Upper limb and Lower limb

Clavicle:normal appearance,cortex intact

Acromioclavicular joint:

• The inferior margin of the acromion and clavicle are well aligned Indicating the integrity of the acromiocalvicular ligament

• Coracoid is not widely separted-indicating integrity of coracoclavicular ligaments.

Normal shoulder joint AP view:the humeral head and glenoids contours aligned normally.

Normal shoulder joint y-view:

Shoulder joint –normal Y-view

• The Y-view is so named because of “Y” shape of scapula when looking at it laterally

• The humeral head is correctly aligned-it overlies the glenoid and positioned posterior to coracoid

Normal shoulder joint axial view:the glenohumeral joint is aligned normallythe acromioclavicular joint is aligned normally

Ultrasound:shoulder joint

CT scan shoulder joint

CT scan shoulder joint

scapula

Scapula :Normal

• Anatomical parts of the scapula include-body,neck,glenoid,coracoid,spine and acromion

• The scapula body has lateral,medial and superior borders

Humerus :normal AP view

Normal elbow xray 10 years old

• The red ring shows the positionof the external or lateral epicondyle which has not yet ossified• C=capitulum R=radial head I=internal epicondyle(medial) T=trochlea O=olecranon

Normal elbow 7 year old lateral

• Normal anterior fat pad• More than one third of the capitulum lies infront of the anterior humeral line

7 year old xray elbow -ap

• The first three ossification centres are visible• C=capitululm R=radial head I=internal epicondyle T=trochlea (T) has not yet ossified red ring

Wrist AP view:

X ray hand PA view:

Lower limb

Hip X-ray anatomy-Normal AP

Hip joint X-ray anatomy

• Shenton’s line is formed by the medial edge of the femoral neck and the inferior edge of thhe superior pubic ramus• Lost of contour of shenton’s line is a sign of a fractured neck oof

femur• Important:fractures of the femoral neck donot always cause loss of

shenton’s line

Hip X-ray anatomy –Normal lateral

Hip X-ray anatomy –Normal lateral

• The cortex of the proximal femur is intact• The lateral view is often not so clear because those with hip pain find

the positing required difficult

MRI HIP JOINT

Femur :AP view

X-RAY KNEE JOINT –AP VIEW

THE PATELLA IS NOT OFTEN CLEARLY SEEN ON THIS VIEW

KNEE NORMAL :LATERAL(HORIZONTAL BEAM)

KNEE NORMAL :LATERAL(HORIZONTAL BEAM)

• The horizontal beam lateral view is useful for assessing soft tissue as well as bone.• The quadriceps and patellar tendons are visible• Note the normal supra patellar pouch between fat pads above the

patella(asterisks).widening of these fat pads or increased density in this area can indicate a knee joint effusion

BIPARTITE PATELLA:

BIPARTITE PATELLA:

• The patella is bipartite (in two parts)-a common normal variant• Note:injury to the interface of the two components is possible which

may be symptomatic

Knee normal skyline view:

Knee normal skyline view:

• Not usually indicated in the context of trauma• More helpful to assess knee pain due to suspected patellofemoral

compartment osteoarthritis)• Normal patella femoral compartment spacing(arrowheads)

Ultrasound knee joint

MRI –KNEE JOINT

MRI KNEE JOINT

KNEE :FABELLA

KNEE :FABELLA

• A FABELLA IS A NORAMAL SESAMOID BONE OF THE LATERAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS TENDON-NOT TO BE MISTAKEN FOR A FRACTURE OR LOOSE BODY

Ankle anatomy:normal AP ‘mortise’

Ankle anatomy:normal AP ‘mortise’

• The weight bearing portion is formed by the tibial plafond and talar dome• The joint extends into the lateral gutter’(1)and the medial gutter’(2)• The joint is evenly spaced throughout

Ankle bone and ligament anatomy

The ankle is stabilized by multiple ligament is not visible with x-ray