urban greening › en › news › 11 › 10 › 20111003_02_en.pdf · 2013-03-25 · greened area...
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Urban Greening
1
“Heat island” mitigation“Heat island” mitigation 1) Apply specialized greening technology to car parks, walls, roofs, etc.
1) Apply specialized greening technology to car parks, walls, roofs, etc.
2) Apply technology to create cool spots using trees and the like.
2) Apply technology to create cool spots using trees and the like.
Tokyo3°C rise in 100 years
1°C rise in 100 years
Japan average temp.
Surface heating due to asphalt and similar materials
Air in cities is heating upAir in cities is heating up
Reduction of green spaces
Waste heat from buildings, vehicles, factories and homesCool breeze
Causes of temperature rise in cities
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Need for urban greening Toyota countermeasures
Issues and Countermeasures
2
Specialized greening: new products* New cool-spot creation technology
Car park greening system:“Smart Green Parking”
Wall greening system:“Smart Green Wall” (wire type)
Commercial launch on October 3, 2011
New Products and Technology
*Both jointly developed with Ohshima Landscape Construction Co., Ltd.
Shade Transpiration
Predict effect of greening
Create cool and comfortable living spaces
Residential area with no trees
Creation of cool spots using trees
25 30 40 50 60 65 [°C]Surface temperature
3
“Smart Green Parking” Car-park Greening System
Outdoor car parks in cities are potential greening spaces. (about 10%)Car-park greening market is growing.Connection with the vehicle market.
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2006 2007 2008 2009
Gre
ened
are
a (h
a)
Size of car park greening marketExample of outdoor car parks (yellow)
Area around Fushimi in central Nagoya: applicable area is 8%(Estimated by Toyota)
BackgroundBackground
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Asphalt car park
Greened car park
Asphalt car park Greened car park
The temperature of a greened car park is approximately 15°C less than an asphalt car park.
Note: Photographs taken in sunny weather on July 19, 2010 at Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory
Greened car park temperature reduction effectGreened car park temperature reduction effect
“Smart Green Parking”
5
Competing system Toyota’s “Smart Green Parking”
Both plant sustainability and safety of walkability ensured
Significant damage to plant life due to scraping from tires, etc.
Differences to other car-park greening systemsDifferences to other car-park greening systems
“Smart Green Parking”
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“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening System
Energy saving is key, and a simple wall-greening system can be effective.
BackgroundBackground
Energy saving effectEnergy saving effectThe Smart Green Wall system has an energy saving effect of approximately 25%.
Results from tests using the laboratory of the Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory (measured on September 20, 2011).
Comparison of air conditioning power consumption Wall greening No wall greening Wall surface
temperature difference is approximately -10°C.
Approx. 25% reduction
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Cum
ulat
ive
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
(wh) 緑化無し
緑化有り
Without wall greening
With wall greening
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Characteristics of Smart Green WallCharacteristics of Smart Green WallClimbing plants are guided by wires- Wires are light and easy to attach to buildings.- Plants easily grow up the ladder style wires.- Adjustable tension reduces flapping in wind.
Adjustable tension Roll of ladder style wire
Points of differentiationPoints of differentiation
Commercial green wallNew Toyota SGWItem
Wind resistance
Typhoon level(wind speed: 34 m/s)
Must be taken down in strong winds
Inclusion in green space Yes No
Installation Year-round Summer only
Material Metal wire Plastic
Target users Companies Homes
Comparison with commercial green-wall technology
“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening System
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Use plant transpiration capabilities to create cool spots and help create towns that consume less energy.
Cool-spot Creation Technology
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Aucuba
Yoshinocherry
Evergreenoak
Transpiration (μg/cm2s)
(Per unit of leaf area)
Tran
spira
tion
capa
bilit
y
Aucuba (average surface temperature: 36.3 °C)
Evergreen oak (average surface temperature: 30.4°C)
Yoshino cherry (average surface temperature: 31.2 °C)
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(100.0)
(-20.0)
a35.7
A
29.5 29.5
30.5 30.5
31.5 31.5
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35.5 35.5
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37.5 37.5
(100.0)
(-20.0)
a30.3
A
29.5 29.5
30.5 30.5
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32.5 32.5
33.5 33.5
34.5 34.5
35.5 35.5
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37.5 37.5
(100.0)
(-20.0)
a31.6
A
Sur
face
te
mpe
ratu
re
BackgroundBackground
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Creating cool spots with treesCreating cool spots with trees
Surface temperature increases due to solar radiation
Ground surface
Building
Blocking of solar radiation by conventional shading
Latent heat
Transpiration(vaporized)
Sensible heat
Heat
Heat balance prediction model (jointly developed with Tokyo
Institute of Technology)
Cool Spot Creation Technology
Surface temperature decreases
Shade
Surface temperature increases due to solar radiation
Blocking of solar radiation by trees
Building
Ground surface10
dissipation
Surface temperature decreases
What is cool spot creation technology?What is cool spot creation technology?A new technology for designing green spaces by evaluating the energy effect of greening in advance by simulation.⇒ Optimization of tree selection, number and arrangement
Prediction of air conditioning power consumption (Assuming family of 2 adults, 2 children)
Pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion 10% reduction
Greening (creating shade)
No greening
32°C
38°C
SET* (°C) Height: 1.5 m
N
Cool-spot creation by greening
Example of cool spot evaluationSensible temperature index SET* distribution
(15:00)
Example of energy saving effect
“Cool Spot” Creation Technology
Greening (creating shade +
transpiration effect)
25% reduction
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Urban Greening (Tour Material)
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Current situation of car park greening systemsHarsh conditions for plants (load, insufficient sunlight, damage from tires)
Plant sustainabilityReq.
ProcessSurface safety
Stre
ngth
ened
-mat
ty
peU
nifo
rm-r
einf
orce
men
t ty
peCharacteristics
- Strengthen using net-shaped mat
- Cover mat with grass
“Smart Green Parking” Car Park Greening SystemTour Material (1)
- Use evenly-spaced block-shaped reinforcements, etc.
- Grow plants between blocks
x
x
13
Development issues
Aim: Achieve both plant sustainability and surface safety
Plant sustainability
- No load on plants from car- Sufficient space for roots to
grow
Area must be flat
Surface safety
Block
Block
- Large level difference- Wide spacing
Blocks:
Trade off
Key development points
Plant (grass, monkey grass, thyme, dichondra, etc.)
Block
Walking support
Ensures both plant
sustainability and surface
safety
Walking support
1. Use blocks with sufficient growth space
2. Add walking supports after planting that don’t divide growth space
3. Support vehicle weight using blocks (weight resistance: 4 t)
4. Use recycled bumper materials
(Jointly developed with Ohshima Landscape Construction Co., Ltd.)
“Smart Green Parking” Car Park Greening SystemTour Material (2)
- Small level difference- Narrow spacing
Blocks:
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Initial cost
Durability
Plant diversity
Sustainability
Surface safety
Appearance
Competing productToyota-developed product
Moss phloxThymeMonkey grass
Grass
Asphalt car park
Greened car park
Asphalt car park
Greened car park
The surface temperature of a greened car park is approximately 15°C less than an asphalt car park.
Performance of developed product
“Smart Green Parking” Car Park Greening SystemTour Material (3)
15
Characteristics of Smart Green WallCharacteristics of Smart Green Wall
“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening SystemTour Material (4)
Energy saving is key, and a simple wall-greening system can be effective.
BackgroundBackground
Climbing plants are guided by wires- Wires are light and easy to attach to buildings.- Plants easily grow up the ladder-like wires.- Adjustable tension reduces flapping in wind.
Commercial green wallNew Toyota SGWItem
Wind resistance
Typhoon level(wind speed: 34 m/s)
Must be taken down in strong winds
Inclusion in green space Yes No
Installation Year-round Summer only
Material Metal wires Plastic
Target users Companies Homes
Comparison with commercial green wall technology
16
Roll of ladder-like wire
Structure and key points of differentiationStructure and key points of differentiation Energy saving effectEnergy saving effectThe Smart Green Wall system has an energy saving effect of approximately 25%.
Air conditioning power consumption
“Smart Green Wall” Wall Greening SystemTour Material (5)
0
500
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2500
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:0010:0
012:0
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Cum
ulat
ive
pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
(wh) 緑化無し
緑化有り
Without wall greening
With wall greening
Approx. 25% reduction
Results from tests using the laboratory of the Toyota Biotechnology and Afforestation Laboratory (measured on September 20, 2011).
Wall greening No wall greening
Wall surface temperature difference is approximately -10°C.
Adjustable tension
Bracket (wire
attachment process)
Eye bolt (for plant growth)
Wire end adjustor (for plant growth)
M12 bolt (wire attachment process)
Base steel material (wire attachment process)
Wire end adjustor (for plant growth)
Tension adjustor
(for plant growth)
M12 bolt (wire attachment process)
Base steel material (wire attachment process)
Bracket (wire
attachment process)
17
Aims
Renewable energy
Greening systems Car (PHV, EV)
Smart phone
Toyota Smart Center
Solar panels
Monitoring of information on state
of plant growth
Remote operation of irrigation
Power/irrigation control
Energy managementunit (electricity storage, charging & distribution)
Power control
Smart house
Charging control
Smart Green System
“Smart Green System”Integrated Urban Greening/Smart Grid Model
Tour Material (6)
- To enhance greening systems by utilizing the power/information management functions of smart grids
- To supply renewable energy to irrigation devices and save labor for maintaining greening
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TDP sensor
Large scale bench measurement
ZelkovaHeight: 6.4 m
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2
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Maximum transpiration of 36 L/day
Dissipation Ambient temperature
Maximum ambient temperature: 37.5°C
Dissipation (L/day)
Ambient temp. (°C)
Conventional
Porometer
Measurement method Measurement results
New method
Amount of water supplied
Amount of water drained
Weight
Tran
spira
tion
650
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630
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610
600
3.5
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2.0
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1.0
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Wei
ght (
kg)
Wat
e r s
u pp l
y a n
d dr
a ina
ge
(L/1
0 m
i n)
“Cool Spot” Creation TechnologyTour Material(7)
Example measurement results for amount and weight of water supply and drainage (August 29, sunny)
Daily change in dissipation by zelkova (August 9 to 22, 2010)
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Tour Material (8)
Standard Processes in Plant Breeding
Large scale cross-
fertilization
Mutation
Selection from various individual stock
(Chemical and physical processes)Superior
stock
Repeatability verification (using cuttings)
- Uniformity- Proliferation- Differences with original
varieties
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Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6
Process Study requirements Study breeding feasibility Cross fertilization, etc. processes Selection(harvest superior stock) Verify repeatability Evaluate productivity Sales preparation
Outline
Benchmark competing productsand identify developmentrequirements using marketsurveys, etc.
Acquire wide range of targetplants, study various treatmentconditions, and perform pre-development tests.
Perform cross fertilization andmutation processes, then observeinitial growth and cultivate seedlingsuntil selection of individual stock.
Select individual stock fromparent population.
Verify uniformity, proliferation,and differences from originalvariety using groups of superiorstock.
Evaluate production period atfarm, quality, and productivity.
(Third party evaluation)
Create basic cultivation manual forlocation of cultivation. - Secure production farms - Create production plan
Planning Selection Evaluation