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2/15/2019 1 When to Intervene in Chronic Valvular Heart Disease 2019 Costal Cardiac and Vascular Conference Thomas M. Bashore MD Professor of Medicine Senior Vice Chief, Duke Medical Center No Disclosures Duke Heart Center Outline Overview‐ including percutaneous and surgical interventions The Stenotic Lesions Aortic Stenosis Bicuspid aortic valve Associated Ascending Aneurysm Calcific AS Mitral Stenosis Tricuspid Stenosis The Regurgitant Lesions A lesson in pressure‐volume relationships, the EF and guidelines Aortic Regurgitation Mitral Regurgitation Tricuspid Regurgitation Summary 2 Duke Heart Center Mantra on When to Intervene Stenotic Valve Lesions Intervene for Symptoms and Occasionally Severity Change in 2014 Guidelines‐ Gradients not used to define severity of lesions in most situations. Emphasis on calculated valve areas, valve appearance, LV filling rates Update in 2017‐ incorporated evolving TAVR indications Look for reason to intervene even in asymptomatic AS Regurgitant Valve Lesions Don’t Wait on Symptoms Intervene for any Evidence of Ventricular Dysfunction when due to significant regurgitation Change in 2014 Guidelines‐ attempt made to better define regurgitation severity. Update in 2017‐ look for any reason to intervene 2014 AHA/ACC Valve Guidelines JACC 2014;63:e57-185 JACC 2017;70:252

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Page 1: UPDATED v2-Mitral Valve Disease - When to Intervene · Mitral Stenosis Mitral Regurg Tricuspid Regurg Reduced Stroke Volume (SVI

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1

When to Intervene in Chronic Valvular Heart 

Disease

2019

Costal Cardiac and Vascular Conference

Thomas M. Bashore MD

Professor of Medicine

Senior Vice Chief, Duke Medical CenterNo Disclosures

Duke Heart Center

Outline

• Overview‐ including percutaneous and surgical interventions

• The Stenotic Lesions– Aortic Stenosis

• Bicuspid aortic valve– Associated Ascending Aneurysm

• Calcific AS

– Mitral Stenosis– Tricuspid Stenosis

• The Regurgitant Lesions– A lesson in pressure‐volume relationships, the EF and guidelines– Aortic Regurgitation– Mitral Regurgitation– Tricuspid Regurgitation

• Summary

2

Duke Heart Center

Mantra on When to Intervene

• Stenotic Valve Lesions– Intervene for Symptoms and Occasionally Severity – Change in 2014 Guidelines‐ Gradients not used to define 

severity of lesions in most situations. Emphasis on calculated valve areas, valve appearance, LV filling rates

– Update in 2017‐ incorporated evolving TAVR indications– Look for reason to intervene even in asymptomatic AS

• Regurgitant Valve Lesions– Don’t Wait on Symptoms– Intervene for any Evidence of Ventricular Dysfunction  when 

due to significant regurgitation– Change in 2014 Guidelines‐ attempt made to better define 

regurgitation severity.– Update in 2017‐ look for any reason to intervene

2014 AHA/ACC Valve Guidelines JACC 2014;63:e57-185 JACC 2017;70:252

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Duke Heart Center

Summary of the Classic“Significant or Severe” Gradients

• AS ‐ mean >40 mmHg 

AVA <1.0 cm2

• MS ‐ mean >10 mmHg

MVA <1.5 cm2

• TS‐ mean >5 mmHg

Bonow RO et al JACC 2006;48:e1

Duke Heart Center

Aortic Valve Pathology

From The Visible Heart. Medtronic, Inc. , Demo version, 2000

From www.yale.med.edu

Bicuspid Valve

Calcific AS

Duke Heart Center

It’s Not Just the Bicuspid ValveAscending Aneurysm in 50%

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Duke Heart Center

The Root of the Problem(Or the Problem of the Root)

The Aortic Wall and a Mattress MMPs are like a Bad Dog

MMPSmooth Muscle

Elastin and Collagen

Fibrillin

Loss of fibrillin detaches smoothmuscle cells and turns on MMPs that

chew up the aortic wall.

Duke Heart Center

The Aortic Rootin Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease

Possible Role for ARBs and Statins Has Faded

Normal Aortic Aneurysm in BAV

Fedak PWM et al Circulation 2002;106:900

Duke Heart Center

Complications from Ascending Aneurysm in Bicuspid AV Patients

Ascending Aneurysm

J Thorac CV Surg 1997;113:476

Both Genetic and HemodynamicForces Likely Contribute

NEJM 2014;370:1920

Right‐left fusion

Right‐NC fusion

Also morecommon withcoarctation

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Duke Heart Center

When to Operate on the Aortic Rootin Bicuspid Aortic Valve Patients

• Max. aortic diameter >5.5 cm at sinuses or ascending aorta regardless of need for AVR

• Aortic diameter >5.0 cm associated with risk factors:– Expansion rate >0.5 cm/year– Family history of dissection

• Aortic diameter >4.5 cm if AVR the reason for operation

JACC 2016;67:724

Duke Heart Center

Severe AS by Noninvasive Parameters

• AVA <1.0 cm2

– Peak instantaneous velocity >4.0 m/sec

– Mean gradient >40 mmHg– Dimensionless index <25%

LVOT

Peak velocities

2014 AHA/ACC Valve Guidelines JACC 2014;63:e57-185

Duke Heart Center

2014 AS GuidelinesSyndromes of Severe AS

Severe AS= abnormal systolic opening of the aortic valve with AVA ≤ 1.0 cm2

– High gradient Severe AS• ≥4.0 m/sec Doppler jet velocity• Mean gradient ≥40 mmHg

– Supersevere high gradient AS• ≥5.0 m/sec jet• Mean gradient ≥55 mmHg

– Low flow/low gradient AS with reduced LVEF (<50%)

– Low flow/low gradient AS with normal LVEF (>50%)

• Operate for symptoms and certain situations when asymptomatic

2014 AHA/ACC Valve Guidelines JACC 2014;63:e57-185

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Duke Heart Center

The Risk of Waiting InAsymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis

Pellikka et al Circulation;2005:111:3290

Years

Su

rviv

al f

ree

of

sym

pto

ms

(%)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

100

60

20

0

80

40

At 5 yrs72% with symptoms or died

Duke Heart Center

Event‐free Survival  in Asymptomatic AS and the Amount of Aortic Valve Calcium

Rosenhek R, et al. NEJM 2000;343:611

2017 European Guidelines suggest quantitating this with CT

Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739

Duke Heart Center

Event‐Free Survival in Asymptomatic AS and the Doppler Aortic Gradient

Eve

nt-

fre

e s

urv

iva

l

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

0.012 24 36 48 60

Time from enrollment (months)

>4 m/s

(>64 mmHg)

<3.0 m/s (< 36 mmHg)

3.0 – 4.0 m/s

(36-64 mmHg)

From Otto CM, et. al. Circulation 1997;95:2262. From Rosenhek R, et al. NEJM 2000;343:611

Rate of Change Important

>0.3 m/sec over a year

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Duke Heart Center

Use of BNP in Asymptomatic AS

Monin J‐L et al Circulation 2009;120:69‐75

107 patients followed for 2 years

Duke Heart Center

Evolving Role of BNP in Asymptomatic AS

Monin J‐L et al Circulation 2009;120:69‐75

107 patients followed for 2 years

Duke Heart Center

2017 Valvular GuidelinesSevere Aortic Stenosis (Updated)

Class LOE

Severe AS with symptoms 1 A

High risk symptomatic AS suitable for TAVR, but heart team favors AVR 1 A

“ASYMPTOMATIC” GROUPS

Even Asymptomatic severe AS if undergoing other cardiac surgery 1 B

Even Asymptomatic severe AS with reduced LVEF <50% due to AS 1 C

Asymptomatic severe AS with symptoms on stress test 1 C

Asymptomatic severe AS with fall in BP on stress test or decreased exercise tolerance

2a C

Asymptomatic super severe AS ( peak > 5.0 m/sec; mean >55) or severe valve calcium and rapid rate of gradient increase (>0.3 m/sec/year)

2a B

Severe AS and 3 x normal BNP 2b C

Severe AS and pulmonary hypertension at rest (peak >60 mmHg) 2a  C

European Guidelines Only Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739 JACC 2017;70:252

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Duke Heart Center

Low Gradient, Low Output ASwith Poor LVEF

LVgram

Duke Heart Center

Dobutamine Challenge in Low Gradient/Low Output  Poor LV AS

Baseline 20 mcg/kg/min 40 mcg/kg/min

LV

Ao

Positive Response:  No real change in AVA despite increased gradient.  Contractile Reserve present if SV increases by 20% (now questioned)

JACC 2017;70:252

Duke Heart Center

Low Flow/Low Gradient/Low EFSevere AS

Class LOE

AVR for symptomatic low flow/low gradient low EF (stage D2)  AS if dobutamine stress can demonstrate aortic velocity >4.0 m/sec (or mean gradient >40 mmHg) with AVA of  <1.0 cm2 (This is now a Class I indication in ESC Guidelines)

2a (1) C (B)

AVR for symptomatic low flow/low gradient/ low EF without flow reserve especially if CT calcium scoring high

2a C

European Guidelines only JACC 2014;63:e57-185Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739

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Duke Heart Center

Recent Data Regarding TAVR for Low Gradient, Low LVEF AS

From European TOPAS‐TAVI Registry (True or Pseudo‐severe AS Registry)

JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:64

In addition, no difference in clinical outcomes at one year follow up

Concluded results of dobutamine testing had no impact on final results

Duke Heart Center

Inconsistency Between Severe AVA and Valve Gradients in Patients with Normal LVEF

Minners J et al. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1043

N=3349Severe AS by valve area with low gradient

Duke Heart Center

Outcomes in Paradoxical Low Flow AS(Low Flow/Low Gradient Normal LVEF)

512 patientsAVA< 0.6 cm2/m2

Normal LVEF

Hachicha Z et al. Circulation 2007;115:2856

? Reliability  and accuracy of the echo measurements

Peak Gradient Mean Gradient

100

50

0

6852

40 32

Normal Flow ASParadox Low Flow AS

1 2 3 4 5Follow‐up years

Survival (%)

100

80

60

40

20

Normal Flow= SVI>35 ml (65%)Paradox Low Flow= SVI <35 ml (35%)

PLF Med

NF Med

PLF Surg

NF Surg

P<0.001

P<0.001

P<0.001

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Duke Heart Center

Outcomes Based on Flow, Gradient and Intervention in AS with Normal LVEF

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

LowGradient/Normal

Flow

LowGradient/Low

Flow

HighGradient/Normal

Flow

HighGradient/Low

Flow

Med

AVR

Relative Risk Ratio for All‐Cause Mortality

Modified from Eleid M et al. Circulation 2013;128:1781

Low Flow and Low Gradient SevereAS – highest predictor of mortality;

‐ Improved survival with AVR

N=1704Patients 

Duke Heart Center

Poor Outcomes in Low Flow/Severe ASwith Normal LVEF

Le Ven et al. JACC 2013;62:782;  Hermann H et al. Circ 2013;127:2316

PARTNERS Trial

Canadian TAVR Registry

High Risk“Inoperable”

TAVR

Med Surg AVR

TAVRLF= SVI<35 ml/m2

Regardless of LVEF

Duke Heart Center

The Original Concept of Low Gradient/Low Flow AS and Normal LVEF

Pibarot P, et al. JACC Img 2009;2:400

Zva definition: Valvulo‐arterial Impedance

Arterial

Valvular

Systolic BP+

Gradient

Stroke Vol Index

Severe Afterload on theLV when Zva >4.5

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Duke Heart Center

Evolving Possibilities for Low Flow in Paradoxical Low Flow AS (Normal LVEF)

PronouncedConcentric 

LVH

ImpairedDiastolicFilling

ImpairedLongitudinalContraction

Atrial Fibrillation

Mitral StenosisMitral Regurg

TricuspidRegurg

Reduced Stroke Volume(SVI <35 ml/min/m2)

Low Gradient, Low Flow AS

Myocardial Factors Hemodynamic Factors

Modified from Pibarot P et al. Circulation 2013;128:1729

Arterial Afterload

Duke Heart Center

2017 Valve GuidelinesLow Gradient AS with Normal LVEF

Class LOE

AVR should be considered in symptomatic patients with low flow/low gradient normal LVEF and severe AS by AVA if clinical, hemodynamic and anatomic data support AS as cause of symptoms

2a C

AVR is reasonable for moderate AS (velocity 3.0‐3.9 m/sec) who are undergoing other cardiac surgery

2a C

JACC 2017;70:252

Duke Heart Center

2017 ESC Valvular Guidelines in Low Flow/Low Gradient AS/Normal LVEF

Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739

SAVR should be considered if surgical risk low.    Class 2a  LOE C.TAVR only if surgical risk high.

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Duke Heart Center

Aortic Balloon Valvuloplasty

Balloon ValvuloplastyIn the Elderly

In Adults with Severe Calcific ASAs bridge to TAVR/SAVR onlyClass llb, LOE‐CBetter in patients with LVEF>45% and no TAVR or SAVR options due to comorbid disease. Can be considered as diagnostic test in pts with severe AS but comorbid disease (i.e. lung disease).

In Adolescents with Bicuspid ASIf severe AS (mean gradient >40 mmHg), symptoms, no calcium  and <=mild ARClass llb, LOE‐B

JACC 2017;70:2522018 ACHD Guidelines, JACC 2018

No Class l indications

Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739

Duke Heart Center

Development of Artificial Heart Valves

Ball Valves

Flat Disc Valves

Tilting Disc Valves

Duke Heart Center

Root and Valve Replacements Today

Homograft Ross Procedure

PA Homo‐graft

RVLV

Bentall

JACC CV Interven 2015;8:678

Wheat

Bileaflet Mechanical StentlessBioprosthetic

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Duke Heart Center

Armenian Valve Replacement

Porcine Xenograft

Cost:  One Dollar

And you get to eat the pig!

Testimonial from Dr. Ken Morris

Duke Heart Center

Examples of Newer “Sutureless” Aortic Valve Replacement Options

LivaNova Perceval® Valve

Edwards Intuity® Valve

Small Incision Devices

Duke Heart Center

Mini‐Thoracotomy AVR

Ann CV Surg 2015;4:27

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Duke Heart Center

First Percutaneous Valve Replacement

CowJugularVein

Duke Heart Center

First Percutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement

May 31, 2002

From www.theHeart.org

Cribier, A, et.al. Circulation 2002;106:3006

LV

LA

AO

VALVE

Estimated over 500,000TAVR procedures have been performedworldwide. 580 active sites in the U.S.

JACC 2019;73:340

Duke Heart Center

Current Percutaneous Valves in US

Balloon Expandable Edwards SAPIEN®

FDA Approved

Self‐expandingMedtronic CoreValve®

FDA Approved

Nat Reviews/Cardiology 2012;9:15

Others still being investigated, but fewer now than 5 years ago.

SAPIEN 3

Evolut R

SAPIEN

CoreValve

Initial Valves

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Duke Heart Center

CoreValve® Deployment

Duke Heart Center

SAPIEN® Valve Deployment

Duke Heart Center

TRANSAPICAL (OFF‐PUMP) AVR

Lichtenstein et. al. Circulation 2006;114:591

Recent data suggestspatients with apicalapproach patient doworse than with arterialapproach.

Vahl TP et al JACC 2016;67:1472

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Duke Heart Center

TAVR Outcomes

Need for pacerFollow up Gradients

Impact of Paravalular Leak

Leafletthrombosis

NEJM 2015;373:2015Vahl TP et al JACC 2016;67:1472

Duke Heart Center

Summary of Key TAVR Trials

TAVR MED TAVR MED TAVR MED TAVR MED TAVR MED

Partner 1B 11.2 12.1 30.7 50.7 10.0 4.5 10.5 4.2 4.5 7.8

TAVR SAVR TAVR SAVR TAVR SAVR TAVR SAVR TAVR SAVR

Partner 1A 11.8 11.7 24.2 26.8 6.0 3.1 6.8 1.9 5.7 7.8

CoreValve 7.3 7.5 14.2 19.1 8.8 12.6 7.1 1.4 22.3 11.3

Partner 2A 5.8 5.8 10.1 11.3 6.2 6.4 8.0 0.6 8.5 6.9

SURTAVI 4.4 4.5 8.1 8.8 5.4 6.9 5.3 0.6 25.9 6.6

NOTION 2.9 3.1 4.9 7.5 2.9 4.6 15.7 0.9 38.0 2.4

Partner 3

Evolut R

TRIAL             STS SCORE       MORTALITY        STROKE             >MILD AR         PACEMAKER

Extreme Risk High Risk Intermediate Risk Low Risk

Sapien Randomized Trial of Low Risk Patients

Corevalve Randomized Trial of Low Risk Patients

Duke Heart Center

What Intervention Is Best in 2019?

Low Surgical Risk

Intermediate Surgical Risk

High SurgicalRisk

Inoperable

BenefitUnlikely

JACC 2013;62:Suppl S. Page S6.JACC 2017:69;1313

ComorbiditiesRisk Score (STS)FrailtyPhysical and Cognitive Function

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Duke Heart Center

Matching Surgical Risk to Therapy in AS

Low Surgical Risk

Intermediate Surgical Risk

High SurgicalRisk

Inoperable

BenefitUnlikely

TAVR vs SAVRAwaiting results from randomized low risk trials

TAVR vs SAVR. Data now appear about equivalent. Team discussion.

Mostly TAVRSurgical AfterTeam Discussion

TAVR AfterTeam Discussion

No Intervention Approximate breakdownof surgical risk in patientswith symptomatic AS.

JACC 2013;62:Suppl S. Page S6.JACC 2017:69;1313

Duke Heart Center

Mitral Stenosis

Fishmouth CommissuralFusion

SubmitralChordal Fusion

Duke Heart Center

Echo Score

Grades 1‐4.  Thickening, Calcification, Mobility, Submitral Scar

Score < or =8.  High ValvuloplastySuccess Rate.

Score >9.  Lower Success Rate

Wilkins GT et al. Br Heart J 1988;60:299

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Duke Heart Center

Mitral Stenosis Definitions

• Moderate MS‐ MVA >1.5 cm2; T ½ <150 msec 

• Severe MS‐ MVA <1.5 cm2; T ½  >=150 msec

• Supersevere MS‐ MVA <1.0 cm2; T ½ >=220 msec 

Planimetry

Max P 

½ Max P

Velocitym/s

Pressure m

mHg

Time

T ½ 

MVA = 220/T ½

LV

LA

Duke Heart Center

Beating Heart Surgery

Charles Bailey

Mitral Commissurotomy Knives

Netter. Ciba Heart 1992; page 191Bailey CP Dis Chest;1949;377

Duke Heart Center

Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

LALA

LVLV

LVLV

LALA

Pre-Valvuloplasty

Post

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Duke Heart Center

When to Intervene in MS

• Symptoms (Class I LOE A)– Including MVA >1.5 cm2 if abnormal hemodynamics with 

exercise (Class IIb LOE C) or other cardiac surgery (Class IIb  LOE C)

• Asymptomatic– Severe MS (MVA <1.5 cm2)

• New onset AF (if can do PBMV) (Class IIb LOE C)• Other cardiac surgery (Class I LOE C)• History of embolism,  “smoke” in LA or PA systolic pressure >50 mmHg

– Very severe MS (MVA <1.0 cm2)• If can do PBMV (Class IIa LOE C)

JACC 2017;70:252

Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739

Duke Heart Center

MinithoracotomyMVR or Repair

With or without Robot

Duke Heart Center

Tricuspid Valve Stenosis

• Rare as an isolated lesion• Usually post‐op (TV repair or replacement)• Native cannot be repaired by surgery for the most 

part and requires replacement• Considered severe:  mean gradient >5 mm Hg• New Guidelines severe:  T ½ >190 msec; TVA <1.0 cm2

• TVR Indications:– Class I (LOE C): Severe TS with symptoms– Class 1 (LOE C): Severe TS when left heart valves undergoing replacement or repair 

– Class (IIb LOE C): Rarely balloon valvuloplasty if surgery not feasible

Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739JACC 2017;70:252

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Duke Heart Center

Summary of When to Intervene in Stenotic Valves

• AS– AVA <1.0 cm2

– Ugly valve (increased calcium, poor mobility)– Mean gradient (generally >40 mmHg)– Mean gradient 30‐40 mmHg if SV Index <35 cc/min/m2

• MS– MVA <1.5 cm2– Pressure half‐time >150 msec– Mean gradient >10 mmHg

• TS– TVA <1.0 cm2

– Pressure half‐time >190 msec– Mean gradient >5 mmHg

Duke Heart Center

Regurgitant Valve Lesions

• Importance of Understanding the Pressure‐volume Relationship and Symptoms

• Converting P‐V relationship Concepts to the Guideline Indications for Valve Intervention

Duke Heart Center

Effect of Hypertrophy Cause and the Diastolic PV Relationship

Hypertrophy:Pressure: Sarcomeres on top of each other(Concentric LVH)

Volume:  Sarcomeresend‐to‐end (Eccentric)

Symptoms early with pressure overload (i.e. AS). Can usually wait on symptoms

Symptoms late with volume overload (i.e AR, MR). Cannot wait on symptoms

Diastolic Pressure                          

Volume

Normal

Volume Overload

PressureOverload

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Duke Heart Center

Deriving the Guideline Recommendations The Pressure‐Volume Relationship

PRESSU

RE                                      

VOLUME

Mitral Closes

Aortic Opens

AorticCloses

MitralOpens

Duke Heart Center

Lines of Contractility and Compliance

PRESSU

RE                                      

VOLUME

Contractility

Compliance

Every beat of the heart lives between these lines of contractility and diastolic compliance

Duke Heart Center

The Ejection Fraction Math

PRESSU

RE                                      

VOLUME

Contractility

Compliance

The Ejection Fraction=

SVLVEDV

LVEDV

StrokeVolume We want to know contractility.

We got Ejection Fraction

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Duke Heart Center

The Problem With the EFand Valvular Heart Disease

Changing Afterload

SV

SV

Wider box with lower afterloadNarrower box with higher afterloadEF very afterload dependent

Examples:Aortic Stenosis‐ increases afterloadMitral Regurgitation‐decreases afterload

So EF can vary independent of what contractility is doing

Duke Heart Center

The Problem With the EFand Valvular Heart Disease

ReducedContractility

IncreasedContractility

Changing Contractility

SV

SV

Wider box with increased contractilityNarrower box with reduced contractilityEF very contractility dependent

The EF does goes up and  down as contractility improves or worsens. The box gets bigger, the box gets smaller.

The Key in Valvular Disease:  Note the LV end‐systolic dimension MUST go UP if contractility worsens

Duke Heart Center

Non‐invasive Parameters of Severe AR

• Jet width >65% of LVOT• Vena contracta >0.6 cm• Holodiastolic low reversal in proximal abdominal aorta• Duroziez’s and Hill’s sign on examination• Diastolic pressure half‐time not in guidelines (depends on acuity)• By MRI >50% regurgitant fraction

2014 AHA/ACC Valve Guidelines JACC 2014;63:e57-185

Diastolic flow reversal

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Duke Heart Center

Pre

ssur

e

NormalPV Loop

LVEDV

Aortic Regurgitation

AR

svP

ress

ure

NormalPV Loop

LVEDV

Aortic Regurgitation andLoss of Contractility

LVESV

ReducedESPVRslope

EF >55% EF <50%

ARSV

Deriving the Guideline RecommendationsAortic Regurgitation

Both Afterload and Preload Increase

Duke Heart Center

When to Operate in Severe AR

• Symptoms

• Asymptomatic

– LVEF <50%  (Class I LOE B)

– When undergoing other cardiac surgery (Class I LOE C)

– LV End Systolic Dimension >5.0 cm (Class IIa LOE B)

– LV End Diastolic Dimension >6.5  (Class IIb LOE C) 

– LVEDD>7.0 (Class llb LOE C)‐ ESC guidelines

JACC 2017;70:252Eur Heart J 2017;36:2739

Duke Heart Center

Noninvasive Parameters of Severe MR

• Vena contracta >0.7 cm

• ERO (Effective regurgitant orifice) > 0.4 cm2 

• Regurgitant volume >60 ml

Vena Contracta

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Duke Heart Center

Pre

ssur

e

NormalPV Loop

LVEDV

Mitral Regurgitation

MR

sv

EF >60%

Deriving the Guideline RecommendationsMitral Regurgitation

Preload increase but afterload decrease

Pre

ssur

eNormalPV Loop

LVEDV

Mitral Regurgitation andLoss of Contractility

sv

LVESV

ReducedESPVRslope

EF <60%

MR

Duke Heart Center

When to Intervene inSevere Mitral Regurgitation

• Symptoms (Class I LOE B)• Asymptomatic

– LVEF <60% or falling on serial echoes (but >30%)  (Class I LOE B)– LVESD >4.0 cm or enlarging on serial echoes  (Class I LOE B)– Undergoing other cardiac surgery (Class I LOE B)– MVP with severe MR and 95% likelihood of repair (Class IIa LOE 

B)– New onset atrial fib or resting PA systolic >50 mmHg (Class IIa 

LOE B)‐ if repair likely

• Low LVEF (<30%) if symptomatic only (Class IIb LOE C)• Class III‐MV Replacement instead of MV repair if <1/2 

posterior leaflet prolapsing

JACC 2017;70:252

Duke Heart Center

MitraClip™ Device

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Duke Heart Center

MitraClip® Deployment3‐D TEE Images

Looking down on mitral valve from the left atrium via TEE probe

Billowing of mitral leaflets toward LA

Catheter shown with device clamping down on mitral leaflet

Catheter

Final view of double orifice mitral valve with clip in place

Anterior Leaflet

Duke Heart Center

MitraClip® Results

• Introduced in 2003.  Estimated >30,000 implanted now worldwide.

• EVEREST I (Endovascular Valve Edge‐to‐Edge Repair)‐ established safety. Most with MVP.

• EVEREST II 5 year data:  Patients treated with MitraClip® had more need of surgery in first year due to residual MR, but after that results similar to surgery

• Subgroup of EVEREST II and REALISM registry of only high risk patients: suggest improved survival with MitraClip vs controls

• Some positive results also found in elderly with multiple comorbidities in ACCESS‐EU European registry and German TRAMI registry

• March 2013: FDA discounted positive registry data and only approved MitraClip® use for symptomatic high risk patients with MR>=3+ due to primary abnormality in mitral valve. Emphasis on P2 prolapse repair providing best results. Awaiting results in secondary MR.

Mauri et al. JACC 2013;62:317.   Feldman T JACC 2015;66:2844

Duke Heart Center

What About Functional Ischemic MR?

• Due to papillary muscle displacement and loss of annular contribution

Carpentier Classification

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Duke Heart Center

Functional MRSome Facts and Challenges

• Murmur intensity may be soft• Ischemic MR shortens survival • Reducing MR by surgery improves symptoms, but no data improves survival independent of LV function

• PCI or CABG alone does not improve MR long term

• Surgical MVR results better than MV repair• Biventricular pacing may improve MR (if QRS wide) and symptoms, but still no data improves outcome

Pierard LA et al. Eur H J 2010;31:29962014 AHA/ACC Valve Guidelines 

Duke Heart Center

MitraClip® ‐ Current Status for Functional MR

• Dueling Randomized Trials in 2018 regarding MitraClip for functional MR

– COAPT (Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation):

• MitraClip:  GOOD– MITRA‐FR (Percutaneous Repair with the MitraClip Device for Severe Functional/Secondary Mitral Regurgitation):

• MitraClip:  NO GOOD

NEJM 2018;379:2297  NEJM 2018:279:2307

Duke Heart Center

Results of the 2 Randomized MitraClip®Trials

COAPT

MITRA‐FR COAPT

NEJM 2018;379:2297  NEJM 2018:279:2307

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Duke Heart Center

Possible Explanations for Discrepancy in the 2 MitraClip Trials

1. COAPT (U.S. and Canada); MITRA‐FR (France)

2. COAPT ‐2 years; MITRA‐FR‐ 1 year

3. COAPT‐ intensified run‐in with GDMT and MitraClip only after that failed. Sicker patients clinically in the COAPT group (easier to show good result) 

4. Greater percentage of patients in COAPT got more than one MitraClip. More patients had moderate or worse MR at one year in the MITRA‐FR group.

5. Larger ERO (effective regurgitant orifice) in COAPT (41 mm2 vs 31 mm2)

6. Concept of disproportional ERO versus size of LV.

In COAPT, the ERO is larger than expected for size of LV

In MITRA‐FR, the ERO is about as expected for size of LV

Implications: COAPT had more patients with true valvular MR

Nishimura/Bonow NEJM 2018;  Grayburn JACC 2018

Duke Heart Center

Percutaneous Mitral Valve Replacement Now Being Investigated

mayoclinic.org/tests‐procedures/pcc‐20384980 RevEspCardiol 2015;68:1165

Duke Heart Center

Noninvasive Parameters of Severe TR

• Central jet area >10 cm2

• Vena contracta > 0.7 cm

• Jet contour triangular with early peaking

• Hepatic systolic flow reversal

• Prominent CV wave in JVP

and pulsatile liver

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Duke Heart Center

Management of Severe TR

• Symptoms– When undergoing left heart valve repair/replacement ( Class I LOE C)

– When preserved RV and PAH “not severe” (Class IIa LOE C)

• Asymptomatic– Mild to moderate TR when undergoing left heart valve repair/replacement. TV repair ( Class IIa LOE‐C)

– Severe TR with mild or moderate symptoms in the setting of progressive RV dysfunction ( Class IIb LOE‐C)

2014 AHA/ACC Valve Guidelines JACC 2014;63:e57-185

Duke Heart Center

Summary of When to Intervene in Stenotic Valves

• For the most part, operate for symptoms or evidence of LV dysfunction or pulmonary hypertension

• AS– AVA <1.0 cm2

– Ugly valve (increased calcium, poor mobility)– Mean gradient (generally >40 mmHg)– Mean gradient 30‐40 mmHg if SV Index <35 cc/min/m2

• MS– MVA <1.5 cm2

– Pressure half‐time >150 msec– Mean gradient >10 mmHg

• TS– TVA <1.0 cm2

– Pressure half‐time >190 msec– Mean gradient >5 mmHg

Duke Heart Center

Summary inAortic Stenosis

• Still operate primarily for symptoms, though more and more options in the asymptomatic

• In AS‐ severe AS= AVA of <1.0 cm2 with ugly valve.  Definitions then depend on stroke volume and LVEF.

Four clinical scenarios: 1. Normal LVEF, high gradient (40 mmHg mean) 2. Normal LVEF, super‐severe gradient (>55 mmHg mean)3. Normal  LVEF, paradoxically low gradient (SVI <35 

ml/min/m2 ). Most difficult to decide of all. Need to confirm low output by more than one method.

4. Low EF, low gradient (need to generate 40 mmHg mean with dobutamine still part of guidelines)

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Duke Heart Center

SummaryRegurgitant Valve Lesions

• Understanding PV relationships explains why the LVEF and LV end‐systolic dimensions critical

– Not waiting on symptoms still relevant

– In MR: Intervene for symptoms or for LVEF <60% or LVESD >4.0 cm (or progressively worsening)

– In AR: Intervene for symptoms or for LVEF <50% or LVESD >5.0 cm (or LVEDD >6.5 cm)

– In TR: Intervene for symptoms as long as RV function fairly well preserved. Repair if at least moderate severity when repairing/replacing mitral valve.

Duke Heart Center

THANKS