INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Prof Madya Dr. MaRof RedzuanSains Kemasyarakatan dan PembangunanFakulti Ekologi Manusia**

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGICAL QUESTIONS

Why people feel sadWhy people commited suicide?Why people involve themselves in war?Why people become insane?Why you eat, drink, act aggresively, and fall in love?How human beings develop from featus to adulthood?Why human beings behave as they do?And a lot more questions

The interest in studying human beings

The concept of PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHO LOGY:Psyche mindLogos scienceDefinationA science that studies behavior and mental process of an individual.

A Study of Individual Human Being

Main ConceptsScience:Knowledge acquired through scientific methods

Behavior:Any movement of the body (soma)

Mental Process:Mental activities take place in the brainThinking: memorization, perception, reasoning, evaluation, beliefs.Emotion: sadness, happiness, anxiety.Feeling: like, hateMotive: intention

Some mental processes are manifested in forms of behavior.

Mental processBehavior

Mental processes take place in the brainBrain is the most important organ of our body. Every part has specific functions in our life.

Do you understand the meaning of psychology?Science that studies the mental processes an behaviour of an individual. Behavior: bodily movement that can be seen (soma)Mental process: any mental activity that takes place in the brain.

The aims of psychological knowledgeExplainDescribePredictIntervention

Could you explain Psychological phenomena that are happening around you in your everyday life.American soldiers in a stressful conditions during the Gulf War How can psychological knowledge be used to explain this phenomenon?

What We Know About Human BehaviorHuman beings are biological creaturesEvery person is different, yet much the samePeople can be understood fully only in the context of their culture, ethnic identity, and gender identity.Human lives are a continuous of changeBehavior is motivatedHumans are social animalsPeople play an active part in creating their experienceBehavior has multiple causesBehavior can be adaptive and maladaptive

A Brief History of Psychology

A Brief History

History of Psychology

MAIN THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGYStructuralismFunctionalismGestaltPsychoanalysisBehaviorismSocial learningHumanisticCognitiveBiologicalSosiobudayaEvolution

StructuralismFirst school of thought in psychologyMain proponent Wilhelm WundtElaborated by Edward TitchnerStudy the structure of the brainMental structure consisted of several parts such as sense, perception and emotion strukturMain method - introspection

FunctionalismFirst psychological school of thought in America.Against structuralism.Human mental is not inform of blocks Stresses on the function mind in the process of human adaptation in the environment. Perception, emotion, memory, and other mental process have some functions for the survival of human beings. Main proponent - WILLIAM JAMES.What is the different between human being and animals?

Gestalt PsychologySchool of thoueht based on the belief that human consciousness cannot be broken down into elements.Gestalt An organized or unified whole

Gestalt

PsychodinamicsBased originally on Freuds thinking.These theories assume that behavior is due to the interaction of psychological forces, such as unpleasant childhood experiences, unconcious conflicts and unconcious thoughts, attitudes, and emotionsPsikoanalisis sebagai teori dan Psikoanalisis sebagai kaedah terapi

PsychoanalysisPsikoanalisis sebagaiPendekatan terapi

BehaviorismA learning approach that insists on analyzing only observable stimuli and observable responses, giving little attention to mental procesJohn B. WatsonB.F. Skinner

Brutus. F. Skinner

Social Learning Perspecive a learning eprspective that shares behaviorisms interest in looking for principles of learning to explain behavior, but also examines how perceptions, feelings, and thoughts can influence behavior.

Humanistic School of ThoughtExplain behaviors in terms of how people choose to behave and argue that people can grow psychologically, develop their potential, and make rational choice.Rogers: THINK POSITIVE

Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs

Cognitive PerspectiveAn approach to behavior that focuses on thinking processes and information processing, including how people perceive, interpret, and remember information

Sociocultural PerspectivesCross-cultural perspective: An approach that compares the behavior and mental processes of people from various cultures in different countries.Multicultural perspective: an approach that studies various cultural groups within one country.

Evolutionary Psychology PerspectiveEmphasizes the importance of functional purpose and adaptation in explaining why behaviors are formed, are modified, and survive

Biological/ Behavioral Neuroscience PerspectiveViews understanding the brain and nervous system as central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.

Summaries of the theories

Application of Psychological Perspectives

SCOPES AND FIELDS IN SOCIOLOGYTwo areas of Psychology-Basic areas-applied areasBasic areas:NeuropsychologySensation and perceptionLearningCognitionDevelopmentalMotivation and emotionPersonalityApplied areasClinical psychologyCounseling psychologyOrganization and industrial psychologySchool and educational psychologyPsychology of health

Areas of Psychology

Relationship between Psychology and other sciences

Careers for Psychologists

Psychology and Psychiatry

CONCLUSIONSCan you define psychology?Can you describe the main approaches / theories in psychology?Can you describe and differentiate various fields in psychology? Can you differentiate between psychology and psychiatry? What are the functions of psychological knowledge in your field of studies?