updates in treating hypertension...8/19/2016 1 cindy weston, dnp, rn, ccrn, cns‐cc, fnp‐bc...

14
8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNSCC, FNPBC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and define epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension Differentiate JNC8 and the SPRINT Trial recommendations in the treatment of hypertension Review pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for hypertension Outline the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety issues in the categories of antihypertensive medications Apply current evidence and guidelines to the appropriate prescription of antihypertensive medications No Conflicts I struggled with everything cardiac in nursing school.

Upload: others

Post on 10-Jul-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

1

Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BCAssistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science CenterCollege of Nursing

Describe and define epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension

Differentiate JNC8 and the SPRINT Trial recommendations in the treatment of hypertension

Review pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic treatments for hypertension

Outline the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety issues in the categories of antihypertensive medications

Apply current evidence and guidelines to the appropriate prescription of antihypertensive medications

No Conflicts

“I struggled with everything cardiac in nursing school.”

Page 2: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

2

Booth, J. (1977).  Section of the history of medicine. Procedures from the Royal Society of Medicine, 70, 793‐799.

• 28.6% US adults > 18 year old

• 6% undiagnosed

• 47.5% Uncontrolled

• Health disparity‐ black women• Overall Death rate: 18.8 per 1000 per year

• Cost = $46.4 Billion$274 billion

Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014; 129(3):e28‐e292. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/12/18/01.cir .0000441139.02102.80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80.

Page 3: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

3

Whelton, P. et al. (2003). Primary prevention of hypertension.  JAMA, 288(15), 1882‐1888.

HDS‐4 Increase the proportion of adults who have had their blood pressure measured within the preceding 2 years and can state whether their blood pressure was normal or high

HDS‐5 Reduce the proportion of persons in the population with hypertension

HDS‐9 Increase the proportion of adults with prehypertension who meet the recommended guidelines

HDS‐10 Increase the proportion of adults with hypertension who meet the recommended guidelines

HDS‐11 Increase the proportion of adults with hypertension who are taking the prescribed medications to lower their blood pressure

HDS‐12 Increase the proportion of adults with hypertension whose blood pressure is under control

HDS‐25 Increase the proportion of patients with hypertension in clinical health systems whose blood pressure is under control

https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics‐objectives/topic/heart‐disease‐and‐stroke/objectives

Page 4: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

4

Blood Pressure Lipids

Mediterranean(low evidence)

If DM or 3 risk factors < 6‐7/2‐3 mmHgHealthy < 2‐3/1‐2 mmHg

No change

DASH(high evidence)

< 5‐6/3 mmHg < LDL 11mg/dL< HDL 4 mg/dLNo change TG

Reduce dietarySodium(high evidence)

Lowers BP

1150mg/d   < 3‐4/1‐2 mmHg

No change

Exercise < 2‐5/1‐4 mmHg(high evidence)

< LDL 2.5 mg/dL< non‐HDL 6 mg/dLNo change TGNo change HDL(moderate evidence)

EXERCISE: at least 12 weeks duration, 3 to 4 sessions per week, lasting on average 40 minutes per session, and involving moderate‐ to vigorous intensity physical activity. Strength of evidence: High 

Eckel, R.H.. et al. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk. Circulation.

Whelton, P. et al. (2003). Primary prevention of hypertension.  JAMA, 288(15), 1882‐1888.

Page 5: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

5

Diuretics

ACEI: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blockers

Calcium Channel Blockers

Beta Blockers

Alpha Blockers

Central Acting

Vasodilators

Potassium Channel Activators

Diuretics

Drug Class Drug Dose Interval

Benzophenone Chlorthalidone(Hygroton)

12.5‐25mg Daily

Benzothiadiazine HCTZ 12.5‐50mg Daily

Indapamide(Lozol)

1.25‐2.5mg Daily

Quinazolinones Metolazone(Zaroxolyn)

2.5‐10mg Daily

Page 6: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

6

ACEIsARBs

Aldosterone Antagonist

Renin Inhibitor

Captopril (Capoten)

Lisinopril  (Zestril, Prinivil)

Enalapril (Vasotec)

Ramipril  (Altace)

Fosinopril (Monopril)

Benazepril  (Lotensin)

Quinapril  (Accupril)

Trandolapril (Mavik)

Perindopril  (Aceon)

Losartan  (Cozaar)

Candesartan  (Atacand)

Valsartan  (Diovan)

Telmisartan (Micardis)

Irbesartan (Avapro)

Omesartan (Benicar)

Eprosartan (Teveten)

Page 7: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

7

Aliskiren (Tekturna)

CYP3A4!

Avoid grapefruit juice, ‐azoles

DihydropyridinesAmlodipine  (Norvasc)

Felodipine (Plendil)

Isradipine (DynaCirc)

Nifedipine (Procardia XL, Adalat CC)

Nisoldipine (Sular)

Non‐dihydropyridinesVerapamil  (Isoptin, Calan)

Diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor)

Avoid grapefruit juice

Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol)

Atenolol  (Tenormin)

Bisoprolol (Zebeta)

Esmolol (Brevibloc)

Carvedilol  (Coreg)

Propranolol  (Inderal)

Labetalol  (Trandate)

Nadolol (Corgard)

Nebivolol (Bystolic)

Page 8: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

8

Terazosin  (Hytrin)

Prazosin  (Minipress)

Doxazosin  (Cardura)

Phentolamine (Regitine)

Clonidine

Methyldopa

Hydralazine

Sodium Nitroprusside

Minoxidil (Loniten)

Diazoxide (Proglycem)

Page 9: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

9

• 1977 – JNC 1 • 1980 – JNC 2 • 1984 – JNC 3 • 1988 – JNC 4 • 1993 – JNC 5 • 1997 – JNC 6 • 2003 – JNC 7 (delayed wait for ALLHAT) • 2014 – JNC 8

• AHA/ACC/CDC advisory algorithm 2013

• ASH/ISH 2013• Canadian 2011 • British 2012 • European 2013

Chopra, . & Nanda, N. (2013). Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.

Study Yr n Criteria Result Conclusion

HOTHypertension Optimization Treatment Study

1998 18,790Age 50‐80HTN‐ DBP 100‐115

3 groups:DBP < 80DBP  <85 DBP  < 90All received Felodipine +

Lowest CV event DBP = 82.6 mmHg, Lowest mortality DBP = 86.5 mmHg

DBP < 90 mmHg

ALLHATAntihypertensive and Lipid‐lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial

2002 33,357HTN + 1 risk factor  (1/3 DM)

4 groups:ChlorthalidoneLisinoprilAmlodipineDoxazosin **stopped CHF/Stroke

No difference in primary outcome or mortality

No difference in CV event or stroke

ACCOMPLISHAvoiding Cardiovascular events through Combination therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension

2008 11,000HTN, High CV risk

2 groups:Benazepril + AmlodipineBenazepril + HCTZ

Less CV events (9.6 % vs 11.8%) with ACEI/CCB combo

ACEI/CCB combo in thin, high risk

HYVETHypertension in the Very Elderly Trial

2008 3,84580+ years old

2 groupsIndapamide SRPlacebo

Lower BP associated with risk reduction

ACCORDAction to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes

2010 4,73360 year oldDM II x 10 yrs with CAD or 2+ RF

2 groupsGoal SBP < 140 mmHgGoal SBP < 120 mmHg

No difference in CV events

Small decrease in stroke with intensive control group

AASKAfrican American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Trial

2010 1,094Black, HTN, nephrosclerosis, NO DM

3 groupsMetoprololRamiprilAmlodipine

No difference in GFR BUT ACEI more effective in slowing decline of GFR than BB or CCB

ACEI best, Lower BP may be benefit with proteinuria

Page 10: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

10

BP Classification

TreatmentAge

JNC 7 JNC 8

Normal ‐ ≤120/80 ‐

PreHTN‐

120‐13980‐89

Stage 1 ≥18 140‐15990‐99

Stage 2 ≥18 ≥160≥100

HTN <60≥60

‐ 140/90150/90

DMRD

≥18 130/80 140/90 E

BP Goal JNC‐72004

JNC‐82014

ASH/ISH2013

ESC/ESH2013

CHEP2013

Age < 60 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90

Age 60‐79 <140/90 <150/90 <140/90 <140/90 <140/90

Age 80+ <140/90 <150/90 <150/90 <150/90 <150/90

Diabetes <130/80 <140/90 <140/90 <140/85 <130/80

CKD <130/80 <140/90 <140/90 <130/90 <140/90

Salvo, M. & White, C.M. (2014). Reconciling multiple hypertension guidelines to promote effective clinical practice. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(9), 1242‐1248.

Page 11: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

11

JNC‐72004

JNC‐82014

ASH/ISH2013

ESC/ESH2013

CHEP2013

Non‐blackNo DM/CKD

Thiazide Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB

< 60 ACEI, ARB> 60 CCB, Thiazide

Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB

Thiazide, ACEI, ARB (BB if < 60)

BlackNo DM/CKD

Thiazide ThiazideCCB

ThiazideCCB

Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB

Thiazide, ARB (BB if < 60)

DiabetesWithout CKD

ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB, Thiazide

Thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB

ACEI, ARB, CCB, Thiazide

ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB, CCB, Thiazide

CKD ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB ACEI, ARB

Salvo, M. & White, C.M. (2014). Reconciling multiple hypertension guidelines to promote effective clinical practice. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(9), 1242‐1248.

Prospective Randomized Trial

Intensive BP control

N= 9361

2 GROUPS= goal SBP < 120  vs SBP < 140

Overall mortality decreased 27%

4‐5 agents to achieve goal

Increased side effects, orthostasis, low K+, CrCl

No DM!  No frail elderly

Page 12: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

12

Rest 5 minutes

Took 3 readings at 2 minute intervals

Omron 907XL 

$ 400‐700Correlated with ambulatory BP measurements

NSAID use

Belief System

Medication Adherence

Medication Affordability

Page 13: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

13

Home Blood Pressure Monitoring

Self‐Titration

Patient Selection

BP Goals: < 140/90  vs < 120/80

Automated Office BPs

Patient Centered Care

Self Titration in select populations

Facilitate healthy lifestyle modification

QUESTIONS??

Page 14: Updates in treating Hypertension...8/19/2016 1 Cindy Weston, DNP, RN, CCRN, CNS‐CC, FNP‐BC Assistant Professor, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Nursing Describe and

8/19/2016

14

• Eckel, RH, et al. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk, Circulation.

• Salvo, M. & White CM (2014). Reconciling multiple hypertension guidelines to promote effective clinical practice. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(9), 1242‐1248.

• Egan, B., Li, J., Hutchison, F. & Ferdinand, K. (2014). Hypertension in the United States 1999‐2012: Progress toward Healthy People 2020 Goals.  Circulation. 

• Caboral‐Stevens, M. & Rosario‐Sim, M. (2014). Review of the Joint National Committee’s recommendations in the management of hypertension. JPN, 10(5), 325‐330.

• James, P. et al. (2014). 2014 Evidence‐based guideline management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the eighth Joint National Committee (JNC8).  JAMA, 311(5), 507‐520.  

• Wright, JT, et al. (2015). A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood‐pressure control. NEJM 373, 2103‐2116. 

• Leung AA, et al. Hypertension Canada’s 2016 CHEP Guidelines for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention and treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2016; 32:569–588.

• Healthy People 2020 – Heart Disease and Stroke. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics‐objectives/topic/heart‐disease‐and‐stroke/objectives. Accessed August 16, 2016.

• Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014; 129(3):e28‐e292. 

• Whelton, P. et al. (2003). Primary prevention of hypertension.  JAMA, 288(15), 1882‐1888.

• Chopra, . & Nanda, N. (2013). Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 

• Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al; HYVET Study Group. (2008). Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. NEJM;358(18):1887‐189B.

• Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; (2010). ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood‐pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. NEJM;362(17):1575‐1585.

• Chobanian AV. Bakris GL. Black HR, et al;

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; (2003). National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 289(19):256O‐2572.