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³UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY´

The Project is submitted to J.N.T.U through M.V.S.R Engineering College in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

³B.Tech in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING´

Submitted By,

D. YAMINI KEERTI RAJ

Roll No: 07063A4278

Under the Esteemed guidance of

E.Shanker Rao (B.Tech)

Naga Lakshmi(Lecturer)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad

2008 ± 2011



CONCEPT OF PROJECT WORK

Before starting every project, planning in the project is very important

task and should taken up with great care as the efficiency of the whole project

largely depends up on its planning

While planning project each and every stage should be worked out in

anticipation and should be carefully considered all the relevant position that is

advance. Now a day¶s more stress is being given to bring an engineer forward

to establish their own industries and engineering students after completing

their course are also being encouraged to establish their own industries. Hence

the study on the project planning has become more important. For this reason

most of the universities and boards have introduced the project work in the

syllabus of final year. Those who want start industry should be project

planning.

In olden days to avoid the surges and spokes in A.C voltage, we use the

automatic voltage regulator circuits. But if the power is failure we have to wait

up to the power resumed. Inverter provides the supply even if the power is

failure. The switching time between the A.C supply and the inverted supply is



large. So, the information which was stored will be lost. To provide supply

immediately without leaving the information, we use uninterrupted power

supplies. It uses the fast acting switch less than 5 nano seconds. So, the

information will not lose. Using the advantage of UPS we preferred in for our

Project work.



C C oonnt t eennt t s s

1. I NTRODUCT I ON

2. PR I NC I PLE OF WORK I NG

3. VA R I OUS TYPES OF UPS

4. B LOCK D IAGR AM

5. DESCR I PT I ON OF B LOCKS

6. M ODES OF OPER AT I ON

7. C I RCU I T A N A LYS I S

8. FRONT P A NEL CONTROLS

9. A SSE M B L I NG

10. TROU B LESHOOT I NG

11. SPEC I F I C AT I ONS

12. S A FETY

13. REFERENCES



I NTRODUCT I ON

GENERAL OVERVIEW:

The UPS is a high performance standby uninterruptible power source

designed to protect computers and peripheral devices such as monitors,

modems, tape drives, etc. from utility line failures which could result in the

loss or corruption of valuable data. In the event of a utility failure such as a

blackout, brownout or sag, the UPS rapidly transfers loads (computer

equipment) to an alternative power source. This alternative power is derived

from a battery within the UPS and provides the user with ample time to save

files and properly close operation, show much time your equipment can remain

operating during a utility failure before the UPS¶s batteries are drained depends

on the capacity. Under normal conditions when the utility voltage is within

proper limits, the UPS maintains the battery in a charged condition and serves

to isolate your equipment from surges and high frequency electrical noise



PR I NC I PLE OF WORK I NG

An uninterruptible power supply/ uninterruptible power source, UPS or

battery/flywheel backup is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency

power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails. A

UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby

generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection

from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and

associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel

generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most

uninterruptible power sources depends on capacity ± but sufficient to allow

time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the

protected equipment.



VA R I OUS TYPES OF UPS

A variety of design approaches are used to implement UPS systems,

each with distinct performance characteristics. The most common design

approaches are as follows

1. Standby UPS

2. Line Interactive UPS

3. Standby-Ferro UPS

4. On-Line UPS

y Double Conversion On-Line UPS

y Delta Conversion On-Line UPS

Standby UPS:

The Standby UPS is the most common type used for Personal

Computers. In the block diagram illustrated in Figure 1, the transfer switch is

set to choose the filtered AC input as the primary power source (solid line

path), and switches to the battery / inverter as the backup source should the

primary source fail. When that happens, the transfer switch must operate to

switch the load over to the battery / inverter backup power source . The



inverter only starts when the power fails, hence the name "Standby." High

efficiency, small size, and low cost are the main benefits of this design. With

proper filter and surge circuitry, these systems can also provide adequate noise

filtration and surge suppression

Line Interactive UPS:

The Line Interactive UPS, illustrated in Figure 2, is the most common

design used for small business, Web, and departmental servers. In this design,

the battery-to-AC power converter (inverter) is always connected to the output

of the UPS. Operating the inverter in reverse during times when the input AC

power is normal provides battery charging. When the input power fails, the

transfer switch opens and power flows from the battery to the UPS. With the

inverter always on and connected to the output, this design provides additional

filtering and yields reduced switching transients when compared with the

Standby UPS topology. In addition, the Line Interactive design usually

incorporates a tap-changing transformer. This adds voltage regulation by

adjusting transformer taps as the input voltage varies. Voltage regulation is an

important feature when low voltage conditions exist, otherwise the UPS would

transfer to battery and then eventually down the load. This more frequent

battery usage can cause premature battery failure. However, the inverter can

also be designed such that its failure will still permit power flow from the AC

input to the output, which eliminates the potential of single point failure and

effectively provides for two independent power paths. High efficiency, small



size, low cost and high reliability coupled with the ability to correct low or

high line voltage conditions make this the dominant type of UPS in the 0.5-

5kVA power range

Standby-Ferro UPS:

The Standby-Ferro UPS was once the dominant form of UPS in the 3-

15kVA range. This design depends on a special saturating transformer that has

three windings. The primary power path is from AC input, through a transfer

switch, through the transformer, and to the output. In the case of a power

failure, the transfer switch is opened, and the inverter picks up the output load.

In the Standby-Ferro design, the inverter is in the standby mode, and is

energized when the input power fails and the transfer switch is opened. The

transformer has a special "Ferro-resonant" capability, which provides limited

voltage regulation and output waveform "shaping". The isolation from AC

power transients provided by the Ferro transformer is as good as or better than

any filter available. But the Ferro transformer itself creates severe output

voltage distortion and transients, which can be worse than a poor AC

connection. Even though it is a standby UPS by design, the Standby-Ferro

generates a great deal of heat because the Ferro-resonant transformer is

inherently inefficient. These transformers are also relative to regular isolation

transformers; so standby-Ferro UPS are generally quite large and heavy.

Standby-Ferro UPS systems are frequently represented as On-Line units,

even though they have a transfer switch, the inverter operates in the standby



mode, and they exhibit a transfer characteristic during an AC power failure.

Figure 3 illustrates this Standby-Ferro topology

High reliability and excellent line filtering are this design¶s strengths.

However, the design has very low efficiency combined with instability when

used with some generators and newer power-factor corrected computers,

causing the popularity of this design to decrease significantly.

The principal reason why Standby-Ferro UPS systems are no longer

commonly used is that they can be fundamentally unstable when operating a

modern computer power supply load. All large servers and routers use ³Power

Factor Corrected´ power supplies which draw only sinusoidal current from the

utility, much like an incandescent bulb. This smooth current draw is achieved

using capacitors, devices which µlead' the applied voltage, Ferro resonant UPS

system utilize heavy core transformers which have an inductive characteristic,

meaning that the current 'lags' the voltage. The combination of these two items

forms what is referred to as a 'tank' circuit? Resonance or 'ringing' in a tank

circuit can cause high currents, which jeopardize the connected load

Double Conversion On-Line UPS:

This is the most common type of UPS above 10kVA. The block diagram

of the Double Conversion On-Line UPS, illustrated in Figure 4, is the same as

the Standby, except that the primary power path is the inverter instead of the

AC main In the Double Conversion On-Line design, failure of the input AC

does not cause activation of the transfer switch, because the input AC is



charging the backup battery source which provides power to the output

inverter. Therefore, during an input AC power failure, on-line operation results

in no transfer time

Both the battery charger and the inverter convert the entire load power

flow in this design, resulting in reduced efficiency with its associated increased

heat generation.

This UPS provides nearly ideal electrical output performance. But the

constant wear on the power components reduces reliability over other designs

and the energy consumed by the electrical power inefficiency is a significant

part of the life-cycle cost of the UPS. Also, the input power drawn by the large

battery charger is often non-linear and can interfere with building power wiring

or cause problems with standby generators

Delta Conversion On-Line UPS:

This UPS design, illustrated in Figure 5, is a newer, 10 year old

technology introduced to eliminate the drawbacks of the Double Conversion

On-Line design and is available in sizes ranging from 5kVA to 1.6MW.

Similar to the Double Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Conversion On-

Line UPS always has the inverter supplying the load voltage. However, the

additional Delta Converter also contributes power to the inverter output. Under

conditions of AC failure or disturbances, this design exhibits behavior identical

to the Double Conversion On-Line



A simple way to understand the energy efficiency of the delta

conversion topology is to consider the energy required to deliver a package

from the 4th floor to the 5th floor of a building as shown in Figure 6. Delta

Conversion technology saves energy by carrying the package only the

difference (delta) between the starting and ending points. The Double

Conversion On-Line UPS converts the power to the battery and back again

Whereas the Delta Converter moves components of the power from input to

the output

In the Delta Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Converter acts with

dual purposes. The first is to control the input power characteristics. This

active front end draws power in a sinusoidal manner, minimizing harmonics

reflected onto the utility. This ensures optimal utility and generator system

compatibility, reducing heating and system wear in the power distribution

system. The second function of the Delta Converter is to control input current

in order to regulate charging of the battery system.

The Delta Conversion On-Line UPS provides the same output

characteristics as the Double Conversion on- Line design. However, the input

characteristics are often different. Delta conversion on-line designs provide

Dynamically-controlled, power factor corrected input, without the inefficient

use of filter banks associated with traditional solutions. The most important

benefit is a significant reduction in energy losses. The input power control also

makes the UPS compatible with all generator sets and reduces the need for



wiring and generator over sizing. Delta Conversion On-Line technology is the

only core UPS technology today protected by patents and is therefore not

likely to be available from a broad range of UPS suppliers.

During steady state conditions the Delta Converter allows the UPS to

deliver power to the load with much greater efficiency than the Double

Conversion design.



COMPARISON SHEET

Type of UPS RangeVoltage

ConditioningBenefits Limitations

Standby UPS 0 ± 0.5 LowLow cost, high

efficiency, compact

Uses battery during brownouts, Impractica

over 2kVA

Line Interactive UPS 0.5 ± 5Design

Dependant

High reliability, High

efficiency, Goodvoltage conditioning

Impractical over 5kVA

Standby Ferro UPS 3 ± 15 HighExcellent voltage

Conditioning, High

reliability

Low efficiency,unstable in combinatio

with some loads andgenerators

Double ConversionOn-Line UPS

5 ± 5000 High

Excellent voltage

conditioning, ease of paralleling

Low efficiency,Expensive under 5kVA

Delta ConversionOn-Line UPS 5 ± 5000 High

Excellent voltage

conditioning, Highefficiency

Impractical under 5kV



DESCR I PT I ON OF B LOCKS

UPS Commonly consists of several blocks like

1. Noise and surge suppression

2. Load transfer switch

3. Inverter

4. Transformer

5. Rectifier

6. Battery

7. Battery charger

8. Static switch

Noise and surge suppression:

The UPS contains high performance EMI/RFI (Electro-Magnetic and

Radio Frequency Interference) noise and surge suppression circuitry to protect

your equipment. The UPS provides this suppression continuously. UPS doesn¶t

transfer your load to its internal power source. Instead, the suppression

circuitry reduces the amplitude of noise and surges to a level well below that

which can be tolerated by your computing equipment.



Load transfer switch:

The load transfer switch is actually an electro-dynamic relay which

serves to rapidly transfer your computer equipment (load) from the utility to

the UPS¶s alternate power source in the event of a utility failure. When the

utility is restored within safe limits, the switch acts to re-transfer the load to the

utility. The transfer switch is the only moving part in the UPS. The time

required for the relay to transfer your load to either power source is much,

much faster than it is required by any modern equipment

Inverter:

The inverter is a Direct Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC)

device. It consists of two semiconductor devices

a. Transistor

b. SCR

a) Transistor: Transistors are typically used on UPSs rated 150 KVA and

below. The transistorized UPSs are smaller in size since they use fewer

components. The limiting factor for not using transistors on higher rated

UPSs is the current rating of the transistor itself; for that reason, a

Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) inverter is used

b) SCR: SCR-based inverter designs are used on UPSs in the 200 KVA

power rating and above. But the determining factor of the inverter

performance is the switching method of the semiconductor (transistor on

SCR) in order to produce AC output power



Transformer:

The UPS¶s transformer is an electrical component which ³steps

up´ the output voltage of the inverter to the utility line voltage (115 VAC or

230 VAC). It serves to isolate the UPS from equipment failures

Rectifier:

Rectifier is a rectifier device, simply means that the exchange of

Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC) devices. It has two main

functions: First, the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC),

through the supply of filtered load, or the supply inverter; second, to provide

battery charging voltage. Therefore, it is also play a role in charger

Battery:

UPS battery is used as a storage energy device, which consists of several

cells in series, with a capacity to maintain its size determines the discharge

(supply) time. When the electricity is normal, the energy converted into

chemical energy stored in the battery internal; when the electricity fails, the

chemical energy into electrical energy provided to the inverter or the load.

Battery charger:

The Battery charger converts the Alternating Current (AC) to a

Direct Current (DC) which is compatible with battery. The charger maintains

the battery at a constant voltage to ensure that the battery will have the capacity

to support the load. This method is known as ³float´ charging, provides

maximum battery service life and minimal internal heating.



Static Switch:

Static switch is a non-contact switch positioned in Figure 6, which is to

use two SCR reverse parallel composition of a communication switch, its

closed and disconnected from the logic controller control. Conversion and the

model is divided into two kinds of type and. Conversion-type switch is mainly

used for two-way power supply system, its role is to achieve all the way to

another road from the automatic switching; and model switch is mainly used

for parallel inverters with electricity or more inverter



M ODES OF OPER AT I ON

1. Normal Mode

2. Emergency Mode

3. Recharge Mode

4. Bypass Mode

5. Maintenance Bypass Mode

Normal Mode:

The critical AC load is supplied continuously by the inverter. The

rectifier/charger derives power from a utility AC source and supplies DC

power to the inverter while simultaneously charging a battery system. The

inverter converts the DC power into clean and regulated AC power that is then

supplied to the critical load through the static transfer switch.

Emergency Mode:

Upon failure of the utility AC power, the AC load supplied by the

inverter will draw its power from the batteries. There shall be no interruption

of power switching from AC power to batteries or switching from batteries to



AC power upon its restoration. While the battery powers the UPS, indication

for actual battery backup time shall be provided

Recharge Mode:

Upon restoration of AC power, even if the batteries are

completely discharged, the UPS will restart. The rectifier/charger shall assume

the inverter and battery recharge loads. If the bypass source is within

acceptable limits, the UPS will retransfer the critical load back to the inverter.

Bypass Mode:

When the inverter overload capacity is exceeded, the static transfer

switch shall perform a transfer of the load from the inverter to the bypass

source with no interruption in power to the critical load.

Maintenance Bypass Mode:

If for some reason the UPS has to be taken out of service for

maintenance or repair, the UPS shall be provided with an optional, external

maintenance bypass switch to enable a load transfer from the inverter to the

bypass source with no interruption of power to the critical load



FRONT P A NEL CONTROLS

Test / Alarm Disable switch:

A dual function Test / Alarm Disable switch (400VA, 450VA, 600VA,

900VA and1250VA models) allows you to check for proper operation by

initiating a transfer to on-battery operation. This test ensures that the UPS is

not overloaded and will support the system load during an actual power

disturbance. By using the Test function throughout the life of the UPS, you can

estimate when the UPS's battery should be replaced. During a utility failure,

the Alarm Disable portion of the switch can be pressed to silence the alarm.

Option switches:

Option switches (400VA, 450VA, 600VA, 900VA and 1250VA models)

allow you to adjust the UPS for applications where frequent or rapid utility

voltage fluctuations cause the UPS to transfer to on-battery operation too often.

Audible alarm functions can be altered so that warning of utility failure or low

battery conditions are given when desired



Site wiring fault indicator:

A site wiring fault indicator warns you of hot-neutral reversal, open

ground and overloaded neutral faults. Faulty wiring prevents the safety features

and surge protection circuits built into this UPS from operating properly.

Check this indicator during installation or whenever your building's wiring has

been serviced - call a qualified electrician if the indicator is illuminated.

Surge suppression and EMI/RFI filtering:

The UPS provides high performance surge suppression and EMI/RFI

(electromagnetic and radio frequency interference) filtering. The UPS

suppresses surges defined by the ANSI C 62.41 (formerly IEEE 587) Category

A and B standard to levels well below that which is compatible with your

computer

Remote interface:

A remote computer interface port (400VA, 450VA, 600VA, 900VA and

1250VA models) capable of signaling utility failure and low battery conditions

is provided for unattended shutdown of computer operations. When teamed

with Power Chute UPS monitoring software, you may select operation of

power event logging, power event notification, automatic restart upon power

restoration, and battery conservation features



A SSE M B L I NG

The Cabinet is made up of Soft iron Metal. The Holes on the front side

are made to the cabinet upon the requirement of no of switches and options

available for that device. On the back side of the cabin a socket is fixed to take

the output from the UPS.

The two way transformer is fixed at the base of the lower part of the

cabin. The full wave rectifier is fitted beside the transformer. The Isolating and

the relay transformers are based on the upper side of the cabin. The Relays and

the circuit boards for the AVR and the oscillator are fixed at the upper base of

the cabin.



TROU B LESHOOT I NG

PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE ACTION TO TAKE

UPS will not turn on(lamp within power I/0

switch is not

illu mina ted), but beep s

when po wer I/0 swit ch

is on.

Line cord plug is loose. Che ck fit of line cord plug.

R ear panel circuit breaker is

tripped.

Circuit breaker is tripped when

button is extended. Unp lug

excessive loads and reset

breaker (press button).

Dead wall socket.Check wall socket with a t able

lamp.

UPS operates normally,

but SITE WIRINGFAULT indica tor is

illuminated.

Building wiring error such a s

missing ground, hot and

n eutra l polarity reversal, or

overloa ded n eut ral wiring.

A qualified electrician should be

summoned to correct the building

wiring. The UPS will not provide

rated noise and surge

suppr ession with incorrect buildin g wiring.

"Ch eat er" plugs or adapt er

installed ont o line cord plug

(ground not conn ected).

Plug the UPS into 2 poles, 3 wire

grounding outlet only.

UPS occasionally emits

beep, c omputer

equipment operat es

normally.

The U PS is briefly t r ansferr ing

your equipment to its alternat e

power source due to utility

voltage sags or spike s.

This operation is normal. The

UPS is protecting your comput er

equipment from abnormal ut ility

voltages. If the audible alar m

becomes annoying, set option

sw itc h to the up position.

UP S emits beep very

often, more than once or

twice an hour .

Computer equipment

operates normally.

Utility voltage is distorted or

branch circuits are heavily

loaded.

Have your line voltage check ed by

an electrician. Operating your

UPS from an outlet which is

wired to a differ ent b ranc h fuse or

circuit break er may help. Adjust

transfer voltage via option;

equipment will operate normally at

the ut ility voltages



PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE ACTION TO TAKE

UPS emits loud tone.

Power I/0 switch is on

but computer

equi pment is not

powered. UPS¶s rear pan el circ uit breaker is

tripped. Normal

voltages ar e k nown to

be present.

UPS has shut down due to

severe overloa d.

Tur n off UPS and unplug

excessive loads. Laser

printe rs will over load the UPS

and shou ld be plugged int o a

quality surge suppressor. Seet he section covering

Over loa ds. Once overload is

removed, reset the circuit

breaker (press but t on).

UPS emit loud during

utility failure. Power

I/O switch is on but

computer equipment

is not powered. Rear

panel circuit breaker is not tripped.

UPS has shut down due to

overload.

Turn off UPS and unplug

excessive loads. Recheck

computer system power

requirements as described in

installation instructions. UPS

may be turned on when utilityhas been restored.

UPS does not provide

expected run time.

Low battery warning

is sounded

prematurely.

Excessive loads connectedat UPS¶s output

receptacles.

Unplug excessive loads from

UPS. Recheck computer

system power requirements as

described in installation

instructions.

Battery is weak due to

wear or recent operation

during utility power

outage.

The battery should be

recharged by leaving the UPS

plugged i n for 12 hours - do

not operate Test controlduring recharge. If UPS

sounds low battery warning

prematurely when retested,

battery should be replaced.

UPS beeps

continuously. Lamp

within I/0 power

switch is illuminated.

Utility is not failed.

Line cord plug is loose. Check fit of line cord plug.

Circuit breaker is tripped. Unplug excessive loads and

reset circuit breaker.

UPS does not shut

down when RS-232

HI level is applied to

computer interface

Signal not applied during

utility failure.

The UPS responds to this

signal only during utility

failures (load is operating

from the UPS¶s internal

power source).

Signal is not referenced toUPS common.

Signal must be referenced tothe UPS¶s common



SPEC I F I C AT I ONS

GENERAL PARAMETERS:

1. Input Voltage: Single Phase ± 120 Vac /230 Vac

Three Phase ± 415 Vac

2. Input frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz (User configurable)

3. Rectifier frequency: 40-65 (Hz)

4. Sync frequency: 50 +/- 8% (Hz)

GENERAL OPERATING CONDITIONS:

1. Operation temperature: 0ºC to +40ºC (+32ºF to +104ºF)

2. Storage temperature: -15ºC to +50ºC (+5ºF to +122ºF)

3. Relative humidity: 0% to 95% (non-condensing)

4. Audible noise (at 1 meter): < 60 dB



S A FETY

Precautions:

1. To reduce the risk of electric shock, disconnect the Uninterruptible

Power Source from the mains before installing a computer interface

signal cable

2. De-energize the Uninterruptible Power Source in an emergency, move

the I/O switch to the O (off) position and disconnect the power cord

from the mains

3. Avoid installing the Uninterruptible Power Source in locations where

there is water or excessive humidity

4. Do not allow water or any foreign object to get inside the

Uninterruptible Power Source

5. Make sure that the AC Utility outlet is correctly grounded.

6. Do not try to repair the unit yourself, contact your local supplier or your

warranty will be void.

7. Use a certified input power cable with the correct plugs and sockets for

the appropriate voltage system.

8. Make sure the battery bank is installed within the proper environment

9. Do not install the battery bank under direct sunlight. Your warranty will

be void if the batteries fail due to overheating.

10. This battery bank is designed for indoor use only.

11. This battery bank is not designed for use in dusty, corrosive and salty

environment.



12. The battery will discharge naturally if the system is unused for a period

of time.

13. It should be recharged every 2-3 months if unused. If this is not done,

then the warranty will be null and void.

14. Servicing of Batteries Should be Performed or Supervised by Trained

Personnel with Knowledge of Batteries and the Required Precautions

15. When Replacing Batteries, Replace With the Same Quantity, Type &

Capacity.

16. Do Not Dispose of Battery or Batteries in an open fire. The Battery May

Explode.

17. Do not open or mutilate the batteries. The electrolyte from the batteries

is toxic and harmful to the skin and eyes.

18. Risk of Electric Shock ± Battery Circuit is not isolated from AC,

hazardous Voltage may exist between battery terminals and ground. Test

before touching with bare hands.

19. A Battery can present a Electrical Shock and High Short Circuit Current.

The Following Precaution to be taken When Working on Batteries:

A) Remove watches, rings, or other metal objects.B) Use tools with insulated handles.

C) Wear rubber gloves and boots.

D) Do not lay tools or metal parts on top of batteries.

E) Disconnect charging source prior to connecting or disconnecting

battery terminals



REFERENCES

BOOKS REFERENCE:

1. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY ± B.L.THERAJA & A.K.THERAJA

2. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS ± V.K.MEHTA

3. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ± B.K.VISWANATH

WEB REFERENCE:

1. www.mgepowerlearning.com

2. www.apc.com

3. www.stacoenergy.com

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