Conversion to more efficient fuel sources -business models, returns and costs

CenexCentre of excellence for low carbon and fuel cell technologies

Chris Walsh

Head of Technical Support and Consultancy

1

Contents

• Introduction to Cenex

• Why Bio-methane

• Example operations

• Camden

• Coca-Cola Enterprises• Coca-Cola Enterprises

• Leeds City Council

• Cenex resources

� Running projects and programmes focused on accelerating the deployment of low carbon

vehicles

� Delivery of low carbon vehicle and infrastructure funding initiatives and

programmes for UK government (PiP, LCVPP, AFIGP)

� Providing fleet carbon reduction consultancy

� Low carbon vehicle deployment support and evaluation

Introduction to Cenex

Page 3Cenex 2012

� Delivering the UKs national annual Low Carbon Vehicle event (LCV)

Why BioMethane?

Starting point best CO2 saving

on heavy vehicles

CNG Daily CBG Daily

Trial mileage 86 km / day

(9642 km

total)

53 km / day

(5590 km

total)

Performance and Reliability

total) total)

Fuel

consumption

26.3 kg

/ 100km

24.7 kg

/ 100km

Emissions kgCO2/MJ

Emissions Kg CO2 / kg

WTW

kg CO2 / 100

G25 CNG

HD g/kwhr

Euro VI %

reduction

Air quality emissionsCarbon dioxide emissions

Sustainability

kgCO2/MJ Kg CO2 / kg fuel used

kg CO2 / 100 km

CBG 0.031 1.40 34.5

CNG 0.062 2.80 73.6

HD g/kwhr reduction

CO 1.15 4 62%

NMHC 0.019 0.16 88%

CH4 0.193 0.5 61%

NOx 0.28 0.4 30%

HC 0.199

PM 0.0047 0.01 53%

• BM CO2 saving 53% WTW over CNG

• Reduction in PM and NOx of 30% and 53% against Euro

Conclusions

• Reduction in PM and NOx of 30% and 53% against Euro

VI legislation

• New Iveco Daily displayed 6% improvement in fuel

consumption

9

� Cenex developed test methodology and independently

assessed the performance of diesel and gas Iveco Stralis

HGVs

� CO2

� Air quality performance NOx and PM

� Noise levels

� Driver acceptance

� Fuel consumption

The Coca-Cola Enterprises vehicle trial

Page 10Cenex 2012

� Fuel consumption

� Economics

� Operational reliability

Iveco Stralis CNG Iveco Stralis Diesel

GVW 26 tonnes 26 tonnes

Maximum payload 18.2 tonnes 18.9 tonnes

Engine capacity 7.79 litres 7.79 litres

Engine power 272 PS 310 PS

Emissions after treatment 3 Way catalyst system SCR catalyst system

Emissions rating EEV EEV

Gearbox 6 speed automatic 12 speed automated manual

Fuel tank capacity 880 litres @ 200 bar 300 litres

Dedicated gas

Fast fill liquefied biomethane to compressed

biomethane station

The trial delivery routes and drive cycle creation

Three routes were identified by CCE that were broadly representative of all the delivery routes from Enfield

CCE

depot

Essex

Reading

Central

London

CCE depot

location

Drop off point

CCE drive cycle key stats

Page 11Cenex 2012 Page 11

A drive cycle allows

� different vehicles to be directly compared over identical driving

� repeatable test conditions allow new technologies to be

evaluated

� air quality performance as well as tailpipe CO2 and fuel

consumption to be measured

CCE drive cycle key stats

Duration 30.8 minutes

Distance 19.5 km

Avg speed 37.6 kph

Town driving 55 %

A/B road driving 24 %

Motorway driving 21 %

Drive cycle air quality emissions

� PM and NOx emissions were key performance

measurables for CCE.

� NOx : 85.8% reduction

� PM: 97.1% reduction

Emission Gas truck

(g/km)

Diesel truck

(g/km)

NOx 0.539 3.799

PM 0.002 0.069

CO 2.223 1.776

Page 12Cenex 2012

CO 2.223 1.776

HC 0.127 0.032

� Gas: 34.9 kg/100 km Diesel: 31.9 litres/100 km

� Gas: 357 km Diesel: 940 km

� Efficiency reduction: 31.8% (Due to engine and

gearbox changes)

Fuel consumption/Range/Efficiency

Tailpipe shots

Page 13Cenex 2012

Well-to-wheel CO2 emissions

� TTW (Scope 1) emission saving 99.6%

Trial emission savings

� WTW (Scope 1,2&3) emission saving 50.3%

Large CO2 emissions resulting from the combustion of a non renewable fuel

Page 14Cenex 2012 Page 14

Permanent station scenario emission savings

� WTW (Scope 1,2&3) emission saving 60.7%

Driver feedback

Not acceptable [1], Marginal [2], Acceptable [3], Good [4], and Excellent [5]

Page 15Cenex 2012

‘Excellent vehicle. Powerful, fast and always in gear’

‘It is ideal having refuelling station onsite’

‘ Both vehicles are quiet, both are safe to refuel’

‘Braking on the gas truck took some getting used to..’

‘There is a lack of space to put drinks on the dash’

‘Gas truck is excellent at pulling away because you are always in gear’

Page 15

Noise measurements

� The vehicle operational states most relevant in addressing CCE

noise concerns were,

� a) the noise emitted from fleet vehicles in densely

populated urban environments,

� b) noise levels related to out-of-hours deliveries to retail

premises, and

� c) internal cab noise at the drivers ear.

Noise measurement Diesel Stralis Gas Stralis Reduction

Page 16Cenex 2012

Noise measurement Diesel Stralis

dB(A)

Gas Stralis

dB(A)

Reduction

dB(A)

20 kph drive-by 73.3 69.2 4.1

Idle 77.7 67.2 10.5

Hot engine start-up 76.6 68.5 8.1

Page 16

� A 3 dB(A) change in sound level is

significant and represents a 41% increase

in sound pressure

� Noise levels at the drivers ear remained

similar between the gas and diesel trucks

varying from a 1.9 dB(A) reduction to a

1.2 dB(A) increase at 20 kph and 40 kph

respectively.

Economics

Gas vehicle vs Diesel vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO) cost

differential, six year contract hire period.

Page 17Cenex 2012

� Zero rate congestion charge removed in 2011, would have reduced TCO to 12% premium

� Jan 2012 UK diesel price of £1.14 excluding VAT

� Gas vehicle economics are site and duty cycle specific (station technology, vehicle technology,

annual mileage and gas consumption are key variables)

Page 17

Leeds Mercedes-Benz Econic vehicle trial

Routes and duties• 700 - 1,000 wheelie bins

G12

G9

• 6.88 litre spark ignition engine, 279 bhp

• EEV emissions standard

• 4x2 drive

• Gas stored in four 80 litre tanks

• On-board data-logging system

Seddon Atkinson

… replaced …

• 700 - 1,000 wheelie bins

• 30-50 miles per day

• 6 days per week

WTW CO2 comparison

5%

kgCO2e/km

49%

64%64%

78%

£12,000

£14,000

£16,000

£18,000

Cost savings

Current

cost saving

£2500 pa

Fuel

£-

£2,000

£4,000

£6,000

£8,000

£10,000

Diesel Biomethane

Fuel

Fuel

Duty

Duty

Delivery (permanent station)

AdBlue

Conclusions

• Cenex has proven experience in

fleet carbon reduction

• Bio-Methane successfully reduces

carbon emissions from a range of

operations

• Cenex has worked with a wide

range of fleets and can assist with range of fleets and can assist with

fleet carbon reduction

• Cenex resources – Freely

available materials

InformationChris Walsh

CENEX

Tel: 01509 635 750

Email: chris.walsh@cenex.co.uk

Web: www.cenex.co.uk

Cenex resources page www.cenex.co.uk/resources

Camden BioMethane van trial

Coca-Cola Biomethane logistics

Leeds CC BioMethane waste collection

Feasibility study for the installation of a regional AD

facility producing BioMethane as a road transport fuel

Waste fleet analysis

Cenex BioMethane toolkit and calculator

Carbon emissions

• TTW (Tank-to-wheel) considers tail pipe emissions from vehicles

• WTW (Well-to-wheel) considers emissions associated with fuel extraction, processing, delivery and dispensing

Emission data from CONCAWE, Gasrec analysis from CENEX Camden biomethane study

Introduction to gas vehicles

Light duty

applications

technology type relevance example vehicle pros and cons

- Extended range due to petrol operation

- AQ benefit

- Noise benefit

- CO2 benefit (when running on biomethane)

- Reduction in vehicle efficiency from diesel

- AQ benefit- Noise benefit

Page 26Cenex 2012

Heavy duty

applications

Heavy duty

applications

- Noise benefit- CO2 benefit (when running on biomethane)

- Reduction in vehicle efficiency from diesel- Range limited by gas storage (suits back to base operations)- Reduction in vehicle efficiency from diesel

- NOx benefit

- CO2 benefit (when running on biomethane) limited to substitution ratio

- Operates on 100% diesel

- Maintains diesel engine efficiency

- CO2 benefit limited to substitution ratio

Introduction to gas vehicle refueling stationstechnology type example station pros and cons

- Solution for low volume gas users

- Use low cost night rate electricity

- Station storage cylinders not required

- Biomethane provided through green gas

scheme

- Long fill times- Limited to carbon intensity of gas supply

- Fast fill- High volume fleets

Grid

connected

slow fill

Compression

directly into

vehicle tanks

relevance

Page 27Cenex 2012

- High volume fleets- Low cost- Biomethane provided through green gas scheme

- Limited to carbon intensity of gas supply- Requires a suitable grid connection point to be located near station

- Fast fill

- Can use biomethane directly

- Can be used for liquid or compressed gas supply to a vehicle

- Higher cost than grid connected station for compressed gas

Grid

connected

fast fill

Liquefied

gas station

High volume gas

use close to

suitable gas

network

High volume gas

use – no suitable

gas network

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