriculture. In L. Phoenix (Ed.),Critical food issues: Problems and state-of-the-art solutionsworldwide (pp. 109–122). Santa Barbara, CA: ABCCLIO,LLC.

Brown, K. & Jameton, A. (2000). Public health implications of urban agriculture. Journal of Public Health Policy, 21(1), 20–39. oi:10.2307/3343472

Campbell, M. C. (2004). Building a common table: The role for planning in community food systems. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 23(4), 341–55. doi:10.1177/0739456X04264916

City of Flint Zoning Ordinance. Article II. Chapter 50:Zoning, A-1: Single-Family Low Density District, §50-17: Principle Permitted Uses, p. 26. Flint, MI.Retrieved from http://www.ci.flint.mi.us/Planning/ZONING_ORD.pdf

Conner, D., Montri, A. D., Montri, D. N., & Hamm, M.W. (2009). Consumer demand for local produce at extended season farmers’ markets: Guiding farmermarketing strategies. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 24(4), 251–259.doi:10.1017/S1742170509990044

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Selected Bibliography and Readings for Urban Ecology, Urban Farming and Design

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Heller, M. & Keoleian, G. (2003). Assessing the sustainability of the US food system: A life cycle perspective. Agricultural Systems, 76(3), 1001–1041. doi:10.1016/S0308-521X(02)00027-6

Urban Farming Business ReadingsKaufman, J. & Bailkey, M. (2000). Farming inside cities: Entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the United States. Working paper, Lincoln Institute of LandPolicy, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved from http://www.urbantilth.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/farminginsidecities.pdf

Morland, K., Wing S. B., Roux A. D., & Poole, C. (2002). Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(1),23–29

Pothukuchi, K., & Kaufman, J. (1999). Placing the food system on the urban agenda: The role of municipal institutions in food systems planning. Agriculture andHuman Values, 16, 213–24. doi:10.1023/A:1007558805953

Pothukuchi, K. & Wallace, R. (2009). Sustainable food systems: Perspectives on transportation policy. In Malkefzali, S. (Ed.), Healthy, Equitable Transportation Policy: Recommendations and Research (pp. 113–130). Oakland, CA: PolicyLink.

U.S. Census Bureau. (1990). 1990 Census of Population and Housing: Population and housing unit counts. CPH-2-1. Retrieved from www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-1-1.pdf

U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Median household income for states: 2007 and 2008 American Community Surveys. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/acsbr08-2.pdf

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Selected Bibliography and Readings for Urban Ecology, Urban Farming and Design

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Food-From Farm to Table 1982 Yearbook of Agriculture by United States Department of Agriculture. (1982). United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Urban Farming and Health ReadingsFighting Poverty and Hunger: What Role for Urban Agriculture? Alberto Zezza and Luca TasciottiFAO ES-Policy -Briefs, August 2010. For more information on FAO urban agriculture and policy briefs visit http://www.fao.org/economic/es-policybriefs/briefs-detail/en/?no_cache=1&uid=45052

The Call of the Land: An Agrarian Primer for the 21st Century by Steven McFadden. (2009). Nashville, IN: Norlights Press. 119 pp. $12.95, paperback. See the book’s website at thecalloftheland.wordpress.com.

Ecology, Urban Environmental Challenges and Engineering PrimersEcology and the Politics of Scarcity by William Ophuls. (1977). W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, CA

Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural by Donald Hammer. (1989). Lewis Publishers, Inc, Chelsea, MI

Ecological Engineering An Introduction to Ecotechnology Edited by William Mitsch and Sven Erik Jørgensen. (1989). John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY

Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems Volume 1 Edited by John Cairns, Jr. (1988). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

Contents of this digital presentation are covered by US and international Copyright 2011Valentine Hill Farm

Selected Bibliography and Readings for Urban Ecology, Urban Farming and Design

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Ecology, Urban Environmental Challenges and Engineering PrimersLandscape Ecology by Richard Forman and Michel Godron. (1986). John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY

René Dubos, 1976, Symbiosis Between the Earth and Humankind, Science 6 August 1976: Vol. 193 no. 4252 pp. 459-462 DOI: 10.1126/science.193.4252.459 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/193/4252/459.citation)

The Soil Resource Origin and Behavior Ecological Studies Number 37 by Hans Jenny. (1980). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY

Urban Soil in Landscape Design by Phillip Craul. (1992). John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY

Storm Water Collection Systems Design Handbook Edited by Larry Mays. (2001). McGraw Hill Companies, New York, NY

Design With Nature by Ian McHarg. (1992). John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY

Route Location and Design Fifth Edition by Thomas Hickerson. (1964). McGraw Hill Companies, New York, NY

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Selected Bibliography and Readings for Urban Ecology, Urban Farming and Design

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Electronic PDF Files Available from your Instructors Family Farm-Owned Cooperative Grocery Stores Alternative Retailing Strategy for North America? Copyright 2008 Duncan Hilchey, New Leaf Associates, Inc. 295 Hook Place, Ithaca, NY 14850

Feeding the Region: Assessing Local Agricultural Productive Capacity to Meet Demand in Tompkins County, NY Produced for the Tompkins County Cornell Cooperative Extension Monika Roth, Agriculture & Horticulture Program Leader

The impact of green roof and green façade on urban agriculture by Nazanin Nafici

Shared Harvest A Vision for a Sustainable, Organic Urban Farm in Arlington County, VA ENVR E-105, Spring 2010 Strategies for Sustainability Management Harvard University Extension School Environmental Management and Sustainability Dan Redmond RedmondDK@mac.com HUID # May 4, 2010

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Selected Web Resources

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Food Commons is a proposed national network of physical, financial and organizational infrastructure that allows local and regional markets to operate efficiently and foodshed-based enterprises to cooperate, compete and thrive according to the principles of sustainability, fairness, and public accountability. It is a whole systems approach to localized food economies that includes three integral components: 1) The Food Commons Trust 2) The Food Commons Bank, and 3) The Food Commons Hub. For more information contact: Larry Yee lkyee@ucdavis.edu jimcochran50@hotmail.com

FOOD SYSTEM WikiA Collaboration of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Wisconsin Madison and AgDevONLINE This Wiki and its companion annotated bibliography were initiated as a class project for Urban and Regional Planning 711, Markets and Food Systems, at the University of Wisconsin – Madison and is administered by AgDevONLINE. This Wiki aims to present a comprehensive guide to all food system and agriculture development–related terms. It is our hope that these terms provide an accurate, normative overview of some everyday and some not-so-common phrases about this growing field

The Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program and The Reinvestment Fund have released a new online video and interactive map addressing the challenges of making sure low-income neighborhoods have access to something most of us take for granted—a supermarket. An estimated 2 million people do not live near a supermarket, which makes it harder and more expensive for them to purchase food and costs their communities millions of dollars in economic activity.The new video, “Getting to Market,” describes why locating supermarkets in low-income communities is so important and what obstacles prevent this essential economic development. The interactive map offers local stakeholders detailed information on the opportunities for supermarket placement and area economic development. The focus is on 10 metropolitan areas across the country.

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Selected Web Resources

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Don't believe Land Grants are providing leadership and resources on local food systems? Have a look at what's going on in North CarolinaA sample of some of their projects:Farmhand Foods, LLCA business development project geared toward scaling the supply of local, pasture-raised meats. (www.farmhandfoods.com)WFI: Wayne Food Initiative A community-based food initiative in Wayne County (www.waynefoods.org).RTI-CSAA workplace-supported agriculture initiative at Research Triangle Institute (www.rti.org/csa).Farm to Fork Statewide InitiativeA yearlong exploration of action opportunities for building a local, sustainable food system (www.cefs.ncsu.edu/cefsfarmtofork/home.html) with stakeholders across the state.Buy 10% Local Food CampaignA public education initiative to encourage consumption of foods grown and raised in North Carolina.SARE PDP Community-Based Food Systems TrainingSix new local food projects now well underway in counties across the state after the first year of training. First-year project teams are currently training second-year project teams on building local food systems.Sustainable Local Foods Advisory CouncilA new statewide legislated body tasked to facilitate the development of a sustainable local food economy in North Carolina.

This report was developed with leadership from the C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food System at Michigan State University, the Food Bank Council of Michigan and the Michigan Food Policy Council. This report, along with the others in the series, provides the foundation for the goals and agenda priorities put forth in the Michigan Good Food Charter. From the Introduction: The good food problem we face is that most of the infrastructure needed for local and regional markets, which are growing, has washed out over the years like neglected roads and bridges. We have invested instead in building a superhighway to large national and global markets for Michigan food and farm products. These investments came primarily since the 1940s, when public and industry policy began to focus on producing food that is, as one industry insider describes it, “fast, convenient and cheap,” and government and industry leaders advised farms to “get big or get out.”

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Selected Web Resources

LA301 Housing and Community Planning Design Studio Fall 2011 www.valentinehillfarm.com

Urban Agriculture: Growing Healthy, Sustainable PlacesBy Kimberley Hodgson, Marcia Caton Campbell, and Martin BailkeyUrban agriculture is rising steadily in popularity in the United States and Canada—there are stories in the popular press, it has an increasingly central place in the growing local food movement, and there is a palpable interest in changing urban environments to foster both healthier residents and more sustainable communities. From community and school gardens in small rural towns and commercial farms in suburbs to rooftop gardens and bee-keeping operations in dense cities, urban agriculture is sprouting up across the country. This report provides authoritative guidance for dealing with the opportunities and challenges faced by cities and counties of varying sizes, economies, and locations in supporting and expanding urban agriculture. Through case studies, the report illustrates the range of local government efforts, policies and programs both emerging and in place, and reveals the differences among local governments in their approaches as they respond to the needs of the urban agriculture community.For more information about this new report, visit http://planning.org/apastore/Search/Default.aspx?k=urban%20agricultureRegional Food System Infrastructure NEW REPORT from the National Association of

Development Organizations (NADO) The Western North Carolina Regional Livestock Center under construction (photo courtesy of WNC Communities) Limited access to regional processing facilities, slaughterhouses, dairy-bottling plants, cold-storage facilities, auction markets and distribution hubs hampers growth among small- and medium-size producers and limits their ability to offer their products to the regional market at affordable prices. Facilities that are needed in many regions to support regional food purchasing include shareduse or cooperative facilities such as processing, storage and distribution facilities, commercial kitchens or kitchen incubators for small businesses, and mobile processing facilities. Many regional development organizations (RDOs) and councils of governments are exploring how they can develop and support regional food systems infrastructure. Promoting small- and mid-size agricultural operations offers numerous benefits to a region, including sustained economic development, protection for regional farmland and rural landscapes, and reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, sourcing food that is locally or regionally grown fosters a better understanding of food safety and supply issues in case of foodborne illnesses or contamination—something that is harder to trace in global food distribution networks. Finally, strengthening connections between regional farmers and area consumers can advance community nutrition and healthy living programs, such as farm-to-school projects and initiatives that support low-income populations, seniors and children. By developing partnerships with area farmers and other stakeholders, RDOs can help to develop regional food systems infrastructure that will support economic development initiatives and other program goals.

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Selected Web Resources

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Kenyon College Food For Thought ProgramFood for Thought is an initiative to build a sustainable local market for foods produced in and around Knox County, Ohio. Directed by the Rural Life Center at Kenyon College, this collaborative effort is developing a countywide food system to enable area farmers to market their products to individual consumers and institutional buyers, including schools, hospitals, restaurants, grocery stores, and caterers. Food for Thought benefits its community by: offering farmers a stable and profitable market for their products providing consumers with healthy, tasty, and nutritious food educating the public about their food choices, farming, and local rural life keeping more of the $130 million in annual food purchases within the county supporting independent businesses maintaining green space and rural character by sustaining family farms Email: rurallife@kenyon.edu Tel: +1-740-427-5850 The director of the Rural Life Center is Howard Sacks, senior advisor to the president and National Endowment for the Humanities distinguished professor of sociology. Professor Sacks wrote a commentary in the JAFSCD Issue 1 Volume 1 entitled Why Aren’t There Any Turkeys at the Danville Turkey Festival? This article includes a description of the innovations and accomplishments of the Food for Thought program.