upcoming events dslr astrophotography other meetings johnson space center astronomical society |...
TRANSCRIPT
1H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
U P C O M I N G E V E N T S
S O C I E T Y D I R E C TO R Y
A R T I C L E | N A S A S PA C EP L A C E A S T R O N O M Y C L U B
A R T I C L E | M C D O N A L D OBSERVATORY
A B O U T T H E G U I D E S TA R
ABOUT H.A.S.
PARKING AT UH
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
Photographer: Guillaume Richard
He comments - The Witch Head is one of my favorite objects. 90mn of exposure with the C11 hyperstar at f2 from Columbus in February 2017. Then a long saga to remove the streaks of light from neighbor star Rigel, leading to the development of a new denoise module based on Radon transforms.
This photo as well as others of Guillaume’s creation can be found in the HAS Gallery at: https://www.astronomyhouston.org/members/public/galleries/guillaume-richard/1486829840
A B O U T T H E C O V E R
JANUARY 05, 2018 - GENERAL MEETING2
3
4
6
8
910
DSLR ASTROPHOTOGRAPHYRobert S. Brayton, CPP Certified Professional Photographer
The magnificent Orion Nebula once again graces the winter night skies. In this
presentation we discuss real-world examples of how to capture the Orion Nebula using a DSLR camera and lenses you may already own. We will cover what equipment is needed, how to set it up for the best image, what exposure to use, and strategies for efficient capture. Post processing will be covered in a later presentation.
Robert is an astronomer and astrophotographer at the Insperity Observatory, and a regular presenter of astrophotography for the North Houston Astronomy Club. He is a second generation professional commercial photographer, Certified Professional Photographer, and owner of PhotoVideoSound.com (http://photovideosound.com/)
NOVICE MEETING "LEARN THE LINGO:ASTRONOMY FROM A TO Z." Debbie Moran
ALCORNER JAN 2018 by Doug McCormickHappy New Year! It’s my pleasure to again serve HAS as your Astronomical League Correspondent and Awards chair. I thought a great way to start 2018 would be to take a look back at the past year. HAS has always had the reputation of being an observing powerhouse, and HAS members earned a total of 17 AL Awards in 2017… proof positive that members are getting out and putting eyes to eyepieces and pointing cameras to the sky. Congratulations to our 2017 AL award recipients:
Rene Gedaly Globular Cluster ProgramStephen Jones Deep Sky Binocular ProgramJames King Outreach ProgramEd Fraini Outreach ProgramJoe Khalaf Binocular Messier ProgramStephen Jones Solar System Program (Telescopic)Rob Torrey Two in View Program (Imaging)Ed Fraini Master Observer AwardVal Ricks Messier ProgramKarle Zielke Herschel 400 ProgramJay Levy 2017 Eclipse Special AwardStephen Jones Planetary Nebula ProgramWilliam Kowalczyk Lunar ProgramDon Selle Lunar ProgramCraig Lamison Hydrogen Alpha Solar Observing ProgramSteven Powell Lunar Program Steven Powell Binocular Messier Program
My apologies if I missed someone. A special congratulations to Ed Fraini for achieving the Master Observer Award this year, the sixth for HAS, and congratulations again to all those who received awards in 2017. I look forward to seeing what our members achieve in 2018. I hope everyone has a great year pursuing your astronomical goals. If you have any questions regarding the AL programs there is information on each of them on the AL’s website www.astroleague.org. You can also reach out to me at [email protected]. I look forward to hearing from you. Now, let’s get out there and collect some photons!
CALENDAR
OTHER MEETINGSJOHNSON SPACE CENTER ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY | jscas.net Meets in the the Lunar and Planetary Institute on the 2nd Friday of each month.
FORT BEND ASTRONOMY CLUB | fbac.org/club_meetings.htm. Meets the third Friday of the month at 8:00 p.m. at the Houston Community College Southwest Campus in Stafford, Texas.
NORTH HOUSTON ASTRONOMY CLUB | astronomyclub.orgMeets at 7:30 p.m. on the 4th Friday of each month in the Teaching Theatre of the Student Center at Kingwood College. Call 281-312-1650 or E-mail [email protected].
BRAZOSPORT ASTRONOMY CLUB Meets the third Tuesday of each month at the Brazosport planetarium at 7:45 p.m. The Brazosport planetarium is located at 400 College Boulevard, Clute, TX, 77531. For more information call 979-265-3376.
FOR THE LATEST INFORMATION ON CLUB EVENTS, GO TO ASTRONOMYHOUSTON.ORG
HAS MEETINGS All meetings are at the University of Houston Science and Research building. See the last page for directions to the location and more information.
NOVICE MEETING 7:00 P.M. room 117 Science & Research 1 Bldg GENERAL MEETING 8:00 P.M room 117 Science & Research 1 Bldg
GENERAL MEMBERSHIP MEETINGThe Houston Astronomical Society holds its regular monthly General Membership Meeting on the first Friday of each month, unless rescheduled due to a holiday or a conflict with other events at the University of Houston.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETINGThe Board of Directors Meeting is held on dates and at locations scheduled by the board. Information provided to GuideStar will be published. The meetings are open to all members of the Society in good standing. Attendance is encouraged.
GuideStar_HAS
Houston Astronomical Society
STARLINE 832-go4-HAS0
FEBRUARY 2 7:00 p.m. HAS Novice Meeting, U of H
8:00 p.m. HAS General Meeting, U of H
FEBRUARY 7 9:54 a.m. Last Quarter Moon
FEBRUARY 10 Prime Night, Dark Site
FEBRUARY 15 3:05 p.m. New Moon
FEBRUARY 23 2:09 a.m. First Quarter Moon
UPCOMING EVENTS
2H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
JANUARY 1 8:24 p.m. Full Moon
JANUARY 5 7:00 p.m. HAS Novice Meeting, U of H
8:00 p.m. HAS General Meeting, U of H
JANUARY 8 4:25 p.m. Last Quarter Moon
JANUARY 13 Prime Night, Dark Site
JANUARY 16 8:17 p.m. New Moon
JANUARY 24 4:20 p.m. First Quarter Moon
JANUARY 31 7:27 a.m. Full Moon
Total Lunar Eclipse before dawn
DIRECTORS AT LARGE WALT [email protected]
SHERRY [email protected]
MARK [email protected]
DOUG [email protected]
BRAM [email protected]
OFFICERS PRESIDENT DON SELLE [email protected]
VICE PRESIDENT JOE KHALAF [email protected]
SECRETARY ROB [email protected]
TREASURER MIKE EDSTROM [email protected]
COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONSAUDIT SCOTT MITCHELL
EDUCATION & OUTREACH
DEBBIE MORAN & JOE KHALAF
FIELD TR./OBSG JIM KING
MEMBERSHIP BILL KOWALCZYK
NOVICE DEBBIE MORAN
H:713-774-0924 C:713-562-7670
OBSERVATORY CHRISTOPHER OBER
observatory@ astronomyhouston.org
P: 832-689-4584
PROGRAM JUSTIN MCCOLLUM
PUBLICITY BRAM WEISMAN
TELESCOPE ALLEN WILKERSON
P: 832- 265-4773
AD-HOC COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONSAL COORDINATOR DOUG MCCORMICK
AUDIO/VISUAL MICHAEL RAPP
GUIDESTAR BOB WIESNER
TEXAS 45 COORDINATOR RENE GEDALY
WELCOMING EVELYN PENILLA
HAS BOOKING STEVE GOLDBERG
VIDEOGRAPHY MARIO MORENO
WEB TECHNOLOGY MARK FERRAZ
URBAN OBSERVING STEVE MUNSEY
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT ED FRAINI
WOMEN’S SIG
RENE GEDALY
AMELIA GOLDBERG
IDA REP DEBBIE MORAN
ADVISORSDR. LAWRENCE PINSKYUniversity of Houston
BRIAN CUDNIK - Advisory DirectorPrairie View A&M University
HAS BOARD MEETINGHAS Board meetings are scheduled
regularly. All members are invited to
attend these meetings, but only board
members can vote on issues brought
before the board. Meetings are held at
the Trini Mendenhall Community Center
(1414 Wirt Road) at 6:30 p.m. on the date
specified the calendar.
3H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
HOUSTON ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY DIRECTORY
ALLEN [email protected]
NASA SPACE PLACE ASTRONOMY CLUB ARTICLE
4H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
This article is provided by NASA Space Place. With articles, activities, crafts, games, and lesson plans, NASA Space Place encourages everyone to get excited about science and technology. Visit spaceplace.nasa.gov to explore space and Earth science!
There are many places on Earth where it snows, but did you know it snows on other worlds, too? Here are just a few of the places where you might find snow beyond Earth:
A MOON OF SATURN: ENCELADUSSaturn's moon, Enceladus, has geysers that shoot water vapor out into space. There it freezes and falls back to the surface as snow. Some of the ice also escapes Enceladus to become part of Saturn's rings. The water vapor comes from a heated ocean which lies beneath the moon’s icy surface. (Jupiter’s moon Europa is also an icy world with a liquid ocean below the frozen surface.) All of this ice and snow make Enceladus one of the brightest objects in our solar system.
NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured this image of carbon dioxide snowcovering dunes on Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Enceladus as viewed from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. Credit: NASA
A volcano shooting molten sulfur out from the surface of Io. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
SNOWY WORLDS BEYOND EARTH Linda Hermans-Killiam
A MOON OF JUPITER: IO There are dozens of moons that orbit Jupiter and one of them, called Io, has snowflakes made out of sulfur. In 2001, NASA's Galileo spacecraft detected these sulfur snowflakes just above Io's south pole. The sulfur shoots into space from a volcano on Io's surface. In space, the sulfur quickly freezes to form snowflakes that fall back down to the surface.
MARS The north pole and south pole of Mars have ice caps that grow and shrink with the seasons. These ice caps are made mainly of water ice—the same kind of ice you’d find on Earth. However, the snow that falls there is made of carbon dioxide—the same ingredient used to make dry ice here on Earth. Carbon dioxide is in the Martian atmosphere and it freezes and falls to the surface of the planet as snow. In 2017, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took photos of the sand dunes around Mars' north pole. The slopes of these dunes were covered with carbon dioxide snow and ice.
PLUTOFarther out in our solar system lies the dwarf planet Pluto. In 2016, scientists on the New Horizons mission discovered a mountain chain on Pluto where the mountains werecapped with methane snow and ice.
The snowy Cthulhu (pronounced kuh-THU-lu) mountain range on Pluto.Credits: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI
NASA SPACE PLACE ASTRONOMY CLUB ARTICLE
5H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
The Voyager 2 mission captured this image of Triton. The black streaks are created by nitrogen geysers. Credit: NASA/JPL/USGS
This is an artist’s illustration of what Kepler-13Ab might look like. Credit:NASA/ESA/G. Bacon (STScI)
BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEMThere might even be snow far outside our solar system! Kepler-13Ab is a hot, giant planet 1,730 light years from Earth. It's nine times more massive than Jupiter and it orbitsvery close to its star. The Hubble Space Telescope detected evidence of titanium oxide— the mineral used in sunscreen—in this planet’s upper atmosphere. On the cooler side ofKepler-13Ab that faces away from its host star, the planet’s strong gravity might cause the titanium oxide to fall down as “snow.”
A MOON OF NEPTUNE: TRITONNeptune's largest moon is Triton. It has the coldest surface known in our solar system. Triton's atmosphere is made up mainly of nitrogen. This nitrogen freezes onto its surfacecovering Triton with ice made of frozen nitrogen. Triton also has geysers like Enceladus, though they are smaller and made of nitrogen rather than water.
Want to learn more about weather on other planets? Check out NASA Space Place:https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/planet-weather
MCDONALD OBSERVATORY ARTICLE
6H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
With the discovery of an eighth planet, the Kepler-90 system is the first to tie with our solar system in number of planets. (Credit: NASA/Ames Research Center/Wendy Stenzel)This image, as well as other images and animations, are available from NASA. Go to:https://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/briefing-materials-eighth-planet-circling-distant-star-discovered-using-artificial-intelligence
The discovery of an eighth planet circling the distant star Kepler-90 by University of Texas at Austin astronomer Andrew
Vanderburg and Google’s Christopher Shallue overturns our solar system’s status as having the highest number of known planets. We're now in a tie.
The newly discovered Kepler-90i — a sizzling hot, rocky planet orbiting its star once every 14.4 days — was found using computers that “learned” to find planets in data from NASA’s Kepler space telescope. Kepler finds distant planets beyond the solar system, or exoplanets, by detecting the minuscule change in brightness when a planet transits (crosses in front of) a star.
Vanderburg, a NASA Sagan fellow at UT Austin, and Shallue, a Google machine learning researcher, teamed up to train a computer to learn how to identify signs of an exoplanet in the light readings from distant stars recorded by Kepler. Similar to the way neurons connect in the human brain, this “neural network” sifted through the Kepler data to identify the weak transit signals from a previously missed eighth planet orbiting Kepler-90, a sun-like star 2,545 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco.“For the first time since our solar system planets were discovered thousands of years ago, we know for sure that our solar system is not the sole record holder for the most planets,” Vanderburg said.
Other planetary systems, though, would probably hold more promise for life than Kepler-90’s system, which packs all eight
DISCOVERY OF NEW PLANET REVEALS DISTANT SOLAR SYSTEM TO RIVAL OUR OWN14 December 2017 |Austin, TX
planets closer to the host star than Earth is to the sun. In our solar system, only Mercury and Venus orbit between our planet and our sun. About 30 percent larger than Earth, Kepler-90i is so close to its star that its average surface temperature is thought to exceed 800 degrees Fahrenheit, on a par with Mercury. The outermost planet, Kepler-90h, is a gas giant that is about the size of Jupiter, circling with a "year" of 331.6 days.
“The Kepler-90 star system is like a mini version of our solar system. You have small planets inside and big planets outside, but everything is scrunched in much closer,” Vanderburg said.
The research paper reporting this finding has been accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal.
The idea to apply a neural network to Kepler data came from Shallue, a senior software engineer at Google AI, a research team at the search-engine giant in Mountain View, California. Shallue became interested in exoplanet discovery after learning that astronomy, like other branches of science, is rapidly becoming inundated with data as the technology for collecting data from space advances."Machine learning really shines in situations where there is so much data that humans can't search it for themselves," Shallue said.
Kepler’s four-year data set, for example, consists of about 2 quadrillion possible orbits of planets. To verify the most promising signals of planets, automated tests, or sometimes human eyes, are typically used, but often the weakest signals are missed during this process. So, Shallue and Vanderburg thought there could be some more interesting exoplanet discoveries lurking in the data.
The two developed a neural network to search Kepler data for new planets. First, they trained the neural network to identify transiting exoplanets in a set of 15,000 previously vetted signals from the Kepler exoplanet catalog. Then, with the neural network having "learned" to detect the pattern of a transiting exoplanet, the researchers pointed their model at 670 star systems that already
7H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
COURTESY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXASAT AUSTIN MCDONALD OBSERVATORY, PUBLISHER OF STARDATE MAGAZINESTARDATE.ORG/MAGAZINE
— END —
MEDIA CONTACT:
REBECCA JOHNSON, COMMUNICATIONS MGR.
MCDONALD OBSERVATORY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
512-475-6763
SCIENCE CONTACT:
DR. ANDREW VANDERBURG, NASA SAGAN FELLOW
DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
had multiple known planets and searched for weaker signals. Their assumption was that multiple-planet systems would be the best places to look for more exoplanets.
Kepler-90 had already made its mark in 2013 as the first seven-planet system identified with Kepler, but the signal from the eighth planet was so weak it was missed by previous methods.
“We got lots of false positives of planets but also potentially more real planets,” Vanderburg said. “It’s like sifting through rocks to find jewels. If you have a finer sieve, then you will catch more rocks, but you might catch more jewels as well.”
Kepler-90i wasn’t the only jewel this neural network sifted out. In the Kepler-80 system, they found a sixth planet. This one, the Earth-size Kepler-80g, and four of its neighboring planets form what is called a “resonant chain,” where the planets are locked by their mutual gravity in a rhythmic orbital dance. The result is an extremely stable system, similar to the seven planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system, so precisely balanced that the length of Kepler-80g's year could be predicted with mathematics.
This work was performed in part under contract with the California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, funded by NASA through the Sagan Fellowship Program and executed by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute.
Dr. Andrew Vanderburg is a NASA Sagan Fellow in the Department of Astronomy. (Credit: UT Austin)
MCDONALD OBSERVATORY ARTICLE
The H.A.S. GuideStar is published
monthly by the Houston Astronomical
Society. All opinions expressed herein
are those of the contributor and not
necessarily of Houston Astronomical
Society. The monthly Meeting Notice
is included herein. GuideStar is
available on the HAS web site to all
members of H.A.S., and to persons
interested in the organization’s
activities. Contributions to
GuideStar by members are
encouraged. Electronic submission
is helpful. Submit the article in text,
unformatted MS-Word format via
email GuideStar@astronomyhouston.
org. Copy must be received by the
15th of the month for inclusion in
the issue to be available near the end
of the same month. Or, bring copy
to the General Membership Meeting
and give it to the Editor, or phone to
make special arrangements. Contact
the editor for writting guidelines.
EDITING & PRODUCTION:
Bob Wiesner | 713-240-7059
GUIDESTAR ADVERTISING POLICIESPERSONAL ADVERTISEMENTS
• Members in good standing of the Houston Astronomical Society (HAS) may request that an ad be placed in the GuideStar for personal items (for sale or wanted).• Items offered for sale must be of interest to amateur astronomers.• No more than two telescopes may be advertised within any calendar year.• Ads will not run for more than 3 consecutive months• Ads will be run on a space-available basis.• Ads must be provided to the editor in electronic format (email, text file) by the 15th of the month preceding the month-of-issue.
COMMERCIAL ADVERTISEMENTS• Advertisement sizes:o Full page = 6.875”w x 9”ho Half page = 6.875”w x 4.25” ho Quarter page = 3.31” w x 4.25” h (allows for column gutter)• Commercial advertisements will be run in the GuideStar at the following fee schedule:
Size One time One quarter (3 consecutive months)Full page $100.00 $250.00Half page $50.00 $125.00Quarter page $25.00 $62.50
• Artwork provided must be in electronic format (image file, PDF, etc.) and must be in the correct proportions to fit the space provided. Contact editor with questions.• Artwork may be in color or in black and white.• Items or services advertised must be of interest to amateur astronomers• Payment for advertisements must be done in advance (pay to the ‘Houston Astronomical Society’)
THE GUIDESTAR IS THE WINNER OF THE
2 0 1 2 A S T R O N O M I C A L L E A G U E
M A B E L S T E R N S N E W S L E T T E R AWA R D
M E M B E R P R O J E C T S S P O T L I G H TWe want to spotlight the astronomical projects and observations that you are working on. Send us an email at [email protected] and tell us. Whether it be a specific research project in astronomy that you’re working on, an astro league observing program, an astrophotography project, or something else, let us know so we can let the rest of the society know.
ABOUT THE GUIDESTAR
8H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
The Houston Astronomical Society is a non-profit corporation organized under section 501 (C) 3 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Society was formed for education and scientific purposes. All contributions and gifts are deductible for federal income tax purposes. General membership meetings are open to the public and attendance is
encouraged.
CHECK THE WEBSITEASTRONOMYHOUSTON.ORGThe HAS website not only has news and information about our society, but also a variety of features to manage your membership and connect with other club members. Current members can post photos, trade gear, pay dues, manage discount magazine subscriptions, swap stories in the forum, and more.Questions about the site? Need a hand to get your account set up? Contact [email protected] HAS web site is the winner of the 2012 Astronomical League award for excellence
All members have the right to participate in Society functions and to use the
Observatory Site. Regular and Student Members receive a subscription to The
Reflector. The GuideStar, the monthly publication of the Houston Astronomical
Society is available on the web site. Associate Members, immediate family members
of a Regular Member, have all membership rights, but do not receive publications.
Sustaining members have the same rights as regular members with the additional dues
treated as a donation to the Society. Sky & Telescope and Astronomy magazines are
available to members at a discount.
MEMBERSHIP APPLICATIONYou can join (or renew at the organization web site, www.astronomyhouston.org. Click
the ‘Join HAS’ Tab. Send funds to address shown on last page of GuideStar. Attention
- Treasurer, along with the following information: Name, Address, Phone Number,
Special Interests in Astronomy, Do you own a Telescope? (If so, what kind?), and where
you first heard of H.A.S.
EVENT NOTIFICATION OR CANCELLATIONHAS uses RAINEDOUT.NET to communicate late breaking updates about our various events. . Message delivery is via text messaging and e-mail. There are several ways to subscribe. If you would like to receive these notices via text messaging directly to your phone, subscribe to any of the sub-groups which interest you. RainedOut notices will also automatically be sent to our e-mail list. Note that regular e-mail list conversations are not part of RainedOut communications and will not be sent to your phone as part of this service. Instructions to sign up for the e-mail list (a great way to keep your finger on the pulse of the club) are found here:http://www.astronomyhouston.org/about/email-list.
To receive text messages, send any or all of the following (one at a time) to 84483OUTREACH Public Outreach EventsSTARPARTY Members only star PartiesURBAN Urban Observing EventsMEETINGS HAS Meetings
You will receive a confirmation message back for each successful enrollment. For more information, please visit www.
RainedOut.net.
9
ABOUT THE HOUSTON ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
THE HOUSTON ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY welcomes you to our organization.The HAS is a group of dedicated amateur astronomers, most of whomare observers, but some are armchair astronomers.The benefits of membership are:
- Access to our 18 acre observing site west of Houston -- a great place to observe the universe! - A telescope loaner program -- borrow a HAS telescope and try observing for yourself! -A monthly novice meeting, site orientation meeting, and general meeting with speakers of interest. Access to meeting videos on the HAS web site.- Opportunities to participate in programs that promote astronomy to the general public (such as Star Parties at schools)- A yearly all-clubs meeting for Houston area organizations- Meet other amateurs and share experiences, learn techniques, and swap stories
You’re invited to attend our next meeting. You’ll have a great time!
HOUSTONASTRONOMICALSOCIETYP.O. Box 800564Houston, TX 77280-0564
H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y
DIRECTIONS TO MEETINGFrom I‐45 going south (from downtown)- exit at Cullen Boulevard- turn right on Cullen- turn right on Holman Street; the parking lot is past the Hoffeinz Pavilion- Science and Research is across the street (2nd building back)From I-45 going north (from NASA/Galveston)- exit at Cullen Boulevard- turn left on Cullen- turn right on Holman Street; the parking lot is past the Hoffeinz Pavilion- Science and Research is across the street (2nd building back)
PARKING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON MAIN CAMPUSFor the monthly Houston Astronomical Society MeetingThe map below shows the location of the 15C parking lot, west of Cullen Boulevard on HolmanStreet.
The map is from the University of Houston web site and identifies the lot that is available for parkingwhile attending the Houston Astronomical Society monthly meeting. This parking is availablefrom 6:30 p.m. until 10:00 p.m. on the Friday night of the HAS meeting (usually the first Friday ofthe month).
This parking is free. If you get a notice from the UH campus police on the night of the meeting, callthe UH Security office and let them know that this area has been made available on HAS meetingnight by the Parking Department.
PARKING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON MAIN CAMPUS
10H O U S TO N A S T R O N O M I C A L S O C I E T Y