updated infections pp

8/9/2019 Updated Infections PP

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Infections Contracted during AmericanCivil War


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y

Identify three major types of infections that afflicted

soldiers and civilians during the civil war era

y

Analyze the cause and effects of these infections


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y Infection- when harmful microbes, or germs, enter thebody, they multiply and cause disease

y Three major microscopic infective agentsy Fungal

y Bacterial

y Viral


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Fungi- plant-like organisms that lack chlorophyll

(pigment that gives plants their green color)

Single celled organism that can be found in almost allhabitats

Fungi can be found on all surface including skin and food


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y Most fungi are harmless (i.e. edible mushrooms), but some

are harmful

y Harmful fungi can cause infections

y Skin provides a protective barrier from fungal infection

y Infections typically occur on skin surfaces

y The skin barrier can be compromised due to cracks in skin

surface caused by irritation, abrasions, burns, or skin lesions

caused by other infections


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y Fungal cells- are more complex than bacterial and viralcells

y They are a type of cell called Eukaryotes characterized

byy A nucleus

y Organelles

y Cell membrane


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y Common fungal infections contracted during theAmerican Civil War:y Jungle Rot ring worm

y

Trench Foot a.k.a. immersiony Trench Mouth

y St. Anthonys Fire


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y Bacterial Cells- simple structure

y They are prokaryotes:y No membrane bound organelles

y No Nucleus


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y Common bacterial infections contracted during theAmerican Civil Wary Dysentery/diarrhea

y

Typhoid fevery Typhus


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y Virus-a small infectious agent that can replicate onlyinside the cells of other organisms.y Most Viruses are harmful

y

Infections occur inside the cells of the human body


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y Viruses- Not composed of cellsy Can reproduce but only in a host cell

y Contain genetic material which can take over the life

activities of the host cell


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y Common Viral Infections contracted during theAmerican Civil War:y Smallpox

y Measles

y Chickenpox


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y What is an infection?

y What are three types of infections?


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y Lackof Sanitation/Cleanlinessincampsy Latrines (bathroom) near water sources

y Camps filled with wastes, slaughter pens typically near

eating areasy Soldiers wore same clothes without properly cleaning

them


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y Lackof Sanitationin Hospitalsy Surgeons used dirty instruments

y Surgeons did not change their gowns in between

operationsy Water supply used to wash patients was not sterile

y Tainted with microorganism


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y Lackof proper nutritionandcleanwatery Due to a lack of ice in camps soldiers ate salt cured foods

lacking in vitamins

y

Due to the lack of sanitation soldiers drank and bathedin unclean water sourcesy Water sources tainted with microorganisms from human

wastes

y Poor water treatment methods caused the consumption of

contaminated water


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y Lackof Immunity (natural bodydefense)y Soldiers from rural areas never received vaccination for

smallpox

y

Soldiers from rural areas lacked the ability to fight ofnew diseases due to a lack of exposure

y overcrowded camps- breeding ground for the spread ofviruses


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y Soldiers lacked proper equipment and clothingresulting to exposure

y

Soldiers bathed infrequently and rarely washed theirclothing resulting in skin infections

y Without clean and dry footwear, soldier feet becameinfected due to constant exposure to moisture

y Lack of treatment can cause mortification or gangrene


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Trench Foot : a.k.a. immersion- caused by exposure toconstant moisture, and extreme cold during the wintermonths

y

Resulted in skin lesions, blisters, bacterial and fungalinfection

y Also the cause of athletes foot.


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Jungle Rot- a.k.a. ringworm- caused by lack of bathingand sanitary practices and constant exposure tomoisture.

y

Resulted in superficial skin infection characterized byitching , burning, and flaking skin

y Once infected, the likelihood of a second infectionincreases drastically.


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St. Anthonys Fire- grains and cereals infected with thisfungus are consumed causing serious illness

y Once infected the disease causes hallucinations,

irrational behavior, convulsions, nausea , seizures,unconsciousness, and death

y Causes intense flushing and red appearance of theskin


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y Caused by the bacteria Rickettsiay Effects

- Severe muscle pain- Dull red rash that begins on the middle of the body and

spreads (except palms of hands and soles of feet)- Extremely high fever (105 - 106 degrees Fahrenheit),which may last up to 2 weeks- Hacking, dry cough- Headache and backache

-Joint pain- Nausea and vomiting- Chills- Delirium- Low blood pressure


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y Caused by a bacterium called Shigella. It is passedthrough poor hygiene, or by eating contaminated food.

y Effects

- Severe abdominal pain- Fever

- Nausea and vomiting

- Watery diarrhea containing blood or mucus


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y Caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi.y Effects

- Abdominal tenderness- Agitation- Bloody stools- Chills- Confusion- Difficulty paying attention (attention deficit)- Fluctuating mood- Hallucinations

- Nosebleeds- Severe fatigue- Slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling- Weakness


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caused by the virus Variola

Effects: Extensive rash on body

High fever Muscle pain

Weakness

Headaches and backaches

Nausea/ vomiting Usually Fatal


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Infection of the respiratory system caused by the virusesRubella or Rubeola

Effects:

High fevers Cough, runny nose, and red eyes

Spots in the mouth

Rash-beings several days after fever starts

Complications- bronchitis, pneumonia, blindness,death


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Caused by the virus Varicella

Effects: Skin rash

Nausea Fever

Headache

Malaise

Complications- secondary infections from scratchingrash, in severe cases death


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updated infections pp

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