updates in treating hypertension...8/19/2016 1 cindy weston, dnp, rn, ccrn, cns‐cc, fnp‐bc...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BCAssistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science CenterCollege of Nursing
Describe and define epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension
Differentiate JNC8 and the SPRINT Trial recommendations in the treatment of hypertension
Review pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic treatments for hypertension
Outline the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety issues in the categories of antihypertensive medications
Apply current evidence and guidelines to the appropriate prescription of antihypertensive medications
No Conflicts
“I struggled with everything cardiac in nursing school.”
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Booth, J. (1977). Section of the history of medicine. Procedures from the Royal Society of Medicine, 70, 793‐799.
• 28.6% US adults > 18 year old
• 6% undiagnosed
• 47.5% Uncontrolled
• Health disparity‐ black women• Overall Death rate: 18.8 per 1000 per year
• Cost = $46.4 Billion$274 billion
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014; 129(3):e28‐e292. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/12/18/01.cir .0000441139.02102.80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80.
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Whelton, P. et al. (2003). Primary prevention of hypertension. JAMA, 288(15), 1882‐1888.
HDS‐4 Increase the proportion of adults who have had their blood pressure measured within the preceding 2 years and can state whether their blood pressure was normal or high
HDS‐5 Reduce the proportion of persons in the population with hypertension
HDS‐9 Increase the proportion of adults with prehypertension who meet the recommended guidelines
HDS‐10 Increase the proportion of adults with hypertension who meet the recommended guidelines
HDS‐11 Increase the proportion of adults with hypertension who are taking the prescribed medications to lower their blood pressure
HDS‐12 Increase the proportion of adults with hypertension whose blood pressure is under control
HDS‐25 Increase the proportion of patients with hypertension in clinical health systems whose blood pressure is under control
https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics‐objectives/topic/heart‐disease‐and‐stroke/objectives
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Blood Pressure Lipids
Mediterranean(low evidence)
If DM or 3 risk factors < 6‐7/2‐3 mmHgHealthy < 2‐3/1‐2 mmHg
No change
DASH(high evidence)
< 5‐6/3 mmHg < LDL 11mg/dL< HDL 4 mg/dLNo change TG
Reduce dietarySodium(high evidence)
Lowers BP
1150mg/d < 3‐4/1‐2 mmHg
No change
Exercise < 2‐5/1‐4 mmHg(high evidence)
< LDL 2.5 mg/dL< non‐HDL 6 mg/dLNo change TGNo change HDL(moderate evidence)
EXERCISE: at least 12 weeks duration, 3 to 4 sessions per week, lasting on average 40 minutes per session, and involving moderate‐ to vigorous intensity physical activity. Strength of evidence: High
Eckel, R.H.. et al. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk. Circulation.
Whelton, P. et al. (2003). Primary prevention of hypertension. JAMA, 288(15), 1882‐1888.
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Diuretics
ACEI: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Beta Blockers
Alpha Blockers
Central Acting
Vasodilators
Potassium Channel Activators
Diuretics
Drug Class Drug Dose Interval
Benzophenone Chlorthalidone(Hygroton)
12.5‐25mg Daily
Benzothiadiazine HCTZ 12.5‐50mg Daily
Indapamide(Lozol)
1.25‐2.5mg Daily
Quinazolinones Metolazone(Zaroxolyn)
2.5‐10mg Daily
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ACEIsARBs
Aldosterone Antagonist
Renin Inhibitor
Captopril (Capoten)
Lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Ramipril (Altace)
Fosinopril (Monopril)
Benazepril (Lotensin)
Quinapril (Accupril)
Trandolapril (Mavik)
Perindopril (Aceon)
Losartan (Cozaar)
Candesartan (Atacand)
Valsartan (Diovan)
Telmisartan (Micardis)
Irbesartan (Avapro)
Omesartan (Benicar)
Eprosartan (Teveten)
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Aliskiren (Tekturna)
CYP3A4!
Avoid grapefruit juice, ‐azoles
DihydropyridinesAmlodipine (Norvasc)
Felodipine (Plendil)
Isradipine (DynaCirc)
Nifedipine (Procardia XL, Adalat CC)
Nisoldipine (Sular)
Non‐dihydropyridinesVerapamil (Isoptin, Calan)
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor)
Avoid grapefruit juice
Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol)
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Bisoprolol (Zebeta)
Esmolol (Brevibloc)
Carvedilol (Coreg)
Propranolol (Inderal)
Labetalol (Trandate)
Nadolol (Corgard)
Nebivolol (Bystolic)
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Terazosin (Hytrin)
Prazosin (Minipress)
Doxazosin (Cardura)
Phentolamine (Regitine)
Clonidine
Methyldopa
Hydralazine
Sodium Nitroprusside
Minoxidil (Loniten)
Diazoxide (Proglycem)
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• 1977 – JNC 1 • 1980 – JNC 2 • 1984 – JNC 3 • 1988 – JNC 4 • 1993 – JNC 5 • 1997 – JNC 6 • 2003 – JNC 7 (delayed wait for ALLHAT) • 2014 – JNC 8
• AHA/ACC/CDC advisory algorithm 2013
• ASH/ISH 2013• Canadian 2011 • British 2012 • European 2013
Chopra, . & Nanda, N. (2013). Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
Study Yr n Criteria Result Conclusion
HOTHypertension Optimization Treatment Study
1998 18,790Age 50‐80HTN‐ DBP 100‐115
3 groups:DBP < 80DBP <85 DBP < 90All received Felodipine +
Lowest CV event DBP = 82.6 mmHg, Lowest mortality DBP = 86.5 mmHg
DBP < 90 mmHg
ALLHATAntihypertensive and Lipid‐lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial
2002 33,357HTN + 1 risk factor (1/3 DM)
4 groups:ChlorthalidoneLisinoprilAmlodipineDoxazosin **stopped CHF/Stroke
No difference in primary outcome or mortality
No difference in CV event or stroke
ACCOMPLISHAvoiding Cardiovascular events through Combination therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension
2008 11,000HTN, High CV risk
2 groups:Benazepril + AmlodipineBenazepril + HCTZ
Less CV events (9.6 % vs 11.8%) with ACEI/CCB combo
ACEI/CCB combo in thin, high risk
HYVETHypertension in the Very Elderly Trial
2008 3,84580+ years old
2 groupsIndapamide SRPlacebo
Lower BP associated with risk reduction
ACCORDAction to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
2010 4,73360 year oldDM II x 10 yrs with CAD or 2+ RF
2 groupsGoal SBP < 140 mmHgGoal SBP < 120 mmHg
No difference in CV events
Small decrease in stroke with intensive control group
AASKAfrican American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Trial
2010 1,094Black, HTN, nephrosclerosis, NO DM
3 groupsMetoprololRamiprilAmlodipine
No difference in GFR BUT ACEI more effective in slowing decline of GFR than BB or CCB
ACEI best, Lower BP may be benefit with proteinuria
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BP Classification
TreatmentAge
JNC 7 JNC 8
Normal ‐ ≤120/80 ‐
PreHTN‐
120‐13980‐89
‐
Stage 1 ≥18 140‐15990‐99
‐
Stage 2 ≥18 ≥160≥100
‐
HTN <60≥60
‐ 140/90150/90
DMRD
≥18 130/80 140/90 E
BP Goal JNC‐72004
JNC‐82014
ASH/ISH2013
ESC/ESH2013
CHEP2013
Age < 60 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90
Age 60‐79 <140/90 <150/90 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90
Age 80+ <140/90 <150/90 <150/90 <150/90 <150/90
Diabetes <130/80 <140/90 <140/90 <140/85 <130/80
CKD <130/80 <140/90 <140/90 <130/90 <140/90
Salvo, M. & White, C.M. (2014). Reconciling multiple hypertension guidelines to promote effective clinical practice. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(9), 1242‐1248.
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JNC‐72004
JNC‐82014
ASH/ISH2013
ESC/ESH2013
CHEP2013
Non‐blackNo DM/CKD
Thiazide Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB
< 60 ACEI, ARB> 60 CCB, Thiazide
Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB
Thiazide, ACEI, ARB (BB if < 60)
BlackNo DM/CKD
Thiazide ThiazideCCB
ThiazideCCB
Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB
Thiazide, ARB (BB if < 60)
DiabetesWithout CKD
ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB, Thiazide
Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB
ACEI, ARB, CCB, Thiazide
ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB, CCB, Thiazide
CKD ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB
Salvo, M. & White, C.M. (2014). Reconciling multiple hypertension guidelines to promote effective clinical practice. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(9), 1242‐1248.
Prospective Randomized Trial
Intensive BP control
N= 9361
2 GROUPS= goal SBP < 120 vs SBP < 140
Overall mortality decreased 27%
4‐5 agents to achieve goal
Increased side effects, orthostasis, low K+, CrCl
No DM! No frail elderly
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Rest 5 minutes
Took 3 readings at 2 minute intervals
Omron 907XL
$ 400‐700Correlated with ambulatory BP measurements
NSAID use
Belief System
Medication Adherence
Medication Affordability
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Home Blood Pressure Monitoring
Self‐Titration
Patient Selection
BP Goals: < 140/90 vs < 120/80
Automated Office BPs
Patient Centered Care
Self Titration in select populations
Facilitate healthy lifestyle modification
QUESTIONS??
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• Eckel, RH, et al. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk, Circulation.
• Salvo, M. & White CM (2014). Reconciling multiple hypertension guidelines to promote effective clinical practice. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(9), 1242‐1248.
• Egan, B., Li, J., Hutchison, F. & Ferdinand, K. (2014). Hypertension in the United States 1999‐2012: Progress toward Healthy People 2020 Goals. Circulation.
• Caboral‐Stevens, M. & Rosario‐Sim, M. (2014). Review of the Joint National Committee’s recommendations in the management of hypertension. JPN, 10(5), 325‐330.
• James, P. et al. (2014). 2014 Evidence‐based guideline management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the eighth Joint National Committee (JNC8). JAMA, 311(5), 507‐520.
• Wright, JT, et al. (2015). A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood‐pressure control. NEJM 373, 2103‐2116.
• Leung AA, et al. Hypertension Canada’s 2016 CHEP Guidelines for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention and treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2016; 32:569–588.
• Healthy People 2020 – Heart Disease and Stroke. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics‐objectives/topic/heart‐disease‐and‐stroke/objectives. Accessed August 16, 2016.
• Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014; 129(3):e28‐e292.
• Whelton, P. et al. (2003). Primary prevention of hypertension. JAMA, 288(15), 1882‐1888.
• Chopra, . & Nanda, N. (2013). Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
• Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al; HYVET Study Group. (2008). Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. NEJM;358(18):1887‐189B.
• Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; (2010). ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood‐pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. NEJM;362(17):1575‐1585.
• Chobanian AV. Bakris GL. Black HR, et al;
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; (2003). National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 289(19):256O‐2572.