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Upland Rice Variety SelectionSelectionTechniques

Presented by M. P. Dhanapala

Course ObjectiveFoster participants to evaluate Upland Rice Varieties (NERICA) to select best adapted for respective countries

Achievement ObjectivesAcquire fundamental knowledge in

1. Theory and Practice of Cultivation and Management of upland rice

2. Varietal evaluation and selection3. Purity maintenance and multiplication of seed

paddy 4. Prepare Action Plan for Rice Varietal Selection

Training ProcessLectures: Theory and ConceptsPractices: Learn by doingStudy tours: How it is happening

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Field Program in IRRIUpland rice system in AfricaDevelopment of IRRI upland rice varietiesCrop establishment methods for upland riceUpland rice management practicesUpland rice based cropping systemsFactors affecting adoption of improved varieties by farmersRainfed upland rice, aerobic rice and NERICAFarm equipment / tool and land preparationScreening for drought tolerance and disease resistance Identifying target upland rice environment INGER and germplasm exchangeFarmer participatory varietal selectionReview of Action Plan

Few NERICA Accessions

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Rice Blast Disease Screening

Close Examination of Disease Symptoms

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Variety Evaluation

Variety Evaluation

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Field Data Collection

Verification of Data

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Sampling for Yield Component analysis

Samples transported to laboratories

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Yield Component Analysis

Yield Component analysis

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Grain yield and other characteristics - 2008Variety Duration (d) Panicles/m2 Grain weight Yield (t/ha)

NERICA 2 122 225 20.1 5.16NERICA 3 125 291 23.4 6.14NERICA 4 128 264 24.1 5.62 NERICA 5* 130 219 20.9 5.82NERICA 7 127 192 26.3 5.60NERICA 10 125 252 23.4 3.97NERICA 14 121 241 24.1 5.30NERICA 16 121 232 24.5 5.12Yumenohatamochi 131 307 24.2 4.99

LSD (0.05) 41 1.0 1.34

NERICA 1 late** 202 ---- ----NERICA 6 late** 311 ---- ----

* already withdrawn from the NERICA list of cultivars** 3 to 4 weeks late

Basic Seed Production

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IRRI Gene Bank

Machineries for Small Scale Farming - IRRI

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Participatory Varietal Selection

Progress of Training

Country No. of participants

Benin 2Ethiopia 2Gambia 1Ghana 1Kenya 2Malawi 4Mozambique 2Nigeria 2Sierra Leone 1Tanzania 6Uganda 3Zimbabwe 4

Updated: Dec. 2008

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NERICA Staff -TBICMr. TAKADA, Hiroyuki (Director – Training)Ms. SONOYAMA, Yuka (Asst. Director)

Technical AdvisorsDr. SHOHARA, Ken-ichiro (Plant Pathology)Dr. YAMADA, Mitate (Soil and Fertilizer)Dr. DHANAPALA, M. P. (Plant Breeding)Mr. TAKAMA, Hidetoshi (Agric. Economics)

InstructorsMr. KOJIMA, Nobuki (Upland Rice Variety Selection Techniques)Mr. TOSHIMITSU, Kozo (Upland Rice Variety Selection Techniques)

Field TechniciansMr. YAGUCHI, Akio Mr. SHIMOMURA, ShuichiMr. HORIBE, Sadauki

Onaga Geoffry - Uganda

Thank You

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Rice Culture of Sri LankaM. P. Dhanapala

Sri LankaSri Lanka, is one of the smallest of the South Asian nations, 29 km southeast of India across the Palk Strait in the Indian Ocean. Sri Lanka was not the name by which the island was always known. The Greeks and Romans knew it as Taprobane, the Arabian sailors as Serendib, the early Europeans in Asia as Zeilan or Seilan,the Portuguese as Ceylao, and the British as Ceylon. The Island nation has also been referred to as "The Pearl of the Indian Ocean".

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Pliny’s Taprobane:"a land 'banished by nature outside the world' and hence free of the vices (wickedness) that plague other countries"

In Taprobane:"nobody kept a slave, everybody got up at sunrise and nobody took a siesta (nap) in the middle of the day; their buildings were only of moderate height; the price of grain was never inflated; there were no law courts and no litigation ... [and] the king was elected by the people on the grounds of age and gentleness of disposition and as having no children, and if he afterwards had a child, he was deposed, to prevent the monarchy from becoming hereditary." James S. Romm. Ultima Thule and Beyond, 30:133

Lanka, Taprobane or Serendib

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The early inhabitants of Sri Lanka

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Cultural Heritage - Anuradhapura

Cultural Heritage - Sigiriya

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Cultural Heritage - Polonnaruwa

Lord Buddha – Parinirvana

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Irrigation schemes – an inherent treasure

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The Last Kingdom - Kandy

Cultural Events

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Cottage Industries

Fisheries Industry

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Ceylon Tea – Most Important Crop

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Natural Rubber – Second Important Crop

Coconut – The Third Important Crop

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Rice – The major staple

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Wild and domesticated rice phenotypes

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Rice Eco-systems

Deep water Rice

Rain-fed Lowland

Rain-fed Upland

Irrigated lowland37 m ha

19 m ha 10 m ha

Irrigated Lowland81 m ha

Bimodal rainfall

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Rice facts – Sri Lanka

Total paddy land extent: 0.77 m haIrrigated extent: 35%Cultivation seasons: 2 (Maha, Yala)Cropping intensity: 113%Average Yield: 3.7t/ha (rough rice)

Testing newly bred lines of rice Rice Research and Development

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Breeder’s Seed Production Plot

Breeder’s Seed Production Plot

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Animal Power in Agriculture

Land Preparation

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Water buffalo – most widely used animal power

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Plowing – usually 2 to 3 times

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Plowing by small tractor

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Tillage by tractor – too expensive

Manual tillage is not uncommon

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Cleaning and Plastering Bunds

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Rice Straw - Organic Manure

Burning Straw – Not Approved

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Second Plowing

Leveling

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Draining water for seeding

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Rice Seed

Germinating seed

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Direct Seeding – Puddled lowland

Direct Seeding – Rainfed lowland

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Seedling Development

Uprooted Seedlings in the Nursery

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Transplanting - Manual

Rodents – a major pest in rice cultivation

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Nutrients lead to high yield

Macro NutrientsNitrogen (N)Phosphorous (P)Potassium (K)

Micro nutrientsZn, S

Organic manureSoil physical, chemical and biological propertiesSoil Colloids and Cation Exchange Capacity

N P K

Pest control – Paddy bug

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Pest control – leaf folding and rolling caterpillars

Brown Planthopper Control

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Sampling Insect Population for IPM

Granular Insecticides Application

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Harvesting

Harvesting

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Harvesting & Transport

Stacking

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Stacking

Threshing

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Threshing

Threshing

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Threshing

Drying for Winnowing

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Drying for Winnowing

Winnowing

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Winnowing

Winnowing

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Storage of Paddy

Parboiling for milling

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Brown Rice

White Rice

Parboiled Rice

Rice in the Market

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Rice Statistics

Population： 20 millionAnnual per capita consumption: 105 kgTotal requirement: 2.1 m tons (milled rice)Total production: 1.8 m tons (milled rice)Annual deficit: 0.3 m tons

Self sufficiency is a goal far and away

Thank you