1

Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥

DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

t]∏¿ ˛ 103 aebmfw ˛ `mjbpw Ip´nbpw

kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

bqWn‰v 1 - ˛ hmsamgnhg°ßƒ

bqWn‰v 2 ˛ `mjm]T\Øns‚ Bcw`w

bqWn‰v 3 ˛ `mjWhpw hmb\bpw

bqWn‰v 4 ˛ Ip´nIfpsS kmlnXyw

ska-ÿ ˛ 1

2

3

bqWn‰v ˛1

hmsamgn hg°wD≈-S°w

$ ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS CuSp-h-bv]p-I-fm-bn- p-ff \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, ISw-

I-Y-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\Sp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmwkvIm-

cn-I--hp-amb {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ sNm¬°m-gvN, skan-\m¿, \nL≠p \n¿Ωm-Ww, `mjm-tI-fn-Iƒ, ]Xn-∏p-\n¿ΩmWw F∂nh-

bn-eqsS hmsamgn ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Bkzm-Z-\hpw ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ `mjm-]-T-\-Øns‚ sshhn-

[y-]q¿W-amb km[y-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

sNm¬°mgvN

$ IhnX sNm√p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Zriym-\p-`-h-am°n Ah-X-cn -∏n -°p-∂-XmWv

sNm¬°mgvN.

$ H∂p apX¬ F´mw ¢mkv hsc ]Tn® \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS sNm¬°mgvN Ah-X-

c-Ww.

$ ICT A[n-jvTn-X-ambn \mS≥]m- p-I-fpsS Zriy- wKn Bkz-Zn-°¬/sNm¬°mgvN

Bkz-Zn°¬.

\mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ Xmf-an´p ]mSp-tºmƒ hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ {][m-\-am-W-t√m. hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ Xmf-

an´p ]mSmw.

$ sNm√n-c-kn°mw

$ sXøm-Xn-\t¥mXn\-¥n-\-t¥m.....

sXø-Øn-\-t¥m-Xn-\-¥n-\-t¥m...

$ sXø-Xn-\-t¥m-Xn-\-¥n\w Xmtc...

sXtøm-Xn-\-t¥m-Xn-\-¥n\w Xmtcm.....

$ XnØ\w sXø∂w Xmtcmw Xmcw

XnØ∂w sXø∂w Xmtcm...

$ XmXnt¥m Xn¥n-t¥m-Xn\

Xn¥m-Xn-\-t¥m....

Xn\-Xn-t¥m Xn¥nt¥mXn\

Xn¥mXn \t¥m.....

$ sXøIw Xn¥an sXøIw Xmtc

sXøIw Xn¥an sXøIw Xmtcm...

$ B Xnt¥m Xn∂n-t¥m-Xn\ Xn¥m-Xn-\-t¥m.....

B Xnt¥m Xn¥n-t¥m-Xn\ Xn¥m-Xn-\-t¥m....

$ XmcnIw Xmcm-tcm-sX-ø-XI

XmcnIw Xmcm-tcm...

XmcnIw Xmcmtcm sXø-XI

Xmcncw Xmcm-tcm.....

hyXy-kvX-Xcw hmbvØm-cnIƒ tiJ-cn®p sNm√mw

4

hmbvØkmcn ˛ N¿®m-kq-N-I-߃

$ hmbvØm-cn-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw

$ Xmf-{Iaw

$ hyXy-kvX-Xcw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ

$ Km\m-fl-IX

$ ¢mkv dqw {]k‡n

\mS≥ Xmfhpw hmb-vØm-cn-Ifpw

\mS≥ ]m´p-Isf√mw kwLw tN¿∂pw A√m-sXbpw Xmf-an´p ]mSp-∂-h-bm-Wv. \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ

Ic-Xew sImt≠m, hmZyw sImt≠m Xmfw ]nSn-®mWv kzc-am-[p-cy-tØmSp IqSn Bem-]\w \S-

Øp-∂-Xv.

kwKo-X imkv{X-Øn¬ ‘PXn’°v kam-\-am-bmWv \mS≥]m- n¬ hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

Xv. “Xmf-{I-asØ hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv apJy-ambpw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

‘Xmcn’F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Xmfw, hn[w F∂o A¿Y-ß-fp-≠v. \mS≥ Kmb-I-¿ am{X-a-√, \¿Ø-Icpw

hmZy-°mcpw ]b‰p hnZy-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw ]e-Xcw hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ samgn-bp-∂Xv tIƒ°mw.

\mS≥ Km\-ß-fn¬ Xmf-{Iaw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w KW-{I-aw, am{X XpS-ßn-bh hy‡-am-

°p-hm\pw hmbvØm-cn-I-fn-eqsS ]e-t∏mgpw km[n-°pw. sIm´p-hm-bvØm-cn, Xp≈¬hm-bv-Øm-cn,

]m´p hmbvØmcn F∂n-ßs\ {]tbmK kμ¿ -Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hmbvØm-cn-Isf Xcw Xncn-°mw.

\mS≥ kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff Nn¥-bn¬ ]m´p hmbvØm-cn-°mWv {]k‡n”. Xmf-an´p hmbvØm-

cn-Iƒ sNm√n AXv Bh¿Øn®v G‰p-sNm-√p-tºm-gp-ff kwKo-Xm-fl-IX Bkz-Zn®v Adn-tb-≠-Xp-

X-s∂-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ tXSp-tºmƒ \mw sNs∂-ØpI \mS≥

kwKoX (Flok Song)Ønem-bn-cn-°pw.

\mS≥ ]m´ns‚ hgn-Iƒ

\mS≥ ]m´v ˛sk-an-\m¿

]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ

$ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS Ncn{X {]m[m\yw

$ kmaq-lnI PohnXw

$ k-wkv°mcw

$ Ncn{Xw

$ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS kmlnXyw

$ h¿W\

$ Ae-¶mcw

$ _nw_-I-ev]\

$ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse kwKoXw

$ Xmf-h´w

$ sNm¬h-Snhv

$ \mS≥ ]m´p-Ifnse `mj

$ {]mZ-in-IX

$ {]tbmK khn-ti-jX

$ emfnXyw

a\p-jys‚ Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy cq]-

sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv A¿Yc-ln-X-amb hmbvØm-

cn-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw \mS≥ ]m- p-Ifpw ISw-

I-Y-Ifpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬

\n∂pw ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-te°v hmsam-gn-bmbn

{]N-cn® \mtSmSn hmMvab kmlnXyw (Oralliterature) hmMvab kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ (Oralculture){][m\ LS-I-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv.

5

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw/t^mIvtem¿

a\p-jys‚ BZn-a-kw-kvIm-c-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw Ipdn-®p-ff At\z-jW ]T-\-ß-fn¬ {it≤-

b-amWv t^mIvtem¿ ]T\imJ. hneyw tPm¨ tXmwkv 1846˛¬ t^mIvtem¿ F∂-]Zw BZyambn-

D]-tbm-Kn-®-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv khn-ti-jamb PohnX kwkvIm-csØ apgp-h≥ Dƒs°m-≈p∂

]T\ taJ-e-bmbn t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w i‡n {]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Iq´m-bva-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-

∂-Xn-\p-ff khn-tij LS-I-߃ HØp-tN-cp-tºm-gmWv AXv ‘t^mIv’ (Flok) ‘Iq´mbva’ Bbn-

Øo-cp-∂-Xv. CØcw Iq´m-bva-bpsS temdn-s\-°p-dn®v/hn⁄m-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS

ss]XrI ]T-\-Øn\v i‡n ]I-cp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Chn-sS-bmWv \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fp-sSbpw

\mtSmSn hg-°-ß-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fp-sSbpw ISw-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\w {]k-‡-am-bn-Øo-

cp-∂-Xv.

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\ob ]T\w kmaq-lnI kwkvIm-chpw (Social Culture)hmMva-b-kw-kvIm-chpw

(Oral culture) `uXnI kwkvIm-chpw (Material culture) tN¿∂v kwkvIm-csØ ka-{K-am-bmWv

ImWp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ hmMvab kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv ‘hmsamgn hg°w’ F∂ bqWn‰v

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\mS≥ ]m-´p-Iƒ

{]m‡\ a\p-jy¿ hn{i-a-th-f-I-fnepw sXmgn-en-S-

ß-fnepw AhcpsS Zp:Jßfpw thZ-\-Ifpw ]¶p-

hbv-°p-∂-Xns‚ D]m-[n-bm-bn- m-Wv, Xmfm-fl-I-amb

hmbvØm-cn-Ifpw G‰p-]m-Sp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff eLp-

Km-\-ß-fpw ]m´p-I-fmbpw sNm¬Im-gvN-I-fmbpw

\rØ-Km-\-ß-fmbpw ]mSn-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. CXv

Ahs‚/Ah-fpsS Pohn-X- Im-gvN-Ifpw A\p- -h-

ßfpw IqSn-bm-Wv. Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ßfpw Imgv-N-Ifpw

amdp-tºmƒ ]pXnb Iq´n-tN¿°-ep-Ifpw ]m´p-I-

fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS Km\m-

fl-I-Xbpw Xmfm-fl-I-Xbpw {KmaoW ssien-Ifpw

{]tbm-K-ßfpw Ae-¶mc Iev]-\-Ifpw A∂sØ

a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS Imhym-fl-I-

amb Bhn-jvIm-c-ambn amdp-tºmƒ Ah-tbm-

tcm∂pw kmw-kvIm-cnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ IqSn AS-

bm-f-ambn amdp-∂p-≠v.

{]m‡\ a\p-jy-cpsS B{K-l-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn \mS≥I-ebpw \mS≥]m´pw {]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ AXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ BÀm-Zm-\p- qXn ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. CXv P\\w apX¬

acWw hsc-bp-ff F√m NS-ßp-I-fnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw \ap°v ImWm≥

Ign-bpw. \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse kmaq-lnI ]cm-a¿ihpw \m´-dn-hp-Ifpw `mjm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw

kmln-Xy-aq-eyhpw ]pcm-hrØ km∂n-[yhpw hfsc Bg-Ønepw khn-tij {]m[m-\y-

tØmSpIqSnbpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ am{Xta \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS bYm¿Y {]m-[m-

\yhpw {]k-‡nbpw \ap°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.

h¿Ko-I-cWw

\mS≥ ]m´p-I-fpsS h¿Ko-I-cWw Gsd {]bm-k-I-c-am-sW-¶nepw hwiob ]mc-ºcyw, Ah-X-cW

]›m-Ø-ew, CXn-hrØ kz`m-hw, tZi-t -Z-w, ]m´p-I-fpsS [¿Ωw, ckm-\p- qXn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h¿Ko-I-cn®p ImWp-∂p-≠v. D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿ tIcf kmlnXy Ncn-{X-

Øn¬, Km\-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hme-bpsSbpw \mcm-b-Øn-s‚bpw HØmi IqSmsX

]c-°p∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m- p-Isf tZh-Xm-]q-P, hoc-]p-cp-jm-cm-[-\, hnt\m-Zw, imkv{Xw, Ipe-hr-Øn,

tiJ-cWw

$ \mS≥ ]m´ns‚ tiJ-c-Whpw Ah-

bpsS ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Khpw hfsc {]

[m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv.]g-a-bpsS i‡nbpw

`mjm ku-μ-cyhpw kwKo-Xm-fl-

I-Xbpw Pohn-Xm-\p- -hhpw Xncn-®-

dn-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w CXv Ncn-{X-]-

chpw kmkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb At\z-

jWw IqSn-bm-Wv.

$ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏´

\mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ (hwiob/kmap-Zm-

bnI ]m´p-Iƒ,hnt\m-Z-∏m- p-Iƒ, ]

Wn-∏m- pIƒ) tiJ-cn®v \mS≥

]m v Ah-X-cWw \S-Ømw.

$ \mS≥ ]m v HmUntbm tIƒ°mw.

6

kZm-Nmcw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fn-embn Bdp Xc-Øn-emWv hn -Pn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. CXp IqSmsX hS-

°≥ ]m´p-I-fmbpw sX°≥ ]m´p-I-fmbpw as‰mcp Xcw hn -P\w ImWp-∂p-≠v. CØcw hn -P-\-

߃°v Gsd ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≈-Xn-\m¬ tUm.Fw.-hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn, hwiob (kmap-Zm-bn-I)

]m´p-Iƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, hnt\m-Z-∏m- p-Iƒ, ]Wn-∏m- p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ \mep hn`m-K-Øn-emWv

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

hwiob/kmap-Zm-bnI ]m´p-Iƒ

\ΩpsS \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fn¬ `qcn- m-Khpw PmXn, h¿K, kmap-Zm-bn-I, hwiob ]mc-ºcyw ImØp

kq£n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Cu ]m´p-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kmkvIm-cn-Ihpw mjm-

]-c-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Ch-cpsS ]m´p-I-fn¬ \ap°v Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bpw. ]p≈p-h≥ ]m´v,

the¿ ]m v, ae-b¿ ]m v, {_“Wn∏m v, ]pe-b¿ ]m v, am∏nf∏m v XpS-ßn-b ]m´p-I-fpsS t]cp-

Iƒ Xs∂ hwi-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ kqN-\-bmWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

am∏n-f-∏m´v (amXr-I)

$ Cui¬]qa-I-fmsW lpkv\p¬ Pam¬]p∂m-c-Ømcw anI¥ _ohntla-߃ satØ ]Wn-Nn-ØncwB -c-W-t°mh AWns¥ _ohn\ma-߃ FÆn-∏-d-™m¬ Xocm\h-cXv\ Nn¶mcw ]qs≠ _ohnImam-\-°m-gvN°Xp¿∏-sa¥mwIØpw XJvØn¬ acp≠p _ohnac-X-I-Øp-Inepw sRmdn-™p-SpØvamWn-°-ss°-c-≠-dn™p hoin

]cp-°n-Ø-em-Snbpw Ip\n™vs]cp-am≥ IgpØpw sNcn-Øpw-sIm≠vIcn-t]mƒ CSØpw he-Øn- q∂nI¨]n-cn-sh´n Npgp-‰n-S-en¬hcn-\q¬a-Z\w Xcn™v t\m°pw]hn-g-s∏m≥Np-≠mse s]m≥Nn-cnØpws]m≥Nn-cn-Ø-∂-S-®m-b-en¬]qam-\-tXhn hc-hp-X-∂n¬X©-߃ Pn∂pw-a-\p-h¿I-≠m¬X≥t_m[w hn´p aZ-s∏-Spta

˛_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿lp-kv\¬ Pam¬˛

A\p-jvTm-\-∏m-´p-Iƒ

BNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-ambn A\p-jvTn-°p∂ PmXn/aX-]-c-amb I¿Ω-

߃, Bcm-[-\-Iƒ, a{¥-hm-Z-{In-b-Iƒ, D®m-S\ I¿Ω-߃, tZh-tXm-]m-k-\, A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-

amb D’hm-tLm-j-߃ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°p th≠n ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv A\p-jvTm\∏m´p-Iƒ.

tXm‰w ]m´p-Iƒ, k¿∏∏m´p-Iƒ, apSn-tb‰p ]m´p-Iƒ, ]S-b-Wn-∏m- p-Iƒ, IpØn-tbm- -∏m- p-Iƒ,

ItÆ¿]m v XpS-ßn-bh A\p-jvTm\∏m´p-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

tXm‰w-]m´v

$ apØ-∏≥ tXm‰wHt∂Sw ap≠p∂ ]mSn-°p-ddnap≠n \nh¿∂-hnsS \n¬°p-t∂cwIp™≥ ‘Ipc-temi’ tIƒ∏m-\p≠v\nep-]p-dhpw Xncn-™p-t\m°nFßm-s\-tc-SØpw Im◊m-\n√]nt∂bpw ap≠p∂p ]mSn-°p‰nA√-sem-gn-™ßp apßp-t∂cwXncp-s\-‰n-°-√ns‚ Xmgvhc-bn¬s]m≥a-bn¬ t]me-hnsS \oWv I≠p

ssIsIm-´n-tbm-a-\-bn-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠vssIsIm-´n-tbm-a-\-bn-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠vAtøm-¶-c-tam-temØpw sIm≠p sN∂pAt∏mƒ]-d-bp∂p Aø-¶cC{X-\-s√mcp s]m\vaI\Fhn-Sp-∂p-In´n ]mSn-°p‰nXncp-h¿I-S-hn¬ Ipfn-°p-t∂cwhoWn‰p In´o\n s]m≥a-I\Is≠-Sp-Øp-t≈mcp s]m≥a-I∂vFt¥mcp ]m¬sIm-Sp-Øp-sa-bv h-f¿Ømw.

7

hnt\m-Z-∏m-´p-Iƒ

hnt\m-Z߃°pw Ifn-Iƒ°pw th≠n ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv hnt\m-Z-∏m- p-Iƒ. \nc¿Y-I-ß-sft∂m

Akw-_-‘-ß-sft∂m tXm∂p∂ ]m´p-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ [¿Ωw hnt\m-Zn-∏n-°-em-b-Xp-

sIm-≠mWv AØcw ]m´p-Isf Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-f-f-Xv. tIm¬°-fn, Nhn- p-I-fn,

ssIsIm´n°fn, Z vIfn, Nc-Sp-]n-∂n-°-fn, ]cn-N-Ifn XpS-ßnbh Ch-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏- -h-bm-Wv.

tIm¬°-fn-∏m- p-Iƒ

XmXbv Xbv Xbv XntØmw

N{I-sam∂p Nhn-s -s‚tøm

(Xm.........X-bv)

tIfp-]p-©-\-\-s®‚tøm

(Xm.........X-bv)

sXøn-Øn-\p-t¥m-Xn\pw Xn\pw Xmtcm

sXtøm-Xn-\pt¥m Xn\pw Xn\pw Xmtcm

ImIw ]d-∂mepw FØm-Ø-ImtS

Ipcn-b-ep-Ip-Øn-®mepw FØmØ ImtS

tNc s]mf-™mepw FØmØ ImtS

Ffp-h¿°pw Iqsdm-f-sfm-sc-fp-h-Æq¿ ImtS

Ffp-h-¥p-cp-Øn\v t]mIm-\-s°mt≠

Bfpw ASn-bmcpw sh≈-Øn-t°-dntb

]Wn-∏m-´p-Iƒ

sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´hbmWv ]Wn-∏m- p-Iƒ. sXmgn-ens‚ Bbmkw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n

B\-μhpw Bizm-khpw \¬Ip-I-bmWv CØcw ]m´p-I-fpsS [¿Ωw. sImbvØp-]m- v, tX°p-]m-

´, h≈-∏m- v, N{I-∏m v, \pW-∏m v XpS-ßn-bh Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p.

N{I-∏m´v

$ hμ-\-°fn

DeIpX∂n-ep-ff Io¿Ønhf¿Ø-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥DÆn-bmbn aÆ-f∂psIm≠-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥Ben≥ apI-tfdn IqSn˛s°m≠-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥BS-IƒI-h¿∂p-sIm≠vs]mb-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥aØ-hm-c-W-Øn≥ sImº

S¿Ø-sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥aØ `mc-saØ ta¬ InS˛∂sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥aØ-\mb Iwks\ h[n˛®sXs‚ Xºp-cm≥A¥-Øm-f-Xn-an¿sXømC¥-Ømf Xnan¿sXømX°-W-X°w XcIn Xn√-sXØ

A[nI hmb-\bv°v

$ \ΩpsS \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ ˛(NBS)

$ ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS ˛ Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥ ]n≈

$ tIc-f-Ønse \mS≥ kwKo-Xw - tUm.-Fw.-hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn

$ \mtSmSn hnPvRm-\o-bw- - tUm.-Fw.-hn.hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn

]g-s©m¬ kmlnXyw

\ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hfsc IrXy-ambpw Ipdn-°psIm≈p∂ Xc-Ønepw Nne¿ ]g-

s©m¬ {]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Bib {]Im-i\w \S-Øp-∂Xv \n߃ {i≤n-®n- p-≠m-hpw. Nne ]g-

s©m-√p-Isf \ap°v hymJym-\n®p t\m°mw. \n߃°-dn-bm-hp∂ ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

$ A°sc \n¬°p-tºmƒ C°sc ]®

$ ARvP-\-sa-∂Xv Rm\-dnbpw a™-fp-t]mse shfp-Øn-cn-°pw.

$ A∏w Xn∂m¬ t]mtc Ipgn FÆtWm?

$ B‰n¬ If-™mepw Af∂p If-b-Ww.

8

$ I -hs\ ImWm-™m¬ I≠-hs\ Igp-th-‰p-I.

$ Im° Ipfn-®m¬ sIm°m-Iptam?

$ Ipdp-°≥ NØmepw IÆv tImgn-°q- n¬.

$ NØ Ip™ns‚ PmXIw t\m°p-I.

$ ]ip NØp tamcns‚ ]pfnbpw t]mbn.

$ saØ-bn¬ InS-∂m¬ hnZy-bp-≠m-hn-√.

$ ]ØΩ Na-™mepw s]‰-Ω-bm-In-√.

]g-s©m√pw PohnX hymJym-\hpw

Hcp P\-X-bpsS kmkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmln-Xy-]-c-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚ k¿Km-fl-I-

amb Bhn-jvIm-c-am-bn- mWv ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. hmNn-I-ambn ]I¿∂p hcp-∂-h-

sb√mw hmsam-gn-h-g-°-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw Ah-sb√mw kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. `mj kuμ-

cym-fl-Ihpw Iem-fl-I-hp-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-tºm-gm-W-t√m, AXv kmlnXycq]-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-

sIm-≠mWv ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fmbn Xocp-∂-Xv. “Hcp P\kaqlw ]t≠-°p-]t≠

]d™p hcp∂ ]g°w h∂n- p-ff sNm√pI”-sf-∂mWv D≈q¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

km[m-cW P\-X-bpsS A\p- -h-⁄m-\hpw PohnX ]cn-N-bhpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw B‰n-°p-dp°n

kuμ-cym-fl-I-ß-fm-bn- mWv Ah cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn¬ \n∂v ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-

te°v hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn-°p-tºmgpw A¿Y-{K-l-W-Øn\v XS w t\cn-Sp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a-√,

]pXnb Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]pXnb hymJym\ km[y-X-Ifpw Ah Xpd∂p Xcp-∂p-≠v. Ime-

sØbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw hymJy-\n-°m-\p-ff A\¥ km[y-X-I-fmWv ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ apt∂m- p-

h-bv°p-∂-Xv. “kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ Xs∂ Imcy-K¿ -ßfpw lrZb kv]r°pw k¿thm-]cn D®m-c-W-

Øn\v AXy-[n-I-amb kuIp-am-cy-Øm¬ kap-√-kn-X-ß-fp-amb A\Xn Zo¿L-hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wh”F∂mWv {ioI-WvtT-izcw ]fl-\m- -]n-ff ]gw-s©m-√n\v A¿Yw I¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]g-s©m-√p-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ A\p- -h⁄m\w

$ {]mtZ-in-IX

$ ]mT-t`Zw

$ PohnX kμ¿`w

$ AXn-i-tbm‡n

$ \¿Ωw

$ hywKym¿Y Na¬°mcw

$ Imhy-ku-μcyw

$ `mjm khn-ti-jX

$ Xmfm-fl-IX

$ emfnXyw

]g-s©m-√ns‚ A¿Y hym]vXn

]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ hmsam-gn-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXv, Hmtcm ImesØ kmaq-ly-Po-hnX ImgvN-

I-sfbpw Z¿i-\-ß-sfbpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. F√m ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw kμ¿`-Øn-\-\p-k-

cn®v {]tXy-I-amb A¿Yhpw (‘k∂n-lnX kμ¿`w’) kzX-{¥-ambn \n¬°p-tºmƒ kmam-\y-

\nco-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw

shfn-®-Øn¬ kmam\yP\-߃ P∑w \¬Inb

Nn¥-bpsS cq]-amWv ]g-s©m-√v.

‘Icn-ºn\v Iºv tZmjw’ F∂ hkvXpX A\p-

-h-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jy¿ {Kln-®-Xv. “Xobn-

√msX ]pI-bn-√” F∂Xv as‰mcp A\p-`-h-

⁄m-\-amWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

“ASp°°nS-∂mte cm∏-\n-b-dnbq” F∂

sNm√pw AØ-c-Øn-ep-f-f-XmWv.

- ˛tUm:Fw.hn.-hn-jvWp-\-ºq-Xncn

9

h¬°-cWw hgn s]mXp-hmb A¿Yhpw (‘hnim-e-amb kμ¿`w’) \¬Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ c≠p-Xcw

A¿Yw D¬∏mZn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ‘G´nse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn√' F∂ sNm√ns‚ hnime kμ¿`w \¬Ip∂

A¿Yw ]pkvX-I-Ønse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn√ F∂pw AXn-s\-s°m≠v Hcp {]tbm-P-\hpw

C√ F∂-Xp-am-W-t√m. CXv Hcp kμ¿ -Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn®p t\m°mw. Hcp Hm^o-kn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂ Hcmƒ ^b-ep-Iƒ t\m°msX Ccn-°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv CXv ]d-bp-∂-sX-¶n¬, Abmƒ

sNtø≠ Imcy-߃ IrXy-ambn sNøm-Ø-Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂p ImWmw.

as‰mcp kμ¿ -Øn¬: “\ΩpsS kv{Xo kpc-£-bv°p-th≠n [mcmfw \nb-a-ß-fp-≠v. ]t£ Ah-

sbm∂pw kv{XobpsS c£bv°v FØp-∂n-√. G´nse ]ip ]p√p Xn∂p-I-bn-√t√m”.F∂p ]d-bp-

tºmƒ \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bmWv {]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ Hcp hy‡n {]tbm-Kn-

°p∂ kμ¿ -amWv A¿YsØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-sX∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. k∂n-lnX kμ¿ -߃

hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kam-\-Xbpw ImWmw. Cu k∂n-lnX kμ¿ -ßsf kmam-

\y-h-¬°-cn-°pI hgn-bmWv hnime kμ¿ -Øn-te-s°-Øp-∂-Xv.

]g-s©m-√p-Isf CØ-c-Øn¬ Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v “Xmf-t_m[w, Imhy-t_m-

[w, Pohn-X-t_m-[w, ss\Xn-I-t_m-[w, ]Z-t_m-[w, ]mc-º-cy-t_m[w XpSßn `mjm-]-chpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Bg-Øn-ep-ff Adnhv Ip´n-°mew apXte”D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn

]g-s©m¬ tiJ-c-Ww, ]g-s©m¬ hymJym-\w, ]g-s©m¬ tIfn XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø\߃

\nc-¥cw \SØn Ah-bpsS kmkvIm-cn-I-aqeyw \ne-\n¿ØpIbpw sNømw.

Htcm Iq´m-bvabpw kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßfpw aqey-t_m-[hpw ]e-X-c-Øn-emWv {]Xy-£o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

kv{Xosb-°p-dn-®p-ff ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

hymJym-\n°mw

]pØ-\®n ]pc-∏pdw Xq°pw

F´m-asØ s]Æv \Sp-°√v s]mfn°pw

aI≥ NØm¬ ihw; aIƒ NØm¬ ]nWw

Dds° Nncn-°p-∂-hsf De-°-sIm-≠-Sn-°Ww

s]¨ _p≤n ]n≥ _p≤n

s]Æpw aÆpw \∂m-°n-bn-S-tØmfw \∂mIpw

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

]g-s©m¬ tiJ-c-Ww, hymJym-\w, ]g-s©m¬ tIfn

]g-s©m¬ DZv -hw, hf¿®, h¿Ko-I-c-Ww˛hmb-\-°p-dn∏v

A[nI hmb-\bv°v

$ ]g-s©m¬ {]]©w ˛]n.-kn.-I¿Ø, Un.kn.-_pIvkv

$ tIcf t^mIve¿ ˛ (FUn:) -cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥

$ t^mIvtemdns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw ˛ tUm:tkma≥ISeq¿, Nn¥]ªn-t°-j≥

$ hnZym- ym-khpw t^mIvtemdpw ˛ tUm;tkma≥IS-eq¿, C≥sk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥

$ t^mIvtem¿- - cm-L-h≥ ]ø-\m-Sv, tIcf `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq v

$ t^mIvtem¿ kao-]-\-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw˛ tUm: F.Fw.{io[-c≥, ae-bmf ]T-\-K-thjW

tI{μw.

$ ]Xn-\m-bncw ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ ˛ them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn, Un.kn.-_pIvkv

10

ssien-Iƒ hymJym-\n°mw

$ lcn{io Ipdn-°pI

$ kzml-bm-°pI

$ ÿe-Pe {`aw

$ sh≈-cn-°m-∏´Ww

$ hnl-K-ho-£Ww

$ hmbv°-cn-bn-SpI

$ aq°p-I-b-dn-SpI

$ apSn-b-\mb ]p{X≥

$ adp I≠w NmSpI

$ ]q®v ]pd-Øm-hpI

$ ]ºIS-°pI

$ s\√n-∏Sn ImWpI

XpS-ßnb ssien-Iƒ hymJym-

\n®v A¿Yw ]d-bmw.

ioe-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n-°p-∂-h-bmWv

ssien-Iƒ. Npcp°w Nne ]Z-߃ sIm≠v hn]p-e-amb A¿Yhpw ssien-Iƒ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-

∂p. ssien-Iƒ°v hmIym¿YØn-\-∏pdw hywKm¿Y-Øn-\mWv {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm

ssien-bp-sSbpw A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®pw BK-a--sØ-°p-dn®pw Adn-bp-∂-Xv, Ipdn-°vs°m-≈p∂ cq]-

Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-Ipw. ]pXn-b-Im-eØpw ssien-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

]pXp-ssi-en-Iƒ

DZm: ASn-s]m-fn-bm-hpI, tX®p-t]m-IpI

hfsc \∂m-bn- p-≠v, Kw`o-c-am-bn- p≠v F∂ A¿Y-Øn-emWv ASn-s]m-

fn-bm-hpI F∂v {]tbm-Kn®v hcp-∂-Xv. tX®p-t]m-hpI F∂Xv ]etcmSpw

{]Wbw \Sn®v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

DZm: ‘]q®v sXfn-bpI’

“]q®v sXfn-bpI F∂-ssi-en-bn¬ ]q®v F∂ \mahpw sXfn-bpI F∂ {Inbbpw tNcp-tºmƒ,

]qinb temlw am™p-t]mbn km£m¬ hkvXp {]Xy-£-ambn F∂p-ff hmNym¿Y-a√ clkyw

shfn-s∏-SpI F∂ hywKym¿Y-amWv \ap-°p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv”.

{]h¿Ø\w : IqSp-X¬ ssien-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v

hymJym-\n-°mw. ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°mw.

IS¶-Y-Iƒ ]dbmw

_p≤n-]-chpw ck-I-c-hp-amb mjm tIfn-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ hnImkw {]m]n® hmsamgn kmlnXy

cq]-amWv IS¶-Y-Iƒ. IS¶-Y-bn¬ c≠p `mK-ß-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. H∂v tNmZyhpw as‰m∂v DØ-c-hpw.

tNmZy- mKw mh-\m-fl-Ihpw hmNym¿Y-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap-ff hywKym¿Y {][m-\hpw Xmfm-fl-I-hpw BWv.

“s]s´∂v DØcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hbpw F∂m¬ A¬∏w Nn¥n®v kq£vam¿Yw {Kln-

°mhp-∂-h-bp-amb Hcp Xcw KqVm¿Y hmIy-ß-fmWv IS¶-Y-Iƒ” F∂mWv tUm:Fw.hn.-hn-

jvWp-ºq-Xncn IS¶-Ybv°v A¿Yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

ssienbpw (Idiom)]g-s©m√pw (Proverb) XΩn¬ henb kmay-ap-

s≠-¶nepw hyXym-k-ßfpw Ipd-h-√. ssien-Iƒ ]s≠-∂-t]mse C∂pw

D¤-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]t£ ]g-s©m-√p-I-fn¬ ]pXnbXn√. ]g-

s©m-√ns‚ D¤hw hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂p am{X-am-Ip-tºmƒ ssien-Iƒ

hc-sam-gn-bn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip-∂p. ssien-I-sf√mw A\ym-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-

bn-cn-°pw. ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ Aßs\ BI-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-an-√. ]g-

s©m-√p-I-fn¬ Hcp henb hn`mKw hmNym¿YØn\p ]pdta

hywKym¿Yhpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Aßs\ A√m-Ø-hbpw [mc-

fm-ap-≠v. ssien GsX-¶nepw `mhsØ As√-¶n¬ \nan-jsØ

A]q¿W-ambn hy⁄n-°p-tºmƒ ]g-s©m√v ]q¿W-ambpw Hmcm-ibw

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hym]-Im¿YØn¬ ssien-bpsS Hcp hn`m-K-amWv

]g-s©m-s√-∂n-cn-°nepw X\-Xmbn Hcp {]ÿm-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ th¿Xn-

cn™p \n¬°m≥ km[n-°-Ø-°-hÆw cq]-Ønepw `mh-Ønepw

hy‡nXzw ]pe¿Øp∂ H∂m-Wv.

˛]-g-s©m¬ {]]-©w˛ ]n.kn.-I¿Ø˛

]g-s©m√pw ssienbpw

11

IS¶-Y-Ifnte°v

1. A°sc \n¬°pw Ip´ym\

C°sc \n¬°pw Ip´ym\

tNmsS t]mIpw Ip´ym\

aosX t]mIpw Ip´ym\

D: Aºew

B¬

apXe

h©n

2. A°sc \n¬°pw Xq©mWn

C°sc \n¬°pw Xp©mWn

Iq´n ap´pw Xq©mWn

D: I¨t]mf

3. AΩ I√nepw ap≈nepw

tamfv I√ymW ]¥-enepw

D: sXßpw sXßn≥

]q-°p-ebpw

4. Ic-™n-c™p hcp-s∂mcp

I\y-I-bpsS t]cp-]-d-™m¬

FÆn-sb-Æn-sØm-≈m-bnchp˛

samscm-‰-°-Shpw

D: ag

5. ImSp-sIm-Øn-∏m-d -I≠p

]md-sIm-Øn- sh-≈ -I≠p

sh≈-sImØn sh≈w I≠p

D: tXß DS-bv°p-∂-Xv.

IS¶-Y-I-fnse `mj, kmaqly Pohn-Xw, Xmfm-fl-I-X, Imhy kuμ-cyw, Hu]ayw XpS-ßnbh

]cn-tim-[n®v IS¶-Y-I-fnse kmlnXy-]-c-hpw- kmw-kvIm-cnIhpamb {]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-tS-

≠-Xp-≠v. IS¶-Y-I-fpsS hnjb hym]vXn ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xncn Im¿jn-Iw,

ssPhn-Iw, Krlyw, imco-cn-Iw, {]Ir-Xn-Iw, k¶o¿Ww F∂n-ßs\ 5 Xc-Øn¬ hn -Pn-°p-tºmƒ

LS-\sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n tNmZy cq]w, hmNI cq]w, Zo¿L hmN-I-cq-]w, IYm-cq]w, H‰-hm-°n-

ep-f-f-Xv, ka-kym-cq]w F∂n-ßs\ Bdp Xc-Øn-emWv cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv hn -Pn-®p- Im-Wp-∂Xv.

CØcw h¿Ko-I-cW߃ a\- n-em-°p-I IqSn sNøptºm-gmWv IS¶-Y-I-fpsS ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-

bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.

]pXn-b-I-S¶-Y-Iƒ

]pXn-b ImeØpw [mcmfw IS¶-Y-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI]Z-߃, imkv{X-]-

Z-߃, PohnXho£-Ww, ]pXnb `mj-Iƒ F√mw ]pXnb IS¶-Y-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ aq°n-en-cn°pw kpμ-cn-s∏-Æns‚

aq°p ]nSn-®m¬ ]m´p-]mSpw

D: tdUntbm

$ sIm®p-Imev sas√ sas√

\o≠-Imev thKw thKw

D: t¢m°nse/hm®nse kqNn-Iƒ

IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ Ip´n-I-fmWv IqSp-X-embpw

G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah, _me-a-\- p-Iƒ°v BI¿j-I-ambn

tXm∂m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. AtXm-sSm∏w {]mb-ap-ffhcpw

IS¶-Y-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Spw. cm{Xn-bn¬ Dd-ßp-∂-Xn\p apºp-

ff ka-b-ØmWv {]mtbW, IS¶-Y-I-fpsS {]tbm-Kw.

hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ H∂n®p tNcp-tºmƒ Hcp

hnt\m-Z-sa∂ \ne-bnepw IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. apØ»n

°Y-Iƒ tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂, IS¶Y-Iƒ ]d-bp-

∂Xpw a\- n\v Dt∑-j-Zm-b-I-am-Wv. ]e tNmZy-ß-fnepw

Hcp IY-bpsS Na-¬°mcw AS-ßn-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw

Ahsb IS¶-Y-Iƒ F∂v ]d™p hcp-∂-Xv.

DØcw Duln-°m-hp∂ \s√mcp tNmZy-amWv ISw¶Y-Iƒ.

tNmZy cq]-Øn-ep-ff hmIy-ß-fpsS DØcw {]Xn-tbm-Kn°v

]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ, Abmƒ ISw ]d-b-Ww.

DØcw In´msX Xm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏- psh∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-hm-

\mWv ISw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {]Xn-tbmKn ISw ]d-™m¬ tNmZy-

I¿Ømhp Xs∂ DØcw ]d-bWw

IS¶-Y-Iƒ Hcp ]T\w

tUm:Fw.hn.-hnjvWp \ºq-Xn-cn.

12

$ Im‰-tØmSpw IpS-h-b-d≥

D: _eq¨

XpS-ßnb ]pXnb IS¶-Y-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw.

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v

$ tIcf t^mIve¿

$ t^mIvtemdns‚ kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ IS¶-Y-I-fpsS Hu]-ayw, Imhym-fl-I-X, kmaq-ly-]-c-X, `mjm-k- hn-ti-

j-X, F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v {]_‘w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ ]pXnb IS¶Y-Ifpw ]gb IS¶-Y-Ifpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

$ IS¶Y∏b‰v

12

bqWn‰v 2

`mjm]T\Øns‚ Bcw`w

AΩbpsS K¿`]m{XØn¬ h®v ]eXcØnep≈ i_vZßtfmSv {]XnIcn°pIbpw `qanbn¬ P\n®p

hogp∂tXmsS ]t©{μnbßfneqsS kwthZ\w (sensation) \SØpIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠mWt√m

Ip´n temIsØ Adnbp∂Xv. AΩsb Ip™v Xncn®dnbp∂sXßs\bmbncn°pw? AΩbpw

Ip™pw XΩnep≈ Bibhn\nabw Fßs\bmbncn°pw? Ip™ns‚ Ic®n¬

Bibhn\nabØn\p≈ D]m[nbmbn IW°m°m≥ Ignbptam? Ip´n Ft∏mgmWv kwkmcn®p

XpSßp∂Xv? CØcØnep≈ [mcmfw tNmZyßfmWv inip`mjm]T\ Nn¥bpambn _‘s∏´v

\ΩpsS a\ nte°v BZyw IS∂p hcnI.

Ip´nbpsS Nncnbpw, Ip´n ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ IqP\hpw (cooing) ]eXcw i_vZßfpw (Pev]\w/

babbling) `mjbnte°p≈ hnhn[ L´ßfmbn´mWv `mjm imkv{X⁄∑m¿ hnebncpØp∂Xv.

hnhn[ {]mbØnse Ip´nIsf \nco£n®v `mjmcoXnIfpw khntijXIfpw Is≠Øn

\nco£W߃ tcJs∏SpØmw.

A[nI hmb-\bv°v : `mjmimkv{XhnthIw, sI.Fw.{]`mIchmcy¿, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-

]o-Tw, ]pdw (27-˛29)

hmbn°mw N¿® sNømw:

`mj a\pjysc kw_‘n®nStØmfw Hcp A\p{KlamWv. Bibhn\nabØn\v `mj

D]tbmKn°p∂ Htcsbmcp Pohnbpw a\pjy\mWv. a\pjy≥ `mjm¿P\w XpSßp∂ L´w

GXmWv? P\\w apXse∂pw K¿`ÿiniphmbncn°p∂ Imew apX¬s°∂pw hyXykvX

A`n{]mb߃ C∂pw \ne\n¬°p∂p.

P\n®v Bdpamkw Ne\ßfneqsSbpw hnhn[ i_vZßfneqsSbpw

{]XnIcWßfneqsSbpamWv Ip´nIƒ Bib{]IS\w \SØp∂Xv. Cu ImeL´sØ

Ipdp°¬ L´w F∂p hntijn∏n°mw. Bdpamkw Ignbptºmtg°pw IqSpX¬ hy‡ambn

Bib kwthZ\w Bcw`n®ncn°pw. Cu L´sØ sIm™¬L´w F∂p ]dbmw.

GXm≠v H∂c hb mhptºmtg°pw Ip´n Hcp kzn®n´mse∂t]mse `mjbnse ]Z߃

D]tbmKn®v Bibhn\nabw Bcw`n°p∂p. H‰∏ZØn¬ XpSßp∂ Ip´n {ItaW

Zzn]ZØnte°p IS°p∂p. {ItaW Ip´nbpsS `mjm{]tbmKØnep≠mhp∂ am‰w

hm°pIƒ°XoXamWv. \mep hb mhptºmtg°pw `mjbnse hymIcWØns‚

ASnÿm\hkvXpXIƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≈p∂ coXnbn¬ mj {]tbmKn°m≥ Ip´n ]Tn°p∂p.

k¶o¿Wamb `mjmhkvXpXIƒt]mepw Cu sNdnb {]mbØn¬ Ip´nIƒ

B¿Pn°p∂sXßs\sb∂Xv A¤pXIcamb hkvXpXbmbn C∂pw Ahtijn°p∂p.

`mjm¿P\Øn\p≈ Ignhv P∑kn≤amsW∂pw A\pIqekmlNcyßfn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v `mj

kzmbØam°m≥ Ignbpsa∂pw tNmwkvInsbt∏mep≈ ]finX∑m¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p.

inip°fpsS `mjm¿P\coXn hnebncpØptºmƒ c≠p Imcy߃ hy‡amIp∂p.

$ inip°ƒ `mj kzmwioIcn°p∂Xv A\pIcWØneqsSb√.

$ ipip°fpsS `mjm{]IS\tijnsb°mƒ AhcpsS `mjm{KlWtijn hfsc

hnIkn®ncn°pw.

13

ap≥]p Is≠Ønb BibßfpsSbpwIqSn ASnÿm\Øn¬ inip`mjsb°pdn®p≈

Ipdn∏v hniIe\w sNøpI.

inip`mjmL´ßƒ ]cnKWn®v `mjW khntijXIfpw `mjmhnImkhpw

kw_‘n®p≈ hniIe\°pdn∏v Xbmdm°mw.

]´nI. 1

1. ssiihmhÿbnse {]Xn{]h¿Ø\ßfpw tNjvSIfpw

2. P¬∏\ImeL´w (babbling stage)

3. eLp]Zßfp]tbmKn°p∂ L´w (beginning of vocabulary)

4. GI ]ZhmIyL´w

5. ]Zßsf kwLSn∏n®v Bib]q¿Øn hcpØp∂ L´w (combination of words intosentences)

6. `mjWIebn¬ ]q¿W kzm[o\X t\Sp∂ L´w

Ahew_w: hnZym`ymk a\x»mkv{Xhpw iniphnImkhpw tUm.sI.Pn.

cmaN{μ∏Wn°¿, ]n.sI.i¶c\mcmbW≥

]´nI 2

`mjmL´w XpSßp∂ {]mbw

Ic®n¬ P\\w

IqI¬ 6 BgvNIƒ

Akv]jvS i_vZap≠m°¬ 6 amkw

CuW hyXymk߃ 8 amkw

H‰∏Zap≈ {]tbmK߃ 1 h¿jw

c≠p]Zßfp≈ {]tbmK߃ 18 amkw

]Zßfnse {]Xyb߃ 2 h¿jw

tNmZy߃, \ntj[hmIy߃ 2½ h¿jw

A]q¿hhpw k¶o¿Whpamb LS\Iƒ 5 h¿jw

]IzX h∂ `mjWw 10 h¿jw

hnZym`ymk ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\v HcmapJw˛tIcfimkv{X kmlnXy]cnjØv

]´nIIƒ ]cntim[n®v DZmlcW߃ Is≠Ønbpw hniIe\w sNbvXpw inip`mjm hnIk\w

kw_‘n® N¿®Iƒ°v hy‡X hcpØmw.

`mjmhnImkw kw_‘n®v {][m\ambpw c≠p Xcw ImgvN∏mSpIfmWv `mjmimkv{XImc∑m¿

apt∂m´phbv°p∂Xv.

1. A\pIcWØneqsSbmWv Ip´n `mj ]Tn°p∂Xv.

2. `mj kzm`mhnIambn Ip´n B¿Pns®Sp°p∂XmWv.

14

hyhlmchmZØns‚bpw LS\mhmZØns‚bpw A\p`h⁄m\hmZØns‚bpw

ASnÿm\Øn¬ kvIn∂¿, skmkq¿, sehnkvt{Smkv XpSßnbh¿ A\pIcWØneqsSbpw

`mjbpsS LS\m]{KY\ØneqsSbpamWv `mj ]Tn°p∂sX∂p ]dbptºmƒ ⁄m\mflI

a\x»mkv{XØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ t\mwtNmwkvIn, sshtKmSvkvIn XpSßnbh¿

`mjm¿P\sØ°pdn®mWv ]dbp∂Xv.

ChcpsS {][m\s∏´ Bib߃ Is≠Øn kwhmZ N¿®bneqsS dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°mw.

kvIn∂dpsS Bib߃

* apXn¿∂hcpsS `mjm{]tbmKsØ A\pIcn®mWv Ip´n `mj ]Tn°p∂Xv.

*

*

*

tNmwkvInbpsS Bib߃

* k¿h`mjm hymIcWw

*

*

*

*

sshtKmSvkvInbpsS Bib߃

* Nn¥bpw `mjbpw XΩnep≈ _‘w

*

*

*

*

D®mcWhpw mjW sshIeyhpw˛N¿®m kqNI߃

$ Ip´nIfpsS kw`mjWØn¬ A\p`hs∏Smhp∂ sshhn[y߃ Fs¥√mw?

$ {]mtZinI`mj/am\I`mj ChtbmSp≈ ImgvN∏mSv F¥mbncn°Ww?

$ Ip´nIfn¬ km[mcW I≠phcp∂ `mjWsshIey߃ GsX√mw?

$ Ch `mjm¢m pIsf kzm[o\n°p∂Xv Fßs\sb√mw?

amXr`mjm`yk\Øn¬ D®mcWØn\v hfscb[nIw {]m[m\yap≠v. {]tXyIn®pw

aebmfwt]mep≈ A£tcm®mcI`mjbn¬. icnbmb D®mcWw, sX‰msXbp≈ hmb\sb

klmbn°pw. AtXmsSm∏w sX‰pIqSmsX FgpXm\pw icnbmb D®mcWw klmbIamhp∂p≠v.

D®mcWsshIeyw FgpØns\bpw _m[n°pw.

D®mcWmhbh߃

`mjmi_vZßfpsS D¬∏mZ\Øn\mbn a‰p PohnIfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn Hcp {]tXyI

Ahbhhpw a\pjy\n√. izkt\{μnbßfpsSbpw ]√v, \m°v XpSßnb Zlt\{μnb hyqlØns‚

Nne `mKßfpsSbpw klmbtØmsSbmWv a\pjy\v \m\mhn[amb `mjWi_vZ߃

D®cn°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv. izmtkm—zmk {]hrØnIƒ°v hyXnbm\w hcpØns°m≠mWv

D®mcWw km[yam°p∂Xv.

`mjmi_vtZm¬∏mZ\Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ Ahbhßsf Xs∂ Ne\kzmX{¥yw D≈hsb∂pw

Ne\kzmX{¥yw C√mØh/Ipd™h F∂pw c≠mbnXncn°mw.

15

I. NeIcWw (IcWw)

II ÿncIcWw (ÿm\w)

NeIcWw : D®mcWmhbhßfn¬ XmcXtay\ Ne\ kzmX{¥yw IqSnbhbmWv

NeIcW߃ AYhm IcWw (Articulator) DZm: \mhv, IogvNp≠v

ÿncIcWw : D®mcWmhbhßfn¬ XmcXtay\ Ne\kzmX{¥yw Ipd™hbmWv

ÿncIcW߃ AYhm D®mcW ÿm\߃ (Point of Articulation) DZm:

]√v, AÆm°v (Hard palate), ta¬®p≠v apXembh

D®mcWmhbhßfpw D®mcWÿm\ßfpw

i_vZØns‚ kzX{¥k©mcØn\v `mKnIamtbm ]q¿Wamtbm XS w krjvSn®psImt≠m

IS∂pt]mIp∂ `mK߃°v BIrXn hyXymkw hcpØntbm BWv hnhn[ `mjmi_vZ߃

]pds∏Sphn°p∂Xv. hnhn[ßfmb `mjmi_vZßfpsS D¬∏mZ\ {]{Inbsb°pdn®v Adnhv

e`n°p∂Xn\v AXn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂ Ahbhßsf∏‰nbpw Adn™ncnt°≠Xp≠v.

taepfn∏√v, tamW (Alveolum), ITn\Xmep (Hard palate), arZpXmep (Soft palate) XpSßnbhbmWv

D®mcWÿm\߃. Iogv®p≠v, \mhns‚ A{Kw, D]m{Kw, a[yw, aqew XpSßnbhbmWv

IcW߃ (Articulators)

1. ]√p-Iƒ 2. Du\v 3. Np≠p-Iƒ 4. \mkm-Zzmcw

5. \mhv 6. Pnlzm{Kw 7. Pnlzm-Xew 8. Pnlzm-aqew

9. arZp-Xmep 10. ITn-\-Xmep 11. Dƒ\m°v

12. IWvT-\m-f-io¿jw 13. \mZ-X-¥p-°ƒ

14. izmk-\mfw

i_vZw ]pds∏Sphn°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Ahbhßsf°pdn®pw AhbpsS

{]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®pw A[ym]I¿°pw Ip´nIƒ°pw kmam\y[mcW D≠mbncn°Ww.

a\ n¬ cq]w sIm≈p∂tXm tIƒ°p∂tXm Bb Bib߃ i_vZcq]Øn¬

BhnjvIcn°pIbmWv D®mcWØneqsS sNøp∂Xv. izmkKXnsb \nb{¥n®pw

D®mcWmhbhßsf DNnXamb coXnbn¬ Nen∏n®pamWv \mw Hmtcm A£chpw D®cn°p∂Xv.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ D®mcWmhbhßfpsS Ne\ßsf kw_‘n® hy‡amb [mcW icn-

bmb D®mcWØn\v A\nhmcyamWv.

BlmcØn\pw izmtkm—zmkØn\pap]tbmKn°p∂ Ahbh߃Xs∂bmWv D®mcWØn\pw

klmbIamhp∂Xv. CXn¬ {]m[m\yw izmtkm—zmk Ahbh߃°mWv. D—zmkhmbphmWv

IqSpX¬ i_vZ߃°p ImcWambnØocp∂Xv.

IWvTw, HmjvTw, Z¥w, aq¿[mhv, Xmep, h¿’w apXemb AwKßfpw AhbpsS `mKßfpamWv

D®mcWØn\v klmbIamb hmKn{μnb߃. ChbpsS ÿm\ßfn¬ \mhv X´ptºmgp≠mIp∂

[z\nIfmWv hyRvP\߃. aq°v, sNhn, izmktImiw apXembhbpw D®mcWsØ

16

klmbn°p∂p. `mjmi_vtZm®mcWØn\v klmbn°p∂ Ahbhßfn¬ Ne\ kzmX{¥yw

D≈Xpw C√mØXpap≠v. \mhn\p Ne\kzmX{¥yap≈t∏mƒ Z¥Øn\p Ne\kzmX{¥yan√.

i_vZap≠m°p∂Xn\mbn D®mcWmhbh߃ sXmSp∂ mKsØbmWv D®mcWÿm\w F∂p

]dbp∂Xv. i_vtZm®mcWØn\v D®mcWmhbhßfpsSbpw D®mcWÿm\Øns‚bpw

H∂n®p≈ {]h¿Ø\w BhiyamWv. i_vZßsf D®mcWmhbhßfpsSbpw

D®mcWÿm\Øns‚bpw D®mcWcoXnbpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ HmjvTyw, Z¥yw, h¿’yw,

aq¿[\yw, IWvTyw, Xmehyw F∂nßs\ Xcw Xncn°mw.

D®mcWsshIey߃

`mjm`yk\Øn¬ hfsc {]m[m\yap≈XmWv D®mcWw. F∂m¬ ¢m papdnIfn¬ ]e

XcØnep≈ D®mcWsshIey߃ I≠phcp∂p. am\knIhpw imcocnIhpamb

Zu¿_eyßfmWv D®mcW sshIeyØn\p≈ {][m\ ImcW߃. am\knIsshIey߃,

imcocnI\yq\XIƒ, amXrIm]camb D®mcWØns‚ A`mhw, A\h[m\X, D®mcWØn¬

kmZriyap≈ A£c߃ apXembh D®mcWsshIeyØn\p ImcWamIp∂p≠v. sIm©¬,

sIm™, Ahy‡`mjWw, hn°v XpSßnbh Chbn¬s∏Sp∂p.

* {]mtZinI`mj˛aebmf`mjbnse {]mtZinIt`Z߃˛(A[ym]Iklmbn hmeyw˛2 ]pdw

3˛9 {]tbmP\s∏SpØmw)

tIcfØn¬ ]md»me apX¬ Imk¿tKmUphsc k©cn°p∂h¿°v tIƒ°m≥ Ignbp∂

aebmfw ]eXmbncn°pw. Hmtcm {]tZiØn\pw AhcptSXmb mjmssienbpw mjmt`Zhpap≠v.

Hcp {]tZiØp]tbmKn°p∂ aebmfw tIcfØns‚ as‰mcp `mKØp≈h¿°v

a\ nemhWsa∂n√.

$ F¥q´m ]dbWv? Xriq¿°mcpsS Cu hmIyw \nßfpsS {]tZisØ `mjbnte°p

am‰nt\m°q? hyXymk߃ Fs¥√mw?

$ tIcfØnse hnhn[ {]tZißfn¬ ]Z/hmIyXeßfn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ hyXymk߃

At\zjn®p Is≠ØpI.

Ip´n kwkmcn°p∂Xv AhfpsS ho´nepw \m´nepap≈ mjbmWv. AXv kwkmcn°p∂Xn\mWv

Ahƒ°p Ignhp≈Xv. AhfpsS `mjmtijnsb kzm[o\n°p∂Xv Ahfpƒs∏´

`mjmkaqlØn¬ \n∂v e`n°p∂ A\p`hßfmWv. BZyL´ßfn¬ Ip´n `bclnXambn

\n t¶mNw `mj {]tbmKn°Wsa¶n¬ AhfpsS `mjbn¬Øs∂ kwkmcn°m\p≈

A\phmZap≠mIWw. CXn¬ [mcmfw {]mtZinIt`Z߃ Dƒt®¿∂psh∂p hcmw. AXp

kzm`mhnIamWv. Ah At∏mƒØs∂ XncpØn am\I`mj kwkmcn°m≥ \n¿_‘n°p∂Xv

Ip´nIfpsS BflhnizmksØbpw `mjm]T\sØbpw kmcambn _m[n°m\nSbp≠v.

`mjm{]tbmKØn¬ Bflhnizmkw h∂p Ign™m¬ {ItaW am\I`mj ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\pw

Bhiym\pkcWw {]tbmKn°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcw \¬Imhp∂XmWv.

`mjmt`ZßtfmSv ]ptcmKa\]camb \ne]mSv kzoIcnt°≠XmWv. {]mtZinI P\hn`mKØns‚

kmwkvImcnIhpw `mjm]chpamb khntijXIƒ AwKoIcnt°≠Xp≠v. GsX¶nepw Hcp

P\hn`mKØns‚ `mj D¬°rjvSsa∂pw as‰mcnSsØ `mj A]cnjvIrXsa∂pw

hn[n°p∂XpXs∂ P\m[n]Xyk¶ev]߃°p \nc°p∂X√. `mjbpsS PohØmb

kzcq]amWv {]mtZinIXzw. CXwKoIcn°pI F∂√. sshtZinI`mjbv°p D∂X]Zhn \¬In

amXr`mjsb Ah⁄tbmsS kao]n°p∂Xpw am\I`mjbv°p DXvIrjvSÿm\w \¬In

`mjmt`Zßsf AwKoIcn°mXncn°p∂Xpw Htc at\m`mhØns‚ c≠p apJßfmWv.

{]mtZinIØ\na {]Xn^en∏n°p∂ hmbvsamgnt`Z߃ \ΩpsS `mjbpsS kºØmsW∂v

Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v. AXn\m¬ am\I`mjbnep≈ `mjm]T\kma{KnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂

17

Ip´n°v {]mtZinIhyhlmc`mjbpsS Poh\pw, i‡nbpw kuμcyhpw Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\pw

Ahkcw e`n°Ww. \mS≥]m´pIƒ, IYIƒ, \mSI߃, t\mhepIƒ XpSßnb

kmlnXyIrXnIfpambn CS]gIp∂XneqsS CXp km[yamIpw. k¿KmflIcN\bnepw

Bib{]IS\Ønepw Xt‚Xmb ssien cq]s∏SpØnsbSp°p∂Xn\pw CXp klmbIamIpw.

D®mcWsshIey߃ `mjm¢m pIsf kzm[o\n°p∂sXßs\? Ch ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\v

A[ym]Isc∂ \nebn¬ sNømhp∂ {]h¿Ø\߃ Fs¥√mw? klmbI{KŸßƒ hmbn®v

Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

$ Ip´nIfpsS `mj \nco£n®v ]ZtImiw \n¿Ωn°mw.

`mjmkn≤m¥ßfnte°v....

⁄mXrkn≤m¥ßƒ (Cognitive Theories)

⁄mXrimkv{XØnse apJyhnjbßfnsem∂mWv `mjm]T\w. F¬.Fkv.hntKmSvkvIn,

]nbmsj, {_qW¿, tNmwkvIn XpSßnb ⁄mXrhmZnIsf√mw Xs∂ `mjm]T\sØ°pdn®v

AhcptSXmb k¶ev]߃ apt∂m´ph®n´p≠v. {]k‡amb GXm\pw Bib߃ NphsS

tN¿°p∂p.

1. F¬.Fkv.hntKmSvkvIn

hntKmSvkvInbpsS Thought and Language F∂ ]pkvXIØn¬ Nn¥sbbpw `mjsbbpw

Ipdn®p≈ N¿® AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv iniphns‚ P\\w apX¬ ssiihL´ßfneqsSbp≈

hf¿®sb tI{μoIcn®psIm≠mWv. iniphns‚ tcmZ\hpw (crying) IqIepw (cooing) Nn¥bpambn

_‘an√mØ `mjbmWv (non-congnitive language). amXm]nXm°fpw Ip´nbpw XΩnep≈

_‘sØ ZrVs∏SpØpIsb∂ kmaqly[¿ΩamWv CØcw Nn¥mclnX i_vZ߃

\n¿hln°p∂Xv. CtXmsSm∂n®p Xs∂ `mjbpambn _‘an√mØ Nn¥bpap≠v.

Iºp]tbmKn®v Hcp Ifn∏m´saSp°m≥ {ian°p∂Xpt]msebp≈ \mUot]io{]h¿Ø\߃

CXn\v DZmlcWamWv. BZyhm°v kzmbØam°p∂ thfbn¬ kzX{¥amb Cu

hnImkamXrIIfpsS ka\zbamWv \S°p∂Xv. mjmhnImkØns‚ hnkvt^mS-\Ønte°mWv

AXp \bn°p∂Xv. iniphn\v Xm≥ ]Tn°p∂ Hmtcm hm°ns‚bpw A¿Ysas¥∂v Adnbm\p≈

B{Klap≠v. Hmtcm A\p`hØns‚bpw (DZm:˛arKime kμ¿in°¬), Xm≥ A`napJoIcn°p∂

Hmtcm hkvXphns‚bpw (DZm:-˛N{μ≥) t]sc¥msW∂v Ip´n At\zjn°p∂p. Cßs\

kzmwioIcn°s∏Sp∂ Hmtcm Cgbpw as‰m∂ns‚ kzmwioIcWØn\v klmbIambnØocp∂p.

Nn¥bpsSbpw mjbpsSbpw ka\zbsØ {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂Xn\v hntKmSvkvIn D]tbmKn®Xv

Xmsg ImWp∂ Nn{XamWv.

2 3 41

`mjmclnXNn¥

Nn¥mclnXi_vZw

`mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩnep≈ IqSnt®c¬

({]mbw˛h¿jØn¬)

Nn¥sb cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn¬ I≠oj\nwKv {]{Inbsb°mƒ i‡amWv `mj. Nn¥sb

cq]s∏SpØp∂Xv `mjsb ]qcnXam°p∂ kwkvImcamsW∂v At±lw A`n{]mbs∏´p.

18

]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw

`mjm]T\sØ°pdn®p≈ ]nbmsjbpsS A\pam\߃ PRmXrkn≤m¥Øn¬

A[njvTnXamsW¶nepw \nbXamb LS\tbmSpIqSnb `mjmLSIw Ip´nbpsS

a\ neps≠∂v At±lw AwKoIcn®n√. C°mcyØn¬ ]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw

kam\cmsW∂v Nne ]T\߃ Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≠v.

]nbmsjtbm hyhlmchmZnItfm iniphns‚ a\ n\v ss\k¿KnILS\tbm a\ ns‚

{]tXyI taJeIfn¬ A[njvTnXamb Adnthm Iev]n®p \¬Ip∂n√. s]mXptaJebnse

]T\{]{InbIƒ `mjm]chpw A√mØXpamb F√mØcw Nn¥bnepw

{]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p-s≠∂mWv IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. iniphns‚ {]mcw`Zibnep≈

a\ ns\°pdn®v ]nbmsjbpw hyhlmchmZnIfpw ]e Imcyßfnepw tbmPn°p∂p≠v.

P∑kn≤amb AdnthmSpIqSnb√mØ Hgn™ t…‰v F∂ \nebnemWv hyhlmchmZnIƒ

inip-hns\ I≠-Xv. th¿Xn-cn-°m\mhm-ØXpw Ipg-™p-a-dn-™-Xp-amb \nth-i-ß-tfmSp

(input) IqSnb \nebnemWv ]nbmsj iniphns\ ImWp∂Xv. c≠p ho£Wßfpw

Gsd°psd H∂p Xs∂bmWv.

Im¿antem^v˛kvanØv (Karmiloff-Smith, 1992)

2. Po≥ ]nbmsj (Jean Piaget)]nbmsj mj, Nn¥ F∂nhsb _‘n∏n®psIm≠v Nn¥bneqsSbmWv Ip´nIƒ hfcp∂sX∂pw

`mj AXn\ptijw hcp∂ H∂msW∂pw ]d™n´p≠v. Nn¥bv°v {]XoImflIcq]w

\¬IpIbmWv mj. icocØns‚ hf¿®bmWv GXp hep∏Ønepw BIrXnbnepap≈ thjamWv

th≠sX∂p \n›bn°p∂Xv. AXpt]mse Nn¥bmWv GXpXcØnep≈ `mjbmWv Ip´n°p

th≠sX∂p \n›bn°p∂sX∂v ]nbmsj hmZn°p∂p.

3. sPtdmw Fkv. {_qW¿ (Jerome Seymour Bruner)hmNntIXc Bibhn\nabØn¬ \S°p∂ bYm¿Y {]{In-b-Iƒ Fs¥√mamsW∂p

Is≠Øm≥ {_qW¿ {ian®n´p≠v. amXm]nXm°fpsS {i≤ £Wn°p∂Xn\p Ip´n

Ahew_n°p∂ am¿Kßfnsem∂v "Nq≠n°mWn°'emWv.

DZmlcWØn\p Ip´n Sn.hn. Nq≠n°mWn°p∂psh∂p IcpXpI. Hcp ]s£ AΩ At∏mƒ

Ip´nbpambn Hcp kwhmZØnte¿s∏SpIbpw Sn.hn.{]h¿Øn∏n®p Ip´n°v ImWn®psImSp°pIbpw

sNøp∂p. CXns\°mƒ \nKqVamb as‰mcp coXnbmWv Ip´nbpsS ZrjvSn{]tbmKw. Ip´n

Ifn∏m´Øn¬ Xs‚ ZrjvSn ]Xn∏n°p∂p. Ip´nbpsS t\m´sØ AΩbpw ]n¥pScp∂p. HSphn¬

c≠pt]cpw H∂n®v Ifn∏m´Øn¬ t\m´apd∏n°p∂p. Ip´nbpsS Bhiysa¥msW∂p

a\ nem°p∂ AΩ Ip´n°v Ifn∏m´saSpØpsImSp°p∂p.

F√m Bibhn\nabkmlNcyßfnepw Ip´n°v kzm¿Y]camb ]¶mfnØamWp≠mhpIsb∂v

CXn\¿Yan√. Hcp ]s£ AΩbpw Ip™pw ]ckv]cw aμlkn°pI am{Xsa

sNøp∂p≈psh∂phcmw. Cu hn[Øn¬ BZysØ ]Zw kzmbØam°p∂Xn\p apºpXs∂

inip Bibhn\nabw sNøm≥ ]Tn°p∂p≠v. ]n∂oSv Ip´nbpw AΩbpw amdn amdn ap≥ssI

FSp°p∂Xns‚ ASnØdbn¬ hmNnIamb Bibhn\nabw \S°p∂p. AΩbpambp≈

CS]gIens‚ DujvafX A\p`hn®n´n√mØ iniphns‚ ]n∂oSp≈ `mjm{]IS\Øn\p

kmcamb tIm´w kw`hn°m\nSbp≠v. C°mcyw _uƒ_nbpw (J. Bowlby, 1953)Nq≠n°mWn®ncp∂p.

19

4. t\mw tNmwkvIn (Noam Chomsky)`mjm]T\sØ°pdn®v ⁄mXrhmZnbmb tNmwkvInbpw \ho-\-amb Bi-b-߃ apt∂m´p h®n-

´p-≠v. 1957˛¬ tNmwkvInb≥ amXrIbnep≈ mjmimkv{Xw P∑saSpØXp apX¬ P∑kn≤amb

k¿hhymIcWsa∂ BibsØ B[mcam°n Ht´sd ]T\߃ \S∂n´p≠v. Ign™

ZiIßfnembn DcpØncp™ph∂ apJy Bib߃ Xmsg ImWn® hn[Øn¬

t{ImUoIcn°mw.

$ a\pjya\ n\p P∑kn≤amb k¿h`mjmhymIcWw (UG) D≠v.

$ `mjsb°pdn®v X\n°p≈ P∑kn≤amb Adnhv F¥msW∂v Hcmƒ°padnbn√.

$ GXm\pw D]LSIßtfmSpIqSnb H∂mWv k¿h`mjmhymIcWw. Hmtcm LSIhpw

`mjbpsS Hcp Iq´w kz`mhßfpambn _‘s∏´hbmWv.

$ `mjIfpsS s]mXphmb kz`mhßfn¬ \n∂v Nne Xncs™Sp°epIƒ \SØp∂Xns\bmWv

`mjm]T\sa∂p hnh£n°p∂Xv. AYhm P∑kn≤amb `mjmLSIØns‚

]ehn[Ønep≈ kv]jvSoIcWßfmWv (specifications) {]tXyI `mjmhymIcW߃.

$ a\ nse `mjmLSIw Hcp {]P\\ {]{InbbmWv (generative process)

⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZw (Constructivism)⁄mXrkn≤m¥Øns‚ ASnØdbn¬ cq]wsIm≠ Nn¥m[mcbmWv. ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-hm-Zw.

Ip´n kz¥w Adnhv krjvSn-s®-Sp-°pIbmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂ ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Cu kao-]\w

apt∂m´phbv°p-∂-Xv. ]q¿hm¿Pn-X-⁄m-\-hp-ambpw ap∂-\p-`-h-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏-SpØn Bi-

b-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Adnhv D¬∏m-

Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXns\ kz¥w ssh⁄m-\n-I-L-S-\-bn-te°v kzmwio-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hna¿i-

\m-flI Nn¥-bnepw {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW {ia-ß-fnepw kPo-h-amb ]¶m-fnØw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw

Ip´nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {]k-‡hpw kzbw {]tNm-Zn-X-hp-amb ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v

⁄m\-\n¿anXn kao-]\w {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.

kmaqly⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hmZw (Social Constructivism)⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ Hcp D]-hn-`m-K-amWv kmaqly⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Zw. `mj ]cn-]-

Iz-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ kmaqlykml-N-cy-߃°p≈ {]m[m\yw CXn¬ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p.

Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ka-{]m-b-°m-cp-ambpw apXn¿∂-h-cp-ambpw \S-Øp∂ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ `mjm-hn-

I-k-\-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. kwhm-Zm-fl-I-amb kwL-]-T-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw temI-amsI AwKo-

I-cn-°-s∏´p Ign-™p. CXv kmaq-ly-⁄m-\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ hºn® kzm[o\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

`mjm-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hnhm-Z-߃

1. akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ mjm-L-SIw F∂p th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ Hcp LS-I-ap-t≠m-sb∂XmWv

X¿°-hn-j-b-ß-fn-sem-∂v. kwth-Z-\w, t]io-\n-b-{¥-Ww, bp‡n-Nn¥ XpS-ßnb a‰p-X-c-

Øn-ep≈ ⁄mXr-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v _m[-I-am-ImØ Nne XXz-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb H∂mWv akvXn-

jvI-Ønse `mjm-L-S-I-sa∂pw CXns‚ klm-b-Øm-emWv `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-amWv

tNmwkvIn, t^mtUm¿ XpS-ßnb Ht´sd mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-∑mcpsS hmZw. F∂m¬ Fßs\

Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm-sa∂ {]iv\-Øn¬ \n∂mWv `mj-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂pw AXn-\m¬

kmam-\y-_p-≤n-bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-a√

`mjm-]-T-\-sa-∂p-amWv ]pSv\mw (H.Putnam-1971) s_bv‰vkv (E.Bates-1989) XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS

A`n-{]m-bw.

20

2. `mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv as‰mcp X¿°w. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\p

Nne kw⁄-Iƒ (labels) Bh-iy-am-Wv. Nn¥-bn¬ (congnition) kw⁄-Iƒ H´n®phbv°-

emWv `mjm-]-T-\-sa∂ hmZw t^mtUm¿, ]nbmsj F∂n-h¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Nn¥-

sbbpw `mj-sbbpw thm¿^v hni-I-e\w sNbvXXv as‰mcp coXn-bn-em-Wv. temIsØ a\-

 n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb _‘-ßfpw (relation) h¿K-ßfpw (categories) Bh-iy-am-

Wv. Ch-sb√mw `mj-bn¬ \n∂mWp e`n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hyXykvX `mj-Iƒ

kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ temIsØ ho£n-°p-∂Xv hyXykvX coXn-I-fn-em-Wv. (thm¿^v) "`mjm-

]-T-\-sa-∂Xv kwkm-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-°¬ am{X-a-√, Nn¥n-°m≥ ]Tn-°¬Iq-Sn-bm-sW'∂v thm¿ v

hmZn-°p-∂p.

B[p-\nI ⁄mXr-a-\-»m-kv{X-⁄¿ thm¿^ns‚ Cu A\p-am\w Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. kwkm-

cn-°m≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂p-≠v. hm°p-I-fn-eq-sS-b-

√, _nw_-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Aaq¿Ø-amb bp‡n-]c D]-t£-]-ß-fn-eqsS (logical propositions)bpamWv \mw Nn¥n-°p-∂-sX∂v ]n¶¿ (Steven Pinker) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.

3. C\n-bp-samcp X¿°w a\p-jys‚ AXp-ey-Xsb (Uniqueness) tI{μo-I-cn-®m-Wv. ]cn-an-X-amb

FÆw Nn”-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v arK-ßfpw kzh¿K-Øn-ep-≈-h-bp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-

Øp-∂p-≠-t√m. AXn-\m¬ Ah-bnepw "`mjm-L-SIw' Ds≠∂p ]d-tb≠n hcp-a-t√m. Cu

Zni-bn-ep≈ Nn¥ Iem-in-®Xv ]cn-Wm-a-{I-a-Øn¬ a\p-jy-t\mSv ASpØp \n¬°p∂

Nnºm≥knsb `mj "]Tn∏-n'°m-\p≈ Nne-cpsS DZy-a-Øn-em-Wv. Ah-cpsS {ia-߃ hnP-bn-

®-Xmbn tcJ-I-fn-√. Hcp]t£ Nnºm≥knsb `mj ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™p-sh∂pXs∂ Icp-

Xp-I. a\p-jy-in-ip-hns\ Bcpw B coXn-bn¬ `mj "]Tn-∏n'°p-∂n-√-t√m.

4. `mjm-]-T-\-Øn\p P∑-kn-≤n-°mtWm ]cn-kcØn-\mtWm IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-sa∂p Nne-

sc-¶nepw tNmZn-®n-´p-≠v. a\p-jy¿ am{Xta "`mj' kwkm-cn-°p-∂p≈p F∂-Xn-\m¬ `mj

P∑-kn-≤n-X-s∂-bm-Wv. AtX-k-abw ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bpsS (environment) {]m[m\yw Ipd-®p-Im-

Wm\pw Bhn-√. AXn-\m¬ ]mc-º-cy-amtWm kml-N-cy-amtWm `mjm-]-T-\sØ kzm[o-\n-

°p-∂Xv? Ch-bn-te-XmWv IqSp-X¬ {][m\w? XpS-ßnb tNmZy-߃ A{]-k-‡-am-sW∂p

Ãoh≥ ]n¶¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

1. `mjm¿P\ {]{Inb Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°pI?

2. `mjm¿P\ {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv `mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-∂-sX∂v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-

am-°pI?

3. Ip´n°v G‰hpw {]nb-s∏´ Ifn-∏m´w ssIbn¬ \n∂v hoWv s]m´n-t∏mbn. Cu A\p-`-hsØ

`mjm¿P-\-Nn-¥-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ˛ Ip´n `mj D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p F∂ {]kvXm-h-\-

bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Fßs\ hni-Z-am°mw?

DZm: Atøm...-A-tΩ... Fs‚ Ifn-∏m´w apgp-h\pw s]m´n-t∏m-bn.

$ Fs‚ Ifn-∏m´w t]mtb......

$

$

$

21

4. Fß-s\-bmWv Krl-`m-jbpw {]mtZ-in-I-`m-jbpw `mjm¿P-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX∂v

DZm-l-cW klnXw hy‡-am-°p-I.

5. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ip´n-Iƒ D®m-c-W-sØ-‰p-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂Xv? AXv ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-

߃ Fs¥√mw?

6. D®m-cWmh-b-h-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ÿm\-ßfpw A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn ]Tn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈

KpW-߃ Fs¥√mw? Ah ss{]a-dn-¢m-kn¬ GXv Xc-Øn-emWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ign-bp-∂Xv?

7. `mj-]-T\w kw_-‘n®v kvIn∂¿, tNmwkvIn, sshtKmSvkvIn F∂n-h-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

]h¿t]m-bn‚ v {]k-t‚-j-\mbn Xbm-dm-°p-I.

8. `mjm¿P\-Øn¬ Ip´nsb BZy-L- -Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv Krl- m-jbpw {]mtZ-inI mj-

bp-am-Wv. Ip´n-I-fpsS Krl-`m-jbpw {]mtZ-inI mjbpw ]cn-tim-[n®v {]mtZ-inI ]Z-tImiw

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v

hyh-lm-c-hmZw (Behaviourism)

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn-emWv hyh-lm-c-hmZw DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. a\x»m-kv{X-Øn¬

hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-{]-ÿm\w i‡-am-bXv djy≥ a\x-»m-kv{X-⁄-\mb ]mhvtemhv \mb-bn¬ \S-

Ønb ]T-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv (1902). XpS¿∂v hmSvk¨, tXm¨ssU-Iv, K{Xn, lƒ XpS-ßn-b-

hcpw Cu {]ÿm-\-Øn\p IcpØp ]I¿∂p. hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kw`m-h\

\¬In-bXv kvIn∂¿ BWv. Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Fs¥√mw sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw Fs¥√mw

sNøp-∂n-s√∂pw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hyh-lm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\߃ \S-tØ-≠-sX∂v

kvIn∂¿ hniz-kn-®p.

hyh-lm-csØ Fßs\ \nco-£n-°m-sa∂pw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-°m-sa∂pw kvIn∂¿ ]d-bp-

∂p. A\p-Iq-e-amb {]_-e\w hgn a\p-jy-hy-h-lm-csØ IqSp-X¬ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-

sa∂v At±lw hmZn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ kp{]-kn-≤-amb beyond freedom and Dignity (1971) F∂

]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kzmX-{¥yw, A¥ v XpS-ßnb Bi-b-߃ B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-

iq-\y-am-sW∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Hcp {]tXyI

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hy‡n F¥mWp sNøpI F∂Xv Ah\p `qX-Im-e-Øn¬ F¥p kw`-hn-®n-´p-

s≠-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \√-h-cmb hy‡n-Isf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-cpsS hyh-

lm-csØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂p a\- n-em-t°-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Ønse apJy Bi-b-߃

$ a\p-jys‚ hyh-lmcw t{]c-W-bp-sSbpw (stimulus) {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw (response) {]Xn-

{]-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv.

$ hyh-lmcw am‰n-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ H∂m-Wv.

$ arK-ß-fpsS hyh-lm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w a\p-jys‚ hyh-lm-csØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-

∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°pw.

$ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. H∂v t{]c-W-bpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ kwPm-X-am-

Ip∂ {]Xn-I-c-Whpw (eicited response) at‰Xv t{]c-W-bpsS ^e-am-bn-´-√m-sX-bp≈ {]Xn-I-

c-Whpw (emitted response)

$ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D≠v. {]Xn-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw

22

D]-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw. Hcp ]pXnb t{]c-W-hgn ]gb {]Xn-I-c-WsØ

DW¿Øp∂ ]T-\-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-ج F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

]mhvtemhv BWv Cu Bibw kw`m-h\ sNbvX-Xv. th´-°m-cs‚ aWw ]nSn® DS≥ ]£n

]d-∂-I-ep∂Xv CXn-\p≈ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

Bh-iysØ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp hgn B¿Pn-°p∂ {]Xn-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]T-\sØ

ho£n-°p-∂Xv D]-I-c-W-_-‘nX ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

\mw B{K-ln-°p∂ hyh-lm-c-Øn-\-SpØp hcp∂ hyh-lm-csØ kΩm\w \¬In t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kvIn∂-dmWv

Cu Bibw apt∂m-´p-hbv-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-Iq-ehpw {]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb {]_-e-\-ß-fp-≠v. AXp-

hgn hyh-lm-csØ ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw A√m-Ø-hsb \o°w sNøm\pw Ign-bpw. Zmln-°p-

tºmƒ Sm∏v CS-tØmSp Xncn®v sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-

W-am-Wv. Sm∏v CS-tØm´p Xncn®v sh≈w e`n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \mw he-tØm´p Xncn®p t\m°pw.

$ hyh-lm-csØ am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne \S-]-Sn-I-fp-≠v.

-˛ hyh-lm-c-e-£y-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-I.

˛ A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]_-e-\-߃ GsX-√m-am-sW∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-I.

˛ h¿Ø-\sØ am‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I.

˛ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw ^ew tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

˛ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

LS-\m-hmZw

hyh-lm-c-hmZw {]_-e-amb Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv `mj-sb-°p-dn®v Ht´sd Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fp-ambn

k q¿, sehn-kv{Smkv XpS-ßnb `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS ªqw^o¬Upw

A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw cwK-Øp-h-∂-Xv. GXp hmIy-sØbpw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnt«-jWw sNbvXv AXns‚

GI-I-ß-fmb kz\n-a-I-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm-sa∂ ªqw^o¬Uns‚ Is≠-ج A°m-eØv hnkvabw

Df-hm-°nb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. mj-bpsS LS-\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv

LS-\m-hmZw F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏´ Nn¥m-[mc hnImkw {]m]n-®-Xv. mjm-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyh-

lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m- p-h® Bi-b-߃ AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv ªqw^o¬Upw Iq´p-Imcpw

sNbvXv. 1930˛50 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ _p≤n-a-WvU-esØ apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°p-hm≥ LS-\m-

hm-Z-Øn\p Ign-™p.

a\x-»m-kv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, kaql-im-kv{Xw, `uXn-I-hmZw XpS-ßnb hnhn-[-ß-fmb hn⁄m-\-

ta-J-e-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p-sh-∂Xv Cu Nn¥m-[m-cbv°v e`n® AwKo-Im-c-sØ-bmWv

ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. F¥n-s\bpw hnt«-jn®v AXns‚ LS-I-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm-sa∂ LS-\m-hm-Z-

Øns‚ NphSp ]nSn-®mWv kaq-l-Øns‚ LS-\, a\- ns‚ LS-\ XpS-ßnb At\z-j-W-ß-fn-te-

s°√mw Zm¿i-\n-Iƒ hym]-cn-®-Xv. Xß-fpsS _p≤n-]-c-amb ta¬t°m-bva-sb-°p-dn®v AXn-cp-I-

hn™ Bfl-hn-izm-k-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ `mj-sb-°p-dn®v

X߃ D∂-bn-°p∂ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ Zp¿_-e-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n-√. arK-ß-

fpsS h¿Ø-\-hy-Xn-bm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v \S-Ønb ]T-\ßimWv Xß-fpsS hmZ-ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bXv F∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw \yq\-X-bp-≈-Xmbn hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ°pw tXm∂n-

bn-√.

23

hyh-lm-c-kn-≤m¥w tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp∂p

bm{¥n-I-ambn hyh-lm-c-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Pohn-sb∂ \ne-bn-emWv hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn¬

a\p-jys\ ImWp-∂-Xv. A√msX C—m-i-‡nbpw e£y-t_m-[-hp-ap≈ Pohn F∂ \ne-bn-e-√.

CXv a\p-jys‚ hyh-lm-csØ Aan-X-ambn efn-X-h¬°-cn-°p∂psh∂mWv hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\p

t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ ISpØ hna¿i-\w. hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\pw AXns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ]Sp-Øp-

b¿Ønb LS-\m-hm-Z-Øn\pw Hcp t]mse aß-te-‰Xv ⁄mXr-hm-Zn-I-fpsS cwK-{]-th-i-tØm-Sp-

Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. 1957˛¬ tNmwkvIn (Nom Chomsky) ]pd-Øn-d-°nb syntactic Structures F∂ {KŸw

CXn\p \nan-Ø-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. `mjsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p LS-\m-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h®

coXn-bpsS Aim-kv{XobX sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tNmwkvIn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. AtXm-

sSm∏w Xs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥

Ign-bmØ Ht´sd hkvXp-X-I-fp-s≠∂v At±lw hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

`mj ]Tn-°p-I-sb∂Xv Ip´n-bpsS P∑-kn-≤-amb Ign-hm-sW∂ ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv At±lw Xs‚

kn≤m¥w cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX-Xv. XpS¿∂v 1959˛¬ kvIn∂-dpsS verbal Behaviour F∂ IrXn-sb-

°p-dn-®p≈ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb {]_-‘hpw At±lw ]pd-Øn-d-°n. `mj-sb-°p-dn®pw `mjm-]-T-

\-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]n¬°m-eØp \S∂ Ht´sd Kth-j-W-߃°pw kwhm-Z-߃°pw XpS°w

Ipdn-®Xpw tNmwkvIn-bpsS kn≤m-¥-am-sW∂p \n w-ibw ]d-bmw.

hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]cn-anXn

]T\sØ°p-dn-®v, hninjym `mjm-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyh-lm-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h® Bi-b-

߃ a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚ ss\k¿KnI kn≤n-Isf IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂n-s√-∂Xn\m¬ Ah-bp-ambn

s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ ⁄mXr-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p Ign-™ncp-∂n√.

`mj-bp-sSbpw `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-s‚bpw Xmsg sImSpØ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ hyh-

lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂n-s√∂v Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p.

1. a\p-jy\p am{X-ap≈ Ign-hmWv `mj. a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°p e`y-am-Ip∂ H∂√ `mjm-hy-h-ÿ

(language system)

2. ]pXnb kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ A\-¥-amb FÆw ]pXnb hmIy-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw a\-

 n-em-°p∂Xn\pw Ip´n°p Ign-bpw. A\p-I-cWw hgnbpw {]_-e\w hgn-bp-amWv Cu ]pXnb

hmIy-߃ ]Tn-°p-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xm≥ hø. `mj krjvSn-]-c-am-sW-∂Xv AXns‚ X\n-a-

bm¿∂ kz`m-h-am-Wv.

3. c≠p hb p ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ip´n mj ]Tn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂p. A©p-h-b- m-

b-Ip-tºm-tg°pw `mj-]-T\w Gsd-°psd ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂p. A©p hb- p≈ Ip´n amXr-`m-j-

bpsS hyhÿ kzmwio-I-cn-®n-cn-°pw. Ah-fpsS mjm-k-aq-l-hp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sNøm≥

Ahƒ°p Ign-bpw. F√m `mj-Ifpw hfsc k¶o¿W-amb hyh-ÿ-I-fm-sW∂p \ap-°-dn-

bmw. h¿j-ß-tfm-f-ap≈ Kth-j-W-߃°p tijhpw Hcp `mj-sb-°p-dn®pw ]gp-Xp-I-fn-

√mØ kn≤m¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v [njWm-im-en-I-fmb `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-¿°p

Ign-™n- n-√. 3+2=5 Ft∂m 3×2=6 Ft∂m D≈ efn-X-amb KWn-X-imkv{X {]iv\-߃t]mepw

\n¿[m-cWw sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Ip´n-bmWv C{Xbpw sNdnb Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ k¶o¿W-

amb `mjm-hy-hÿ kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xv.

4. Ip´n ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂ `mj ]e-t∏mgpw A]q¿Whpw {Ia-c-ln-X-hp-am-Wv. Ah-fpsS `mjm

kaq-l-Ønse AwK-߃ ]q¿W-amb hmIy-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®√ ]e-t∏mgpw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

\S-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ CXp Ip´n-bpsS mjm-ti-jnsb _m[n-°p-∂n-√. Hcp \n›nX Ime-

24

b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ Ah-fpsS mjm-hy-hÿ kº-∂-am-Ip-∂p. mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ \ΩpsS Adnhv

k¶o¿Whpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-am-Wv. \ap°p e`n-°p∂ `mjm-]-c-amb A\p-`hw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ipjvI-amb hnh-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ k¶o¿W-amb Hc-dnhpw krjvSn-

°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv \ap°v sXfnhp e`n-®n- n-√mØ _mly-

amb Hcn-S-Øp-\n∂p hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]q¿h-P-∑-kva-c-W-bn¬ \n∂pw FØp∂p F∂ hni-Zo-I-

c-W-amWv πmt‰m \¬In-b-Xv. a\- ns‚ ss\k¿KnI kzm`m-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv F∂mWv

tNmwkvIn ]d-™-Xv.

˛hn.-Ip°n (V.COOK, 1998)

5. {]h-N-\-hn-t[-b-amb {]mb-Øn¬-˛-A-Xm-bXv 12-˛18 amk-ß-fn¬ BWv temI-Ønse GXp

a\pjy iniphpw `mj ]Tn-®p-Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. kp\n-›n-X-amb L´-ß-fn-eqsS `mjm-]-T\w

apt∂-dp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. c≠p hb- n\pw A©p hb- n\pw CS-bn-emWv mjm-]-T\w G‰hpw

Xo{h-amb coXn-bn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]{¥≠p hb- n-\p-tijw `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv

aμo-`-hn®p XpS-ßp-∂p. Ip´n-bpsS akvXnjvIw ]Iz-am-Ip-∂Xv c≠p hb- n\pw ]{¥≠p

hb- n\pw CS-bn-em-sW-∂Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv.

6. `mj-Iƒ°p Nne km¿h-eu-In-I-kz- m-h-ß-fp-≠v. LS-\m-]-c-ambn kmZr-iy-ap-≈-h-bmWv temI-

Ønse mj-I-sf√mw Xs∂. GXm\pw _mly-e-£-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-amWv c≠p

`mj-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xv. Gsd-°psd {]h-Nn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-bmWv Cu hyXym-

k-߃.

apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in® hkvXp-X-Iƒ hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv `mj ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-b-I-amb Hcp-

LSIw a\p-jy-a-kvXn-jvI-Øn¬ Ds≠-∂-Xn-te-°m-Wv. Ip´n-bpsS a\ v iq\y-amb t…‰v (tabularasa)t]mse-bm-sW∂pw kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ CXn¬ \nd-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-∂p-

ap≈ tPm¨ tem°ns‚ (John Lock) hmZw icn-b-√. tNmwkvIn Bhn-jvI-cn® `mjm-im-kv{X-kn-

≤m-¥-Øns‚ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ a\- nse `mjm-L-S-I-Øns\ `mjm kzmwio-I-cW kwhn-[m\w

(Language Acquistion Device) F∂mWp hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.

`mj-˛-Po-h-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Nn´ sNø-s∏´ kwhn-[m\w

tNmwkvIn-b≥ amXr-I-bn-ep≈ cN-\m-¥-cW-{]-P-\-I-hym-I-cWw (Tranformational GenerativeGrammer) DS-se-Sp-ØXp apX¬ apt∂m´ph®n-´p≈ Bi-b-amWv a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ AY-hm, akvXn-

jvI-Øn¬ `mjbv°p th≠n Hcp LS-I-ap-s≠-∂-Xv. C{]-Imcw `mj Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Nn´

sNø-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ hmZsØ km[q-I-cn-°p∂ a‰p-Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

(Ah-ew_w ˛ Jean Athkinson)

$ P\-\w-sXm´v amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-Ibpw Ahsc ]cn-]m-en-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-tØ≠

Xo{h-amb Bhiyw Ip´n°v sNdp-∏-Øn¬ C√. F∂n´pw Ip´n-bn¬ t\csØ Xs∂ `mjm-

hn-I-k\w \S-°p-∂p. B¥-cn-I-amb `mjm hyhÿ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kz¥w Imcyw

t\m°p-∂-Xn\p Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ {]mb-Ønepw kml-N-cy-Ønepw am{Xsa

`mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-I-bp-≈q.

$ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-Øp≈ hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ hf-cp-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw mjm-

]-T-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ kam-\X ]men-°p-∂p. CXp kam-\-amb Hcp B¥-cn-I-

hy-h-ÿ-bpsS km∂n[yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

$ \msf apX¬ Rm≥ mj kwkm-cn®p XpS-ßp-I-bmWv F∂v Hcp Ip´nbpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-

∂n-√. Aß-s\-sbmcp Xocp-am-\-an-√m-sX-Øs∂ `mjm-]-T\w \S-°p-∂p.

25

$ PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ {]tXyI am‰-ß-sfm∂pw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmgpw `mjm-]-T\w \S-

°p-∂p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI kw`-h-tam, kml-N-cy-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm-\tam A√ inip-

hns\ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂Xv. B¥-cn-I-amb Hcp t¢m°v inip-hns‚ D≈n¬

{]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv F∂p tXm∂pw-hn[w P\n®v At©m Btdm amkw Ign-

bp-∂Xp apX¬ inip `mj-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb GXm\pw i_vZ-߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®p XpS-ßp-

∂p.

$ ]Xn-s\´p amk-߃°p apºv hfsc Ipd®p ]Z-ß-tf -Ip´n D®-cn-°p-∂p-≈q. ]Xn-s\´p amk-

߃°p tij-am-Is´ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb hnIm-k-amWv Ip´n-bpsS mjm-{]-I-S-\-Øn¬ Zriy-

am-Ip-∂-Xv. akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ hf¿®-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp "kzn®v' {]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßp-∂-

Xn\p th≠n Ahƒ ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv tXm∂p-I.

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

1. {]okvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw (H-∂mw-`m-Kw) ˛ Fw.-sI.-in-h-i-¶-c≥\m-b¿ hnZym¿Yn-an{Xw _p°v

Unt∏m, Pq¨ 1990

2. hnZym-`ymk a\»m-kv{Xhpw inip-hn-Im-khpw (H-∂mw-`m-Kw) ˛ tUm. sI.-Pn. cma-N-{μ-∏-Wn-

°¿, ]n.-sI.-i-¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥ hnZym¿Yn-an{Xw _p°v Unt∏m, Pq¨ 1994.

3. B[-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ sI.-Fw.-{]-`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, im¥m AK-Ãn≥ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq´v ˛ 1994

4. `mjm-imkv{X hnthIw ˛ tUm.-sI.-Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw 2013

5. The Language and Mental Development of children - A.F. Watts, George G Harrap & Co. 1944.

26

bqWn‰v 3

`mjWhpw hmb\bpw

`mjm]T\Øns‚ ASnÿm\ss\]pWnIfn¬ `mjWhpw hmb\bpw teJ\hpw Gsd

{]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p. am\knIhnImkhpambn hfsctbsd _‘s∏´XmWv mjWhnIk\w.

`mjbpsS enJnXcq]ØneqsS kqNn∏n°p∂ A¿Yw {Kln°pI F∂XmWv hmb\bpsS e£yw.

`mjm]T\Øns‚ {]mYanIZibn¬ Xs‚ ap∂nseØp∂ Ip´nbpsS CØcw tijnIƒ

hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\v A[ym]IhnZym¿YnIƒ [mcW t\SWsa∂Xns‚ BhiyIX

ChnsSbmWv. Ah¿°mbn {]tXyI`mjWkμ¿`߃ Hcp°pIbpw A\mbmkambn

`mjWØnte¿-s∏Sm≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂Xn\vNn{Xhmb\ t]mep≈ kt¶X߃

]cnNbs∏SpØpIbpw thWw. FgpØns‚ Nn{Xcq]Ønep≈ a\ n¬ ]XnbemWv hmb\bpsS

BZy ]mT߃. AXn\p≈ {][m\ D]m[nbmb {Km^nIv doUnßns\°pdn®pw AdnbWw.

A£tcm®mcI `mjbmb aebmfØn\v khntijamb FgpØpcoXnIfps≠∂pw

`mjWcoXnIƒ FgpØns\ kzm[o\n°mdps≠∂pw a\ nem°Ww. AXn\mbn ckIcamb

\nch[n {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS, X{¥ßfneqsS, \nco£WßfneqsS, Is≠ØepIfneqsS

e£yt_m[ØnseØm≥ DXIp∂XmWv Cu bqWn‰v.

`mjm-]-T\w

""`mj B¿Pn-°m\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm-\p-ap≈ P∑-kn-≤-amb Ignhv a\p-jy-\p≠v.

ssii-h-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bmtWm amXr-`mj B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xv, B coXn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-thWw `mjm-]-T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. P∑-kn-≤-amb Nn¥m-

ti-jn-Ifpw `mjm-]-T-\-ti-jn-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.

Bi-b-kzo-I-c-W-Øn\v {ihWw F∂ tijnbpw Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-Øn\v `mjWw F∂

tijnbpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hmb-\, FgpØv F∂nh kam-\-amb a‰p c≠p tijn-

I-fm-Wv. Cu tijn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂Xpw {]tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. H∂mw ¢mkn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°n-

jvS-s∏´ IYm-]m-{X-߃ hcp∂ IY-I-fmWv ]mT-`m-K-ß-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

c≠mw Xc-Øn¬ IY-Iƒ°pw Ihn-X-Iƒ°pw ]pdsa hnh-c-W-]m-T-߃, kw`m-j-W-]m-T-

߃, eLp imkv{X-te-J-\-߃ F∂n-h-bmbn ]mT-ß-fpsS hf¿® km[y-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v''.

Standard 1 H B - 2013

$ H∂v, c≠v ¢m pIfnse A[ym]I klmbnbn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ Cu hcnIƒ Fs¥√mw

BibßfmWv apt∂m´psh°p∂Xv?

`mjbpsS kzm`mhnI cq]w hmsamgnbmWv.^e{]Zamb BibkzoIcWw, Bib {]IS\w

F∂nhbv°v mj IqSntb Xocq. a\pjy≥ mj D]tbmKn®pXpSßnbtijw Bbnc°W°n\p

h¿j߃ Ign-™mWv en]n cq]saSp°p∂Xv. temIØv G‰hpw IqSpXembn BfpIƒ `mj

D]tbmKs∏SpØn Bibhn\nabw \SØp∂Xv hmsamgnbneqsSbmWv. {]mNo\ImeØv

hnZym`ymkw \¬Inbncp∂Xv `mjWcq]Ønembncp∂p.

a\pjyinip `mjmtijn B¿Pn°p∂Xns‚ coXnbpw {Iahpw F¥mWv? Ip´nIƒ `mj

]Tn°p∂Xv a‰pImcy߃ ]Tn°p∂Xn¬\n∂pw hyXykvXambmtWm? mjW kaqlhpambp≈

CS]gIeneqsS apXn¿∂h¿ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ AtX i–ßfpw hm°pIfpw

hymIcWLS\bpsa√mw Ip´nbpw ]pds∏Sphn°p∂p F∂Xn¬ A¤pXIcamb H∂pans√∂mWv

tXm∂pI. F∂m¬ `mjI\pw t{imXmhn\pw A\¥amb hmIy߃ kr„n°m\pw

a\ nem°m\pw Ignbpat√m? A\pIcW ØneqsStbm ]cnioe\ØneqsStbm CXv

km[yamtWm?

27

`mjm ]T\Øn¬ hy‡amb Nne \mgnI°√pIfp≠v. Ah hf¿®bpambn _‘s∏´XmWv.

GXpIp´nbpw \n›nXamb ]ShpIƒ ]n∂n´psIm≠pam{XamWv mj kzmbØam°p∂Xv. Hmtcm

]Shpw ]n∂nSptºmgpw Ip´nIfpsS `mjm-]-T-\-Øn¬ G‰°pd®nepIƒ It≠°mw. F∂m¬

]ShpIfpsS {IaØn¬ am‰sam∂pw D≠mhn√.

$ `mjm ]T\Ønse Cu \mgnI°√pIƒ bqWn‰v 2se ]´n-I-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

]cntim[n°pI.

$ kz¥w ho´ntem, kao]hoSpIfntem D≈ hnhn[{]mb°mcmb Ip´nIfpsS kw`mjW

coXnIƒ \nco£n®v Cu L´ßfpsS mjm khntijXIƒ Is≠Øm\mIptam? Ic®nepw

IqIepsams° `mjmL´ambn IW°mt°≠Xpt≠m? \nßfpsS A`n{]mbsa¥mWv?

¢m n¬ N¿®sNøpI.

Ic®nens‚ ktμiw km¿heuInIamWv. Cw•ojpImcmb c£nXm°ƒ kz¥w Ip´nbpsS

Ic®nens‚ ktμi߃ Xncn®dn™Xpt]mse A\mbmkambn hntZiinip°fpsS

Ic®nenep≈ ktμißfpw Xncn®dnbp∂ps≠∂v dnkvIv \nco£n®n´p≠v.

IqI¬ kz\]YsØ \nb{¥n°m≥ klmbn°p∂p. ImdpIbpw IpanfIfp≠m°pIbpw

sNøp∂Xv `mjWmhbhßfnep≈ t]io \nb{¥WØn\v klmbIamIp∂p.

hnZym`ymk ]cnh¿Ø\Øns\mcmapJw˛tIcf imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jØv

`mjWw F∂ kn≤n

18 amk߃ ]n∂n´ Ip´n Akv]„ i–ßfpsS IqsS hyXykvX CuWßfpw

]pds∏Sphn°p∂p≠v. Hcp hb n\pw H∂c hb n\pw CSbv°mWv Ip´nIƒ H‰∏Z߃

D®cn°p∂Xv. Cu kabw Akv]„i–߃ kr„n°p∂Xv XpScpIbpw sNøpw. {ItaW

AhcpsS Akv]„ i–߃ bYm¿Y `mjbmbn hnImkw {]m]n°p∂p. Cu L´Øn¬

GItZiw 15 H‰s∏´ ]Zßsf¶nepw Ah¿°dnbmw. CXn¬ BfpIfpsSbpw km[\ßfpsSbpw

t]cpIƒ AhcpsS tiJcØnep≠mhpw. (AΩ, A®, ama, taa, ]q® F∂nßs\)

c≠p ]Z߃ tN¿Øph®psIm≠p≈ `mjm{]tbmKßfnte°v {]thin°p∂Xv c≠p

hb mhptºmgmWv. hm°pIƒ Iq´nt®¿Øp ]dbm≥ XpSßp∂L´w apX¬ `mjm]camb

XbmsdSp∏nemWv (Language readiness) Ah¿. XpS¿∂v \mSIobamb coXnbn¬

AXnthKØnemWv Ip´n-Iƒ ]ZkºØv h¿[n∏n°p∂Xv. H∂c hb mhptºmtg°pw

\qdpIW°n\p ]Z߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS \nL≠phn¬ D≠mbncn°pw. Ahsb ]e coXnbn¬

Iq´nt®¿°m\pw Ah¿°p Ignbpw. AΩ ÿncambn tPmen°pt]mIp∂ ho´nse Ip´n

H∂chb mhptºmtg°pw AΩ FhnsS t]mbn F∂ tNmZyØn\v, AΩ tPmen°v t]mbn

F∂ hmIycq]Ønep≈ adp]Sn Xcpat√m? Cu t]mbn F∂ {Inbm]Zw hnhn[\ma]ZßtfmSp

tN¿Øv XpS¿hmIy߃ \n¿Ωn°m≥ Ip´n°p Ignbpw.

AΩ, A®, ama, ]q®, Im° ˛ t]mbn

aq∂chb mhptºmtg°pw AhcpsS `mjWw A\y¿°pt]mepw a\ nem°m≥ Ignbp∂

hn[Ønembncn°pw. hymIcW_≤amb LS\Ifmbncn°pw Ip´n-Iƒ kr„n°p∂Xv. Cßs\

A©phb mb Ip´n amXr`mj kzmbØam°n°gn™ncn°pw. F¶nepw `mjm]T\w AhnsS

Ahkm\n°p∂n√. 11, 12 hb phsc ]T\{] {Inb XpScpw. Iuamc{]mbØnseØp∂tXmsS

Ip´nbpsS `mjm]T\w Gsd°psd ]q¿WamIpw. F∂m¬ ]Zmhen kzmbØam°p∂ {]{Inb

PohnXImew apgph≥ XpScpIbpw sNøpw. (John William Atkinson-1987)

28

Hcp hb papX¬ A©v hb phscbp≈ Ip´nIfpsS kw`mjWw \nco£n®v Xmsg ]dbp∂

]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm°n t\m°q.

{]mbw D®cn°p∂ i–߃/]Z߃/hmIy߃

Hcp hb v

c≠p hb v

aq∂phb v

{]os{s]adn Ip´n

H∂mw ¢m nse Ip´n

\memw ¢m nse Ip´n

$ Cßs\ kzm`mhnIambn Ip´n `mj kzmbØam°pIbpw kzX{¥`mjWw \SØpIbpw

sNøp∂ps≠¶n¬ s{s]adn , A∏¿s{s]adn ¢m pIfn¬ `mjWw

]cnioen∏nt°≠Xpt≠m?

$ \nßfpsS ImgvN∏mSpIƒ ]¶phbv°p ...

$ \nßfpsS {]tZisØ Hcp I¿jIsØmgnemfn, GsX¶nepw {]tXyI Xcw sXmgn-

seSp°p∂h¿, Hcp I®hS°mc≥, Hcp lb¿sk°≠dn hnZym¿Yn, hnhn[{]mb°m¿,

hnhn[kapZmb°m¿ F∂nhtcmSv F√mh¿°pw ]dbm≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp hnjbsØ°pdn®v

]dbm≥ Bhiys∏SpI. AXv i–teJ\w sNøpI. XpS¿∂v Ch ho≠pw tI´v Xmsg

]dbp∂ kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hniIe\w sNbvXv `mjWØnse

sshhn[yßfpw `mjWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßfpw Is≠Øn AhXcn∏n°pI.

kqNI߃

$ {]mbhyXymkw `mjWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂pt≠m?

$ sXmgn¬taJebpw `mjWhpw XΩn¬ _‘apt≠m?

$ hnZym`ymkw,kmaqlymhÿ,kmwkvImcnI]cnkcw, qanimkv{X]camb Ahÿ F∂nh

`mjWsØ Fßs\bmWv kzm[o\n°p∂Xv? \nKa\߃ {Kq∏pN¿® \SØn

t{ImUoIcn®v AhXcn∏n°pI.

$ Htc ¢m nencn°p∂ Ip´nIfmsW¶nepw AXn¬ Nne Ip´nIƒ°v hmNnIamb Bib

{]IS\߃ (A\p`hw ]¶nS¬, {]kwKw, tNmZy߃, {]`mjWw) ^e{]Zambn

\SØm\pw a‰p Nne¿ CXn¬ th≠{X tim`n°mXncn°m\pw ImcWsa¥mWv?

ho´nse A¥co£w Nne Ip´nIƒ°v kzX{¥`mjWw \SØm\pw, \n¿`bambn a‰p≈htcmSv

CS]gIm\pw Ahkcw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. BibkzoIcWØn\pw, {]IS\Øn\pw th≠{X Ahkcw

e`n°p∂hcnemtWm `mjWtijn IqSpXembn I≠phcp∂Xv? CØcØn¬ sshhn[yap≈

A\p`hkºØn\pSaIfmWv ¢m nse Ip´nIƒ. Ah¿°v s]mXphmb A\p`h߃ \¬Iepw

Ahsc anI® `mjWss\]pWnbp≈hcm°n am‰epamWv `mjW]cnioe\Øns‚ {][m\

e£yw.

`mj-W-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw

$ ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fn¬ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ kabw \o°n-h-bv°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

29

kvIqfn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ip´n°v mj Adn-bmw. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-ØnseØptºmƒ

Ip´n mj ]Tn®p XpS-ßp-I-b√ XpScp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. mjm imkv{X-⁄-\mb sIbvkvsU-

∂ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS mjm-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ hy‡n-

hy-Xymkw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. PohnX kml-N-cy-ßfpw IpSpw-_-km-l-N-cy-ßfpw Cu hyXym-k-Øn\p

Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. kmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse

Ip´n-I-fnepw `mjm-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ hyXymkw ImWmw. 5 ˛ 6 hb- m-Ip-tºmtg°pw kμ¿`-Øn\v

tbmPn® ]Z-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ip´n°v Ign-bp-∂p. CXmWv Ip´n°v e`n-°p∂ BZysØ

`mjm-kn-≤n-bpw. `mjm-Z-£-Xbp≠mbm¬ am{Xw t]mcm `mj icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {]tbm-Kn-

°m\pw Ign-b-Ww. CXn\v \n¿hlWw F∂p ]d-bmw. Ip´n-Iƒ°v ka-{]m-b-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬

`mjm-\n¿hl-W-Øn\v _p≤n-ap-´n-√. F∂m¬ A]-cn-Nn-X-cmb BfpI-fpsSbSp-Øpw, kμ¿`-ß-

fnepw `mjm-\n¿h-lWw {]bm-k-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. `mjm-Z-£-X-tbm-sS-bmWv Ip´n-Iƒ kvIqfn¬ hcp-

∂-sX-¶nepw Ah-bpsS bYm¿Y \n¿hl-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]e kμ¿`-ß-fnepw Xß-fpsS `mjm-Z-

£X {]I-S-am-°n-bn-´ps≠-¶nepw `mj Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂ t_m[-]q¿h-amb a\-

 nem-°¬ Cu {]mb-Øn¬ Ah¿°v AXo-X-am-Wv. AXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°-emWv kvIqfnse `mjm-

[y-b-\-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw.

`mjWw A`ykn°p∂Xns‚ e£y߃

$ hnhn[ cq]Ønep≈ `mjWm`yk\߃hgn Bib߃°v hy‡X \¬In icn-bmb

`mjbn¬ Ah ka¿Yambn {]ISn∏n°m≥ Ip´nIsf ]cnioen∏n°pI

$ `mjm {]tbmKßfn¬ hcp∂ t]mcmbvaIƒ ]cnlcn°pI.

$ kwhmZcq]Øn¬ BibkzoIcWhpw, Bib{]IS\hpw kpKaam°pI.

$ ASnÿm\tijnIfpsS ]mckv]cyw t_m[ys∏SpØpI.

$ Ip´nIfpsS `mjm{]tbmKßfnse Zp»oeßsf AI‰n DØa ioe߃ Dd∏m°pI.

tIƒhnbpw ]d-®nepw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v. ]d-bp-∂-XmWv hmb-\-bpsS BZy-]-Sn. hmbn®p

]cn-N-b-s∏-´h Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ kzm`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS en]n hyhÿ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-∂p.

{ZpX `mj-Ww, aμ-`m-j-Ww, Bh¿Ø\w Bh-iy-an-√m-sX-bp≈ \o´-ep-Iƒ Ipdp-°-ep-Iƒ

ap°nbpw aqfn-bp-ap≈ kw`m-jWw Ch-sbm∂pw `mj-W-Øn\p tN¿∂-X-√.

IpSp_mwKßtfmSpw Iq´pImtcmSpw, ho´nseØp∂ a‰p≈htcmSpw ]e kμ¿`ßfn¬

CS]gIp∂Xns‚ `mKambn Ahcpambn kwkmcn®v ]e `mjW ss\]pWnIfpw t\Snb

]TnXmhmWv hnZymebØnseØp∂Xv. Cu `mjW ss\]pWnsb hyXykvX

kμ¿`ßfnepw (Hu]NmcnIw, A\u]NmcnIw) {]tXyI e£y߃°pw A\pKpWamb

coXnbn¬ hnIkn∏n°pI F∂XmWv s{s]adnXeØnse mjW t_m[\Øns‚ e£yw.

`mjmt`Zw {]mtZinIhyXymkw F∂nhbpsS kzm[o\Øm¬ D≠mhm≥ CSbp≈

D®mcW{]iv\߃ Bflhnizmkw XI¿°msX XncpØpIbpw thWw. CXn\mbn

]eXcØnep≈ `mjWmhkc߃ ]TnXmhn\v ¢m v apdnbn¬ e`n°Ww.

Ip´n°v e`nt°≠ mjWmhkc߃

$ A\p`h߃ ]¶nS¬ (Ifn, bm{X, BtLmjw, hmb\...)

$ `mjW km[yXbp≈ IfnIfn¬ G¿s∏S¬

30

$ IY]db¬

$ A`n{]mb {]IS\߃

$ tNmZy߃ tNmZn°m\pw DØc߃ ]dbm\pw km[yXbp≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬

G¿s∏S¬

$ Hcp hnjbsØ A[nIcn®v kwkmcn°¬

$ C„ap≈Xpw, C„an√mØXpw AXns‚ ImcWßfpw ]db¬

$ H∂mw bqWn‰n¬ ]cnNbs∏´ \mtSmSn hmMvab߃ ]d™p≈ IfnIƒ, IS¶Ym ]b‰v,

{i≤ samUyqfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnb IYbn¬ IqSmsa∂ {]h¿Ø\w (DÆnbpw sImXpIpw

F∂IY), F∂nßs\ `mjWØn\v {]m[m\yap≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Hcp tiJcw

Xbmdm°pI. AØcw {]h¿Ø\߃ kvIqƒ ¢m pIfn¬ s{sSHu v sNbvXv A\p`h߃

]¶phbv°pI.

`mj-Wm- y-k-\-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-߃

Hmtcm A[y-b-\-L-´-Ønepw hyXykvX coXn-I-fmWv `mjWØns‚ A`y-k-\-Øn\v kzoI-cn-

t°-≠-Xv. Ip´n-I-fpsS {]mb-Øn\pw Xm¬]-cy-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p-ff am¿K-ß-fmWv {][m-\-

ambpw kzoI-cn-t°--≠Xv. {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp∂ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw `mjm-]-c-

amb Ignhv Htc Xc-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-߃°-\p-k-cn®v `mjm-]-c-amb Adn-

hnepw hyXymkap≠m-Ipw. Ip´n-I-fpsS `mjm-]-cnN-bsØ kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv

A[ym-]-I¿ BZyw sNtø-≠-Xv. AXn-\mbn Hmtcm Ip´n-tbmSpw kwkm-cn-°-Ww. XnI®pw A\u-

]-Nm-cnI kw`m-j-W-amWv \S-tØ-≠-Xv. A]-cn-Nn-XXzw ImcWw Nne-t∏mƒ Ip´n kwkm-cn-

°m≥ BZyw aSn ImWn-°mw. kvt\l-]q¿W-amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eqsS Ah-cp-ambn ASp-∏-ap-≠m-

°n-b-Xn\ptijw kwkm-cn-∏n-°p-I. Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-bhpw CjvS-hp-ap-ff hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m

Fs¥-¶nepw hkvXp-°ƒ ImWn-®p-sImt≠m kwkm-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Smw. Ip´n-I-fpsS A\p-`-h-

a-fi-e-Øns‚ hym]vXn, Xm¬∏-cy-߃, Bi-b-{I-ao-I-cW]mS-hw, Km¿ln-Im-¥-co-£w, kz`mhw

Ch-sb√mw Ip´n-I-fpsS kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ \n∂v A[ym-]-I\v a\- n-em-°mw. mjm-]-c-amb sshI-

ey-ß-fpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ ]c-ky-ambn Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm hna¿in-°p-Itbm

sNø-cp-Xv. Ah¿ hcp-Øp∂ hymI-c-W-sØ-‰p-Itfm A]q¿W hmIy-ßtfm {i≤n-t°-≠-≠Xn-

√. D®m-cWw, kw`m-j-W-Øns‚ Hgp-°v, hm°p-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnse NmXpcn Ch-bn-em-bn-

cn-°Ww A[ym-]n-I-bpsS {i≤. Ip´n kvIqfn-se-Øp∂ BZysØ Ipsd Znh-k-߃ Cßs\

kw`m-jW ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. A[ym-]nI Ip´n-Iƒ°v tIƒ°m\pw A\p-

I-cn-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ thWw kwkm-cn-t°--≠Xv. A[ym-]n-I-bpsS `mj ip≤hpw

hy‡hpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fnse `mj-Wm-`y-k-\-Øn\v Gsd A\p-

tbm-Py-amb H∂mWv IYm-h-X-c-Ww. IY Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°mw. Nn{X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v IY, kw`m-j-Ww, eLp-hn-h-c-Ww, ]m´v F∂nh `mh-\m-]q¿hw

sNøn-°mw. tNmZy-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kqN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Nn{X-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøm\pff Ignhv

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bpw. IYm-hm-b-\-bn-te°v \bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Nn{X-hm-b\ \S-Øm≥

km[n-°pw. Ip´n-Iƒ t\Snb Bi-b-߃, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃ F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-

\mbpw Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. h¿W-∏-In-´m¿∂ Nn{X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv Gsd DØ-

aw. sIm®p Ip´n-Iƒ°p th≠nbpff IY-Iƒ°v Gsd {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≠v.

31

\μp aq∂mw ¢m n¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. HmWm-h-[n-°p-tijw ¢m n-se-Ønb Ip´n-I-tfmSv So®¿

\nß-fpsS HmWw Fßs\bp≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn ]d-bm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

\μp-hm-Is´ H∂pw an≠msX Fgp-t∂‰v \n∂-tX-bp-f-fp. So®¿ Ahs‚ HmW-sØ-°p-dn-®p-

ff Imcy-߃ Hmtcm-∂mbn tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ Ah≥ DØcw \¬In. F∂m¬ C‚¿sh¬

ka-bØv Ah≥ Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c-\mb tKm]p-hn-t\mSv Ahs‚ HmW-°me hnti-j-߃

]¶p-h-bv°p-∂Xv So®¿ tIƒ°m-\n-S-bm-bn. Iq´p-Im-c-\p-ambn A\p-`hw ]¶p-h-bv°p-tºmƒ

Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw D≠m-bn√. Ip´n-Iƒ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\-\n¿ΩmW

{]{In-b-bn¬ A[ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ip´n-I-

fpsS Adn-hns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym]r-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ Ip´n-

Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. X߃ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂- hkvXpXIsf

kvIqfn\p ]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf A\p-h-Zn-°p-I,

ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hcp icn-bp-Øcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bp-hm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv

hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ sNdp-sX-¶nepw {][m-\-amb Nph-Sp-I-fm-Wv.

_p≤n-]q¿h-I-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Yh-Ømb Hcp t_m[-t\m-]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw XßfpsS ssZ\wZn\m-\p- -h-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m am[y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬

\nt∂m Ip´n-I-fpsS a\- n¬ Nne Bi-b-߃ cq]-s∏-´n-´p-≠m-hmw. ]t£, So®¿ {]Xo-

£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-™-Xn-

s‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw CS-bv°p-ff CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvIqfn\v ]pdØv ho´ntem kaq-l-Øntem hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ic-hn-

cp-Xp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw Adn-hp-Ifpw _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-SWw. Adnhpw

kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-ap-ff A[ym-]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Ip´nIfpsS hnIm-

k-km-[y-X-Iƒ km£m-XvI-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Inbpw tNmZy-

߃ tNmZn®pw Ahsc \bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-bpw.

At\z-j-Ww, ]cy-th-j-Ww, tNmZyw tNmZn-°¬ Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m¥ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-

te°pw Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw krjvSn-bn-te°pw \bn-°p∂ {]tbm-Khpw

Nn¥bpw ˛ Ch-sbms° kPo-hamb CS-s]-S-ens‚ `mK-am-Wv. kvIqfp-Iƒ, tNmZy-߃

tNmZn-°m\pw At\z-jn-°m\pw X¿°n-°m\pw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb

Bi-b-߃ D≠m-°m\pw Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.

(F≥.-kn.-F^v 2005, 41-˛42)

kwkmc`mjbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ

kwkmc`mjbv°v Hcp {]tXyI kμ¿`ap≠v. AXn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂h¿ XΩnep≈ _‘hpw

`mjsb kzm[o\n°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ Cu c≠v LSI߃ enJnX `mjsb kzm[o\n°p∂n√.

kwkmc`mjbn¬ hmIyßfpw hm°pIfpw Npcp°pIbpw tIƒhn°mcs‚ Xm¬∏cyw, ap∂dnhv

Ch IW°nseSpØv Nne Imcy߃ {]ISn∏n°msX hnSpIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. Iq´pImtcmSpw

ho´pImtcmSpw kwkmcn°ptºmƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ ]Zßfpw hmIyLS\bpa√ Hu]NmcnI

kw`mjWØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Hu]NmcnI `mjWØns‚ coXnIƒ {ItaW B¿Pn°pI

F∂Xv `mjW ]cnioe\Øns‚ Hcp apJye£yamWv. kwkmc`mj hymIcW]camb Nne

{]tXyIXIfpw {]ISn∏n°p∂p≠v. ]e D]hmIy߃ Hcp k¶o¿WhmIyØn\IØv

ASßnbncn°pI, ]ehmIy߃ t{iWnbmbn _‘n∏n®ncn°pI. hmIy߃°nSbv°v

32

_‘]Z߃ D]tbmKn°pI, HcpImcyw ]dbm≥ Bcw`n®v apgpan∏n°msX as‰m∂nte°v

t]mIpI XpSßnbhsb√mw kwkmc mjbn¬ {]ISamWv. mjm t`ZßfmWv enJnX`mjbn¬

\n∂v kwkmc `mjsb hyXykvXam°p∂ as‰mcpLSIw. `mtjXc khntijXIƒ

BwKy߃, apJØv {]ISn∏n°p∂ hnImc߃, CuWw, Du∂¬, Xmfw, XpSßnbhbpw

kwkmc`mjbv°v {]tXyI AkvXnXzw \¬Ip∂p.

Ip´nIsf \√ mjWØnte°p \bn°m≥

$ Ip´ntbmSv [mcmfw kwkmcn°pI.

$ Ip´n°v kwkmcn°m≥ [mcmfw Ahkcw Hcp°pI.

$ Ip´nsb ho´nse apXn¿∂htcmsSm∏w Bibhn\nabØn¬ ]s¶Sp∏n°pI.

$ IYIƒ tIƒ∏n°pI. tI´IYIfpw ]m´pIfpw, ]dbm\pw ]mSm\pw Bhiys∏SpI.

{]h¿Ø\߃

? hnZymebØnse Ip´nIfpsS BImihmWn {]h¿Ø\w `mjWtijnsb

hf¿Øptam? Fßs\?

? Un.F¬ FUv "Ip´nIfpsS BImihmWn'˛\nebØnte°p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ

Xbmdm°n AhXcn∏n®v i–teJ\w \SØpI.

? ss{]a-dn-X-e-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn A[ym-]-I-k-lm-bn, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-

\-߃ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v `mjm-t_m-[-\-Øn¬ `mjW ]cnioe\Øn\v F{X-tØmfw

{]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-s≠∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. (kw`m-j-W-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww, Ah-

X-c-Ww, {]tXy-IX Is≠ج)

? H∂p apX¬ Ggp hscbp≈ mjm ]mT]pkvXIßfpw, A[ym]I klmbnbpw ]cntim[n®v

`mjWkm[yXbp≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ ]´nIs∏SpØpI.

? bYm¿Y kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°pI hgn-bmWv kwkm-c-`mj hnI-kn-°p-∂sX-¶n¬

kwkm-c- mjm hnIm-k-Øn\v ¢mkn¬ \S-Øm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff N¿® kwL-

Sn-∏n-°p-I.

hmb\

$ F¥mWv hmb\?

A£c߃ tN¿Øv ]dbemtWm? hmbn°ptºmƒ bYm¿YØn¬ F¥mWv kw`hnt°≠Xv.

{]XoIßsf (tImUpcq]Ønep≈ tcJs∏Spج) hymJym\n°emWv (Uo-tImUv sNø¬)

hmb\bneqsS \S°p∂Xv. A®Snt®m FgpXntbm D≈ tcJs∏Spج AXv Xncn®dnbm≥

IgnbmØ BfpIsf kw_‘n®StØmfw Nn{Xcq]w am{XamWv. A®Snbntem, FgpØntem

ASßnbncn°p∂ Bibw {Kln°emWv hmb\bpsS e£yw. Ip´n hmbn°p∂Xv AXnse

BibsØbmWv. tIhew A£cßsftbm, ]Zßsftbm A√. hmb\ an°hmdpw

{]hN\amWv.]Zßfntem, hmIyßfntem ASßnb Bibw C∂Xmbncn°psa∂v

Duln®psIm≠mWv Ip´n hmbn°p∂Xv. CXp ^e{]Zambn \S°Wsa¶n¬ BibsØ

th¿Xncns®Sp°p∂ (decoding) {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v [mcmfw A\p`h߃ In´Ww.

{ihWw, `mjWw hmb-\, teJ\w F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv `mjm-`y-k-\-Øns‚ A\p-]mX{Iaw.

tI´pa\ nem°pI, ]d™v {]ISn∏n°pI F∂nh kzm`mhnI {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv. Hcpa\pjy\v

33

AXv t\SnsbSp°m≥ t_m[]q¿hamb {]tXyI ]cnioe\߃ thWsa∂n√. F∂m¬ Hcp

`mjm kaqlØn¬ ]cs° AwKoIcn°s∏´Xpw Ir{Xnaambn \n¿Ωn®Xpamb A£csa∂

Nn{XoIcW ]cnioe\hpw (FgpØv), AXns‚ th¿Xncnhv a\ nem°n Bibw Xncn®dnbp∂

hmb\ F∂ {]{Inbbpw ]cnioe\ØneqsS am{Xta Hcmƒ°v kzmbØam°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q.

Hmtcm A£chpw, Nn”hyhÿbpw Nnc]cnNbØneqsS am{Xta Xncn®dnbm≥ Ignbq. Aßs\

hcptºmƒ AXn\v Hcp {Iaw D≠mhpas√m? apJmapJw ImWptºmƒ Bib߃ ]ckv]cw

ssIamdnbncp∂ a\pjy¿ apJmapJw ImWmØ kμ¿`ßfnepw Bibw ssIamtd≠n

h∂t∏mgmbncn°mw ]pXnb kmt¶XnIhnZy hnIkn∏n®ncn°pI. Bibw ssIamdp∂ Bfpw

kzoIcn°p∂ Bfpw XΩnep≈ Hcps]mXpIcmdmWv bYm¿YØn¬ `mj. FgpØn\pw

CXp_m[IamWv. tcJs∏SpØens‚ A¿Yw Cßs\bmbncn°psa∂v Hcp`mjm kaqlw

D≠m°nb IcmdmWv en]n.

ImWp-∂Xpw ImWm-Ø-Xp-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-amWv hmb-\. hmb\ Htc kabw

{Inbm-flI ss\]p-Wnbpw kzoI-cW ss\]p-Wn-bp-am-Wv. hmbn-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb BibßfmWv

\mw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmb\ F∂Xv Hcp GI ss\]p-Wn-b-√. Hcp]mSv D]-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ IqSn-

t®-cp-tºm-gmWv hmb\ F∂ ss\]pWn ]q¿Wam-hp-∂-Xv.`mjm-]-c-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS {]mtbm-

Kn-I-h-i-ß-fn¬ apJy-ÿm-\-amWv hmb-\-bv°p-f-f-Xv.

hmb-\-bpsS a\-»m-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

hmb\ F∂ {]{In-bbv°v \mep-L-´-ß-fp≠v. H∂masØ L´w ]Z-ß-fpsS enJnX cq]w a\- n-

em-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. a\- n-em-°nb enJnX cq]-ßsf i_vZ-am°n am‰p-I-bmWv c≠ma-Xmbn

sNøp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm i_vZhpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Bi-b-߃ {]tXy-I-ambn a\- n¬ IS∂ Bi-b-

ßsf GsX-¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ GIo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv aq∂m-a-Xmbn sNøp-I. Ah-km\

L´-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn, hmbn® hmIy-Øns‚ hy‡-amb Bi-b-t_m[w D≠m-Ipw. hmb\, am\-knI

{]h¿Ø-\-am-sW-¶nepw Hcp imco-cnI {]h¿Ø\w IqSn-bm-Wv. hmb-\sb klm-bn-°p∂ {][m-

\-L-SIw IÆp-I-fm-Wv. kq£va-amb \nco-£-W-Øn-eq-sStb hmbn°m-\m-Iq. Hcp hm°n¬ \n∂v

as‰mcp hm°n-te°v IÆp-Iƒ AXn-thKw \oßp-∂p. Hcp sk°‚ns‚ ]Øn-sem-∂p-k-abw

am{Xta Hcp hm°v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\p]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≈q. IÆp-Iƒ Hcp XhW XcWw sNøp∂

ssZ¿Ly-Øn\v \b-\-hn-kvXrXn (Eyes pan) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp hm°n¬ \n∂v ASp-Ø-hm-°n-

te°v \oßp∂Xn\n-S-bn¬ IÆp-Iƒ Bhm-°p-Iƒ Xncn-®-dnbm≥ Aev]-t\cw \n¿Øp-∂p. CXn\v

\b-\-tI-{μo-I-cWw (Eye fixation) F∂pw Nne-hm-°p-Iƒ hn´p-t]m-hp-Itbm hmbn-®Xv a\- n-em-

hmsX hcn-Itbm sNøp-tºmƒ apt∂ IS-∂p-t]mb `mK-Øp-IqSn ho≠pw IS∂p t]mIp-∂-Xns\

At[m-K-a\w (Regression) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. \b-\-hn-kvXrXn Zo¿Ln-∏n°pIbpw \b-\-tI-{μo-I-

c-Whpw At[mKa\hpw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ hmb-\-bn¬ thKX e`n-°pw.

hmb-\-bpsS e£y-߃

$ Bib-{K-lWw

$ hn⁄m\ kºmZ\w

$ Nn¥-bpsS hnImkw

$ kmwkvIm-cnI ]ptcm-KXn

$ kmln-Xym-kzm-Z\w

$ `mjm-`n-hr≤n

34

Xs‚ Np‰p]mSpIsf ka{Kambpw kq£vaambpw t\m°n°mWp∂Xn\pw kmaqlyt_m[Øns‚

ASnÿm\Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\pw ASnØdsbmcp°p∂ kmwkvImcnI CSs]SemWv

hmb\ F∂pImWmw. hn⁄m\ hnkvt^mS\Øns‚ ImeL´amWnXv. hmb\ Hcp tZiØns‚

{]Xntcm[Øns‚bpw AXnPoh\Øns‚bpw i‡amb Bbp[amWv. A£cPzmebn¬

hmb\bpsS kwkvImcw DuXn°m®nsbSpØm¬ am{Xta kqcytim`bpw,IcpØpapff Hcp Xeapd

hnZymebØn¬ \n∂v cq]s∏SpIbp≈p. hmb\bv°p ]Icw hmb\b√msX a‰v {]h¿Ø\ßfn√.

hmb\bpsS A`yk\w hyXykvX coXn-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw

efnX LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ka{K LS-I-ß-fn-te°v (Bottom-to-top approach), ka{K LS-I-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v efnX LS-I-ß-fn-te°v (Top-to-bottom approach). A£-cw-˛-hm-°v-˛-hmIyw F∂ {Ia-

Ønep≈ hmb\m ]cn-io-e\w BZysØ kao-]-\-Øn-\pw, hmIyw-˛-hm-°v-˛-A-£cw F∂ {Iaw

c≠m-asØ coXn°pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Bi-bm-h-X-cW coXnbpw CtX XØzw Xs∂-bmWv

]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. `mj-bpsS teJ\ hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw A£-c-k-¶-e-\-ß-fp-sSbpw coXnbpw

bp‡nbpw hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v apt∂m´p t]mImw F∂-XmWv BZysØ kao-]-\-

Øns‚ KpWw. AtX kabw A¿Y-Øn¬ \n∂v thdn´p \n¬°p∂ Hcp Xew CXn-\p-s≠-∂p-≈-

Xpw, XnI®pw bm{¥n-I-am-Im-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-amWv Cu kao-]-\-Øns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ. A¿Y-

]q¿Øn-bp≈ LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ ]Tn-Xm-

hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xpw c≠m-asØ kao-]-\-Øns‚ ta∑-I-fmWv.

F∂m¬ Cu coXn-bn¬ hmb\m]cn-io-e\w \¬Im≥ hfsc kq£va-ambn Bkq-{XWw sNbvX

hmb\m kma-{Kn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ t_m[\w Dt±-in® coXn-bn¬ apt∂m-

´p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bmsX hcmw. AXn-\m¬, Cu kao-]\w A\p-h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ, th≠{X ]ptcm-

KXn D≠m-ImØ hnZym¿Yn-Isf klm-bn-°m≥ A£-c-X-e-Ønse t_m[\w \¬IpI F∂

kao-]-\-amWv Cu taJ-e-bnse hnZ-Kv[¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.

A£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn-ep≈ Ah-X-cWw (efnX LS-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ka-{K-L-S-I-ß-fn-te°v

t]mIp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. A£-c-ame ]Tn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX coXn, kzc-߃,

hyRvP-\-߃ F∂nh thdn-´pw, hyRvP-\-߃°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ i_vZ-]-c-ambn kam-\-am-bh

Hcp-an®pw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv. ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ Cu Adnhv {]k-‡-a-

s√-¶n-epw, kz\-]-c-amb KpW-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv A£-c-ame Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv

F∂-Xn-\m¬, D®m-cWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-ap-≠v. A£-c-ßfpw i_vZ-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w

Dd-®p-In-´p-∂-Xn\pw CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv. AtX ka-bw, Cu coXn AXy-[nIw bm{¥n-Ihpw hnc-

k-hp-am-bn-Øo-cm≥ km[y-X-bp-≈-Xm-Wv). A£-c-am-e-bv°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ efn-X-am-b-Xn¬ \n∂v

k¶o¿W-am-b-Xn-te°v F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ A£-c-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv as‰mcp coXn.

DZm: d c X \ F∂ {Iaw.

Bi-bm-h-X-cW coXn

a\»mkv{X-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmb\ A`y-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-coXn A\p-tbm-Py-

am-Wv. BibmhX-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ BZyw Ip´n-Iƒ Imcy-߃ apgp-h-\mtbm hn]p-e-amb Xc-Øntem

kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw kq£va-amb Awi-ß-fn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. ÿqe-

Øn¬ \n∂v kq£va-Øn-te-°mWv ]Tn-Xm-hv \-bn°s∏Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ ka-{K-ambn

ImWm\pw a\- n-em-°m-\p-ap≈ hy‡n-bpsS Ign-hmWv Cu coXn-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

hmIy-k-aq-lw, hmIyw, ]Zw F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ A]-{K-Yn®v A£-c-ß-fn-te°v FØp-I-bmWv

sNøp-∂-Xv. A]-{K-Y-\-coXn (Analytical Method) bpsS Xe-amWv Bi-bm-h-X-c-W-co-Xn°v ASn-

ÿm-\w. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk Nn¥-I¿°pw hnZym-`ymk a\»mkv{X-⁄¿°pw Cu coXn-bmWv

kzoIm-cy-ambn ImWp-∂-Xv.

35

au\-hm-b-\bpw {imhy-hm-b-\bpw:

{imhy-hm-b\: A£-c-kv^p-S-X-tbmsS A¿Yw {Kln®v hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\v {imhy-hm-b\ D]-I-cn-

°pw. hm°p-Ifpw hmIy-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn D®-cn-°p-I, A\p-tbm-Py-amb CuWhpw Du∂epw

\¬IpI F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m≥ {imhy-hm-b\ Gsd klm-bn-°p-∂p. {]kw-K-I-e-bn-

te°v Ip´nsb \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw `mhm-fl-I-amb {imhy hmb\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Gsd kabw

Dds° hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂Xv Cu coXn-bpsS {][m\ t]mcm-bva-bm-Wv.

au\-hm-b\: Bi-b-{K-l-W-Øn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ D]m-[n-bmWv au\-hm-b-\. Bi-bhpw Nn¥bpw

ChnsS H∂p-tN-cp-∂p. hmbn® `mK-ß-fpsS A¿Yw t\cn´v a\- n-se-Øp∂p F∂-XmWv {][m\

ta∑. apXn¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fn-se-Øp-tºmƒ au\ hmb-\-bn¬ Ip´n \n]p-W-\m-I-Ww. AXn-\p-XIpw

hn[w Xmgv∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]cn-io-e\w e`n-°-Ww.

ssPhhmb\

]et∏mgpw apXn¿∂h¿ AhcpsS Xm¬∏cyØn\\pkcn®mWv. hmb\ ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xv.

CXv Ip´nbn¬ hmb\tbmSv kzm`mhnIamb B`napJyw D≠m°ns°m≈Wsa∂n√. Ip´n°v

kz¥w Bhiy߃°\pkcn®v hmbn°m\p≈ Ahkcw Hcp°ns°mSp°Ww. At∏mƒ

hmb\tbmSp≈ Ip´nbpsS Xmev]cyw kzm`mhnIambn hf¿∂p hnIkn°p∂XpImWmw.

Xpd∂ hmb\bv°v Ahkcw \¬Ip∂ ssPh]mTßfmWv CXn\mbn Hcpt°≠Xv.

Adnbp∂Xn¬\n∂v AdnbmØXnte°pw kz¥w kwkvImcØn¬\n∂pw

]pXnbkwkvImcØtne°pw bm{XsNøm\p≈ Hcp ]mewt]mse ssPhhmb\

D]tbmKs∏SpØmw.

hmb\m ]cn-io-e\w {]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃

ASn-ÿm\ Xew

Ip´n°v hmb-\-bn¬ Xm¬∏cyw DW¿Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hnhn-[-Xcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw

sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-bpsS {]mbw, am\-kn-I-\n-e, Xm¬cy-ap≈ taJ-e-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-

sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.

{]oss{]-adn Xew: Bdp-h-b phsc-bp≈ Ip´n-I-fmWv Cu L -Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. t\cn- p≈ A£-

c-hm-b\ Ahsc kw_-‘n®v Bim-ky-a-√. [mcmfw {]mKvhm-b\m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Cu L´-

Øn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xv.

$ Nn{X-hm-b\

$ {Iao-I-cn® Nn{X-ßsf IYm-cq-]-Øn-em-°p-I.

$ Nn{X-ß-fmbn {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ IY-Iƒ ]d™p tIƒ∏n-°¬.

$ IY-tIƒ°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v IYm-hm-b-\-bn-te°v Ip´nsb \bn-°¬

$ A£-c-Nn-{X-߃

$ A£-c-ß-fpsS I´u-´p-Iƒ

$ hm°p-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw tN¿∂p≈ IY-Iƒ

{]mY-anI Xew

tIƒhn-bn¬ \n∂mWv Ip´n°v hmbn-°m-\p≈ Xm¬∏cyw P\n-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n tIƒ°m-\n-jvS-s∏-

36

Sp∂ IY-Iƒ ˛ ]©-X{¥ IY-Iƒ, hn{I-am-ZnXy IY-Iƒ, lntXm-]-tZi IY-Iƒ, _me-I-Y-Iƒ,

tIƒ°m-\n-jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh ˛ A[ym-]-I-cn¬ \n∂pw c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw

tIƒ°m-\p≈ [mcmfw Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp-°-Ww.

{]mY-anI L´w Xocp-tºmƒ Ip´n°v kzX{¥ hmb-\bv°v Ign-b-Ww. h¿Ø-am\∏{X-߃, _me-

am-kn-I-Iƒ, _me-]w-‡n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh kzX-{¥-ambn hmbn®v Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. IYm-

a-’-c-߃, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃, Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, eLp-{]-kw-K-߃, Bem-]-\w, Imhy-

c-N\ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn \S-Øm\pw Aßs\ hmb-\-bn-te°v

Ip´nsb \bn-°m\pw Ign-bpw.

IYm-]q-c-Ww, Bi-b-hn-]p-e-\w, hcn-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°¬ XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]Tn-Xm-°-

fpsS hmb-\m-tijn hf¿Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃

kvIqfn¬ HXp-ßp-∂-h-b-√. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ¢mkvXe {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ho´n-te°pw hym]n-∏n-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ°v CW-ßp∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS tiJcw ho´n¬ Hcp-t°-≠Xpw Ah

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-tI-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

Fensa‚dn ¢m pIfn¬ CØcw Nne hmb\m ]cnioe\ coXnIƒ Dƒs∏SpØmw.

$ kwbp‡hmb\

$ "Atøm sX‰n' hmb\

$ "sO sO' hmb\

$ {Kq∏v hmb\

$ H‰bv°p≈ hmb\

$ ]qcn∏n®p hmb\

$ Hfn®ncn°p∂Xns\ Is≠ج

$ F{Xh´w Bh¿Øn®p F∂v Is≠ج

$ IYm]m{Xßsf am‰n hmbn°¬

$ At\ym\yw ]qcn∏n®p hmbn°¬

{Km^nIv doUnMv

\Sn-®p-hm-bn-°pI F∂Xv sNdnb Ip´n-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. AΩ-bpsS Nn{Xw I≠v

AΩ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xpw, IYm-Nn-{X-ß-fn-eqsS IY ]d-bp-∂Xpw ho´nse ]{Xw amdp-tºmƒ

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xpw {Km^nIv hmb-\-bpsS BZy ]Sn-bm-Wv. Ipsd t]cn¬ \n∂pw kz¥w

t]cp Is≠-Øp-∂-Xpw, Ip´n ]d-bp∂ ]Zw A[ym-]nI Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-

∂Xpw ]n∂oSv AXv Is≠Øn ImWn-°p-∂Xpw hmb-\-bpsS BZy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.

hmIy-ß-fnse i_vZ-bq-Wn‰pw AXns‚ enJnX cq]hpw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-

\-ßfpw hmb\m ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Ip´n°v e`n-°-Ww.

CØcw {]h¿Ø\߃ \SØp∂Xn\papºv ]pkvXIØnse Nn{X߃ D]tbmKs∏SpØnbp≈

Nn{Xhmb\ \SØp∂Xv Ip´nsb hmb\bnte°p \bn°p∂Xn\v klmbIamIpw.

hmb\bn¬ Bib{KlWw Dd∏m°p∂ {]h¿Ø\߃

hmb\sb t{]m’mln∏n°m\pw AXneqsS Bib{KlWw \S°p∂psh∂v Dd∏p hcpØm\pw

37

hmbn® `mKsØ Bkv]Zam°n Bib{]IS\Øn\p≈ \nch[n Ahkc߃ Hcp°Ww

$ \mSImhnjvImcw $ tdmƒtπ

$ ssaanMv $ Nn{Xw hc

$ tNmtZymØc∏b‰v $ Bibw Npcp°n∏db¬

$ Bibw ]cØn∏db¬ $ IYm]m{Xambn k¶¬∏n®v ]db¬

$ IY am‰whcpØn∏db¬ $ IYm]qcWw

$ IhnXm]qcWw $ IYmhn]pe\w (F∂ns´¥p≠mbn?)

{]h¿Ø\߃

? {Km^nIv hmb\bpsS km[yXIƒ H∂mw ¢m n¬ ]co£n®pt\m°pI. Is≠ØepIƒ

¢m n¬ ]¶phbv°pI.

? hnZymebØn¬ hmb\bv°v {]m[m\yw \¬In \SØp∂ {]h¿Ø\߃,

Zn\mNcW߃ XpSßnbhbpsS e£yßfpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw tNmZn®dn™v Ipdn∏v

Xbmdm°pI.

? hyXykvX hmb\mcoXnIfmb hm¿Ømhmb\, IYmhmb\ F∂nh Dƒs∏SpØn

hmb\°fcnIƒ kwLSn∏n°pI.

? {imhy hmb\bpsS \√ amXrIƒ (HmUntbm) tiJcn°pI.

teJ\w

`mjm-ss\]pWnI-fn¬ G‰hpw Ah-km-\-tØXpw k¶o¿Wamb-Xp-amb ss\]p-Wn-bmWv FgpØv

AYhm teJ-\w. ]Z-ßsf {]tXyI {Ia-Øn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-SpØn Hcp hmIy-ap-≠m-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-ff Ign-hmWv Fgp-Øv. A`y-k-\-Øn-eqsS am{Xw e`n-°p∂ Hcp `mjmss\]p-Wn-bmWv

Fgp-Øv. `mj Hcp hyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. B hyh-ÿ-bnse Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fmWv i_vZhpw AXv

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ff en]n k{º-Zm-b-hpw. i_vZsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kam\kz`m-h-ap-f-f-

h-bmWv temI-Ønse F√m `mj-Ifpw. F∂m¬ en]n-bn¬ henb hyXymkw D≠p-Xm-\pw.

teJ\hnZy I≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXm-sS-bmWv hnZym-`ymk]c-ambn a\p-jy≥ ]ptcm-K-an®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

CXp-aq-ew, t\Snb Adnhv ]n≥X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°v th≠n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°m≥ km[n-®p.

`wKn, thK-X, hy‡-X, A\p-]m-X-{Iaw Ch-bmWv Fgp-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

`wKn-bmbn Fgp-Xn-bm¬ t]mcm, thK-Xbpw Bh-iy-ap-≠v. ]cn-io-e\w sIm≠mWv CXp t\tS-

≠Xv. thKw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\v ssIbnse t]in-Iƒ hfsc thKw Nen-°-Ww. hy‡-X-bmWv Fgp-

Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ aq∂m-asØ KpWw. \mw Fgp-Xp-∂Xv A\y¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-

em-bn-cn-°-Ww. \mem-a-tØXv A\p-]m-X-{I-a-am-Wv. A£-c-ß-sf√mw Htc hep∏-Øn¬ Fgp-X-

Ww. A£-c-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb cq]-߃ hnIr-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSn-√. hcn-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff

AIew ]men-°-Ww.

teJ-\-Øn¬ Ic-N-e-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw

`mj-bnse a‰p aq∂p ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw t\Sn-b-Xn\p tijta Fgp-Øn-te°p IS-°m-hq. hnc-ep-I-

fpsS hyXy-kvX-amb Ne-\-߃ Dd-∏n-°p-I-bmWv BZyw th≠-≠Xv. Fgp-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-

Ip∂ ssIbnse kq£v-a-t]-in-I-sfbpw ÿqe t]in-I-sfbpw Nen-∏n-°m≥ {]m]vX-am-°p∂

hn[-Øn¬ Xe-ß-s\bpw hne-ß-s\bpw Dff hc-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v CjvS-ap-ff coXn-bn¬

38

hc-bv°m≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-°p-I-bmWv Fgp-Øns‚ BZy L -Øn¬ sNtø-≠-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw

\n›nX BIr-Xn-Ifpw (hrØw, NXp-cw, {XntIm-Ww) Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hc-bv°m-hp∂

Nn{X-ßfpw hc-∏n-°p-I. eLp-hmb A£-c-߃ thWw BZyw Fgp-Xn-°m≥. Hc-£-csØ

as‰m-c-£-c-ambn am‰m≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[-Øn-ep-≈ A£c-߃ BZyw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v

ck-I-c-hpw, Ffp-∏hpw Bbn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v "d' t]mep-ff A£-csØ ], h, X, \, c

F∂o A£-c-ß-fm-°n -am-‰mw.

teJ\ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-ff hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ

A£cßfpsS icnbmb BteJ\ {Iaw teJ\ ]cnioe\Øn¬ {]tXyIw {i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.

aebmf A£c߃ {]Z£nWcq] (Clockwise) ØnemWv IqSpXepw FgpXp∂Xv. sX‰mb

BteJ\ {Iaw ]n∂oSv icnbm°n FSp°m≥ hfsc _p≤nap´mWv. BZyL´ßfn¬

A£cßfpsS hSnhnepw hep∏Ønepw IrXyXXbpw IWniXbpw ImWn°Wsa∂ns√¶nepw

hep∏w, AIew F∂nh icnbm°n FSpt°≠Xp≠v. icnbmb BteJ\ {Iaw

]men°p∂XpsIm≠v FgpØn\v thKXbpw `wKnbpw h¿[n∏n°m≥ Ignbpw.

$ BteJ\ amXrIIƒ Is≠Øn AhbpsS icnbmb {]tbmKßfpsS {]m[m\yw N¿®

sNøpI.

1. aW-en-se-gpØv

]cpØ {]X-e-Øn-emWv BZyw A£-cm-`ymkw XpS-tß-≠-≠Xv. hnc¬ sIm≠v aWen¬ Fgp-

Xp-tºm-gp≠≠mIp∂ kv]¿ikwth-Z\w A£ccq]-sØbpw AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® Ic-N-e-\-sØbpw

a\- n¬ Dd-∏n-°p-tºmƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv a\»mkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw.

2. t_m¿Un-se-gpØv

aW-ense A`y-k-\-tØm-sSm∏w ZrV-amb hkvXp-hnepw FgpXn ]Tn--°-Ww. AXn-\mbn t_m¿Uv

D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. ZrV-amb hkvXp-hn¬ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ hnc-ep-Iƒ°pw ssIIƒ°pw A[nIw i‡n

Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp-∂p. ssI samØ-Øn¬ Nen-∏n®p thWw t_m¿Un¬ Fgp-Xm≥. Aß-s\-bm-

Ip-tºmƒ ssIbnse ÿqe t]in-Iƒs°m∏w kq£va t]in-Ifpw IqSn Nen-∏n-°m≥ t_m¿Un-

se-gpØv klm-bn-°p-∂p.

3. t…‰n-se-gpØv

ZrV-amb {]X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v an\p-k-amb {]X-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm-\p-ff XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂Xv t…‰n-

se-gp-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A£-c-߃ hep-∏-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm-\m-h-iy-s∏-Smw.

4. IS-em- n-se-gpØv

t…‰n¬ FgpXn ]cn-io-en-®-Xn\v tijw am¿Zh-ap-ff IS-em- n-se-gp-Xn-°mw. thK-Øn¬ `wKn-

bmbn Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Ign-hmWv teJ-\m-`y-k-\-Øns‚ e£yw.

Fgp-Øp-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠Imcy-߃

H∂mw ¢m ns‚ NpacpIƒ at\mlcamb Fgp-Øp-cq]ßfm¬ BI¿jIam°Ww. sshhn-[y-

am¿∂ kμ¿`-߃ Fgp-Øn-\mbn \¬tI≠--Xp≠v. Ch A¿Y-]q¿W-amb A\p-`-h-am-°n-

Øo¿°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.

\¬Imhp∂ {]h¿Ø\߃

$ Nn{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bibw Is≠Øn ]Z-߃, hmIy-߃ F∂nh FgpXm-\-h-k-cw.

$ a\- n-em-°nb Imcy-߃ \n›nX hm°p-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cW klnXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬.

39

$ icn-bmb Bte-J\{Iaw ]men®v A[ym-]nI Fgp-Xp-∂Xv ImWm≥ Ah-kchpw amXrI

t\m°n Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-hpw.

$ ]mT-`m-KsØ cN\m {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬.

$ Nn{X-߃, kz¥w A\p-`-h-߃ F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kzX-{¥-ambn Fgp-Øn-\p-

ff Ah-k-cw.

$ kzX-{¥-ambn k¿Km-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p-ff Ah-k-cw.

$ XpS-°-Øn¬ Fgp-Øns‚ hSn-hn\pw ]q¿W-Xbv°pw Aan-X-amb Du∂¬ \¬I-cp-Xv. AX-

h-cpsS Bfl-hn-izm-ksØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°pw.

teJ\w˛t_m[\ kao]\߃

¢mkn¬ teJ\m`ymkw \SØp∂-Xv, ]T-\-Øn\pw t_m[-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ Hcp D]-I-c-W-am-bn-´m-

bn-cn°mw As√-¶n¬ teJ-\-tijn sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cn-°mw. F√m

teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw a‰p tijn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-

°p∂ ]Tn-Xmhv hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-I, Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I, hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I, Bi-b-

߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-ØpI XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n tijn-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. teJ-\-tijn

sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bp≈ teJ-\-amWv as‰m-∂v. Ch c≠pw A\p-tbm-Py-ambn

GtIm-]n-∏n-°mw.

D≈-S-°hpw Ah-X-cW coXnbpw

Bi-b-]-c-amb D≈-S-°hpw Ah-X-c-W-co-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ Xpe\w F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂

{]iv\w F√m teJ-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Db¿Øp-∂p-≠v. teJ-\-Øns‚ e£yw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-

am-W-t√m. AXn-\m¬ Hcp teJ-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb hiw AXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈

Bi-b-ß-fmWv F∂v ]d-bmw. AtX kabw ^e-{]-Z-amb hn[-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-s√-¶n¬

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v XS- -ap-≠m-Imw. AXn-\m¬ Bi-b-߃ GXp coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p

F∂Xpw {][m-\-am-Wv. teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ CXn¬ GXp LS-I-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬I-

W-sa∂v ap≥Iq´n Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Hmtcm teJ-\-Zu-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw kz`m-h-a-\p-k-

cn®v Xocp-am-\nt°≠ H∂mWv CXv.

{]mcw` L´-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb teJ\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃.

$ Hcp {]tXyI Imcyw sNøm-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃ Fgp-XpI (DZm: ]mN-I-°p-dn-∏v, Hdn-Kman

cq]-߃ D≠m-°p-I).

$ hy‡ym-\p-`-h-߃

$ {]IrXn Zriy-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw

$ hy‡n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hnh-cWw

$ IØp-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn Xbm-dm-°¬

$ tPmen-°p≈ At]£ Xbm-dm-°¬

$ am‰-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°¬ (DZm: kvIqƒ \S-Øn-∏n¬, {Sm^nIv \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬...)

$ hm¿Ø Xbm-dm-°pI

$

40

{]h¿Ø\w

? {]mKv teJ\ ]cnioe\Ø\v (ÿqet]in, kqjvat]in D]tbmKw) \n¿t±in°mhp∂

Nne {]h¿Ø\߃ (DZm---.. XØsb Iq´nseØn°¬, hgnI≠p ]nSn°¬) Is≠Øn

sNdnb ¢m n¬ s{sSHu´v sNøpI.

? aebmfØnse Nne {]mNo\ enJnX߃ ]cntim[n®v (XmfntbmeIƒ, B[mc߃,

]gbIme ]pkvXI߃, ...) en]n ]cnWmaw ImWn°p∂ Nm¿´v Xbmdm°pI.

? teJ\sØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSI߃ (D®mcW{]iv\߃, Unkv{Km^nb, tIƒhn°pdhv

t]mep≈h) Is≠Øn Ah eLqIcn°m\p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ Is≠ØpI.

? {]K¬`cmb hy‡nIƒ, IhnIƒ F∂nhcpsS ssIsbgpØpamXrIIƒ tiJcn®v

XmcXayw sNbvXv AhbpsS khntijXIƒ Is≠Øn FgpØns‚ sshhn[yw

N¿®sNøpI.

? D®mcWØn¬ \n∂v `n∂amb FgpØpcoXnIfpw aebmfØnep≠v hyXykvXamXrIIƒ

]´nIs∏SpØpI.

d -d≥kv

1. hnZym-`ymk ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ tIcf imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv

2. B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ tUm. sI.Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿

3. `mjm-imkv{X {]th-inI ˛ tUm. C.hn.-F≥. \ºq-Xncn

4. hmb-\-bpsS temI-tØ°v kvt\l-]q¿hw ˛ ae-∏pdw Ub‰v {]kn-≤o-I-cWw

5. hnhn[ A[ym-]I klm-bn-Iƒ ˛

41

bqWn‰v 4

Ip´n-I-fpsS kmlnXywFensa‚dn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ amXr- mj ]Tn-°p∂ Bdv apX¬ ]Xn-\mev hbkv hsc-bp-ff hnZym¿Yn-

Iƒ°v G‰hpw {]nb-¶-c-amb kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv _me-km-ln-Xyw. H∂mw Xcw apX¬ F´mw

Xcw hsc Cu hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-]-I¿ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn-[ ta-J-

e-Ifpw imJ-Ifpw Ime-L-´-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw Hs° Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-I-

fpsS kmlnXyw F∂ Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ ae-bm-f-Ønse _me-km-ln-Xy-

Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ¢mkvdqw

km[y-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hy‡-am-b -[m-cW t\Sm≥ Hmtcm A[ym-]IhnZym¿Yn°pw

Ign-b-Ww. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ _me-km-ln-Xy-ap-s≠∂pw Ah-bn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v

tbmPn® `mjbpw {]ta-b-hp-amWv ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-sX∂pw CXn-eqsS Ip´n-I-fpsS Pn⁄m-

k, hmb-\, k¿Km-fl-IX F∂nh hf¿Øm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂pw a\- n-em-°-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°v

th≠n apXn¿∂-h¿ Fgp-Xp-∂-hbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Xs∂ Fgp-Xp-∂-hbpw _me-km-lnXy taJ-esb

kº-∂-am-°p-∂p. CØcw _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºmƒ `mjm-]-T\ ¢mkv Xo¿®-bmbpw Dt±iy e£y-

߃ ssIh-cn-°p-I Xs∂ sNøpw.

F¥mWv _me-km-lnXyw?

_me-a-\- n¬ Nn¥bpw mh-\bpw ]I¿∂v sImSp-°p-∂Xv al-Ømb Hcp I¿Ω-am-Wv. aq¿Øhpw

Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-amb H∂n-te°v am{Xta Ip´n-I-fpsS a\ v k©-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q. F¥v I≠mepw

tI´mepw AXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-te°v _me-a-\ v IpXn-°pw. Ip´n-I-fpsS Pn⁄mk hf-c-

Ww. Ah-cpsS a\ v IÆm-Sn-t]m-se-bm-Wv. kz`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\p t]mepw {]Y-a-ÿm-\-ap-ff

_mey-Im-eØv Ah¿°mbn e`n-°p∂ kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Iƒ CØcw \nc-h[n LS-I-߃

Dƒt®¿∂h Bbn-cn-°-Ww. _me-km-lnXyw Ah-bpsS ka-kvX-L-S-I-ß-fnepw {]Xn-]m-Zy-Ønepw

{]Xn-]m-Z-\-Ønepw˛k-a-{KX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂¿Yw. Ip´n-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Ønse

`mj, ssien, Ah-X-cWw F∂nh am{X-a√ kIe LS-I-ßfpw Ah-cpsS A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ°v

A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS a\»mkv{Xw a\- n-em°n Ah-cpsS hnImchnNm-c-ß-fp-

ambn Aen-™p-tN-cm≥ Ign-bp∂ cN-\-I-fmWv \√ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. apXn¿∂-

h-cpsS temIØv \n∂pw XnI®pw hn`n-∂-amb Hcp temIw-˛-Ip-´n-I-fp-tSXv am{X-amb Hcp ambm-{]-

]©w krjvSn-s®Sp°pI F∂ AXn-a-l-Ømb Hcp IrXy-amWv \√ _me-km-ln-Xy-c-N-bn-Xm-

°ƒ sNøp-∂-Xv.

_me-km-lnXyw ckn-°m≥ am{X-ap-f-f-XmhcpXv. kvt\lw, Zb, kXyw, A\p-k-c-Ww, A®-S-°w,

kmtlm-Z-cyw, kl-I-c-Ww, Kpcp-`-‡n, cmPy-kvt\lw, {]IrXnkvt\lw, amX-]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sp-ff

kvt\lw, kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ hne XpS-ßnb al-\o-bm-i-b-ß-fpsS BZy-In-c-W-߃ sImfpØn

hbv°m≥ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v Ign-b-Ww. X߃ Pohn-°p∂ kmaq-ly-]-cnX ÿnXn-I-fmWv

Ip´n-I-fpsS `mhn-Po-hnXw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Ip´n, Ahs‚ hf¿®-bn¬ hnhn[ L´-߃

XcWw sNtø-≠n-bn-cn°p∂p. Htcm L´-Ønepw Ip´n-bpsS am\-kn-Ihpw ssh⁄m-\n-Ihpw

sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym- ymkw aXn-bm-ImsX hcpw. kzbw

hmbn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb ]pkvX-I-߃ th≠n-h-cpw. Chn-sS-bmWv _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]k-

‡n. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ hmb-\-bv°mbn Ah¿°v e`n-°p∂ IrXn-Iƒ ck-{]-Zm-b-I-Xz-Øn¬

IqSp-X¬ kº-∂-hpw, kzm`m-hn-I-X-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ kXy-k‘hpw, Iem-fl-I-X-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ca-

Wo-bhpw, ssii-h-Øns‚ kkq-jvahpw \nXy-\q-X-\-hp-amb kwth-Z-\-tØmSv {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂

F√m KpW-ß-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kar-≤-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

42

43

44

_me-km-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃

_me-km-lnXyw ˛ BZy-Np-h-Sp-Iƒ

Hcp {]tXyI kmlnXy{]ÿm-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -tØm-sS-bmWv

_me-km-lnXyw IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. {]mNo-\- m-c-X-Ønepw a[y-Im-e-bq-tdm-∏nepw _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚

BZy-ImecN-\-Iƒ CXn\p apt∂ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. hnjvWp-i¿Ω cNn® ]©-X{¥w, _p≤-

a-X-Im-esØ PmX-II-Y-Iƒ F∂nh mc-X-Øn-sebpw Cutkm∏p IY-Iƒ, Imè Fgp-Xnb

acym-Z-bpsS ]pkvXIw, Kfn-h-dpsS k©mcIY-Iƒ, Beokv I≠ A¤pX temIw, {KnΩn-

s‚bpw Bt‚-gvkn-s‚bpw I-Y-Iƒ F∂nh a[y-Ime bqtdm-∏n-sebpw BZy-Ime _me-km-lnXy

IrXn-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. _me-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØv ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-®Xv 1657˛¬ sIman-

\o-bkv F∂ hnZym- ymk Nn¥-I≥ cNn® Hm¿_nkv ]nIvNkv F∂ IrXn-bm-Wv. Nn{X-ß-tfmSp

IqSn temI-_m-e-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ BZy-ap-≠mb ]pkvX-Ihpw CXp-X-s∂. ]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm≥]Xpw

\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v {Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿®-bp-≠m-

bn. H∏w ae-bm-f-Ønepw AsXmcp kmln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\-ambn hnI-kn-®p.

_me-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ _me-km-lnXyw Hcp {]tXyI imJ-bmbn hf-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v Imew A[n-I-am-

bn-´n-√. 1824˛¬ _©-an≥ s_bven tIm´-b-Øp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ‘sNdp-ss]-X-߃°v D]-I-

cm¿∞w Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb IY-Iƒ’tUm: Kp≠¿´v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v {]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-∂-hn[ßfmb Nne KZy-]m-T-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn 1860˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ‘]mT-ime’F∂n-

h-bm-Wv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CXn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-h. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nm-csØØp-

S¿∂v ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-≠mb DW¿hns‚ `mK-ambn thWw Cu cwK-Øp-≠mb BZy-Im-

e-b-Xv\-ßsf IW-°m-°m≥. 1867˛¬ tIc-f-h¿Ω henbtImbn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ A[y-£-\mbn kwL-

Sn-∏n® ]mT-]p-kvXI IΩ‰n ss{]adn Xew apX¬ ]mT-`m-K-߃ Xbm-dm-°n. Ch-bnse cN-\-Iƒ

apX¬ _me-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kºp-jvS-amb Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmbn amdp-∂Xv ImWmw.

\ap°v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ _me-km-lnXyØnse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Nne ]ShpIfneqsS IS∂pt]mImw.

_me-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿°v Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp∂

G‰hpw hnin-jvS-ßfmb J\n-I-fmWv CXn-lm-k-߃.

IYm-k-cnXvkm-K-cw, ]©-X-{¥w, Ip´n-I-fpsS cmam-b-

Ww, Ip´n-I-fpsS mK-h-Xw, Ip´n-I-fpsS mcXw Cßs\

\nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≠v.

Bflm-hn\v B\μw ]I-cp-I-am-{X-a√ kwkm-c-am¿K-

Øn¬ hgn-sX‰n Ae-bp-∂-h¿°v t\¿hgn Nq≠-Im-

Wn-°m-s\ms° Ch klm-bn-°pw.

CXn-lm-k-ßfpw

_me-km-ln-Xyhpw

ae-bm-f -_m-e-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØv hnh¿Ø\w hgn

[mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ FØn-bn-´p-≠v. djy≥ `mj-bn¬\n∂v, ssN\okv `mj-bn¬ \n∂v, Cw•ojv `mj-

bn¬ \n∂v, _wKm-fn, lnμn, Xan-gv, `mj-I-fn¬

\n∂v Aß-s\....

_me-km-lnXyw

]cn- m-j-bn-eqsS

\gvkdn Km\-߃]cn- m-j-bn-eqsS

Ip´n-Isf kt¥m-jn-∏n-°m\pw km¥z-\n-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bp∂at\m-l-c-amb Hcp k¶-ev]-Øns‚ km£m-Xv°m-c-amWv \gvk-dn -Km-\-߃, ]cn-kcKoX-߃, A£cKoX-߃, kwJym-Ko-X-߃, A n-\-b-Ko-X-߃, IS-¶-Ym-Ko-X-߃, \nc¿Y-I-Ko-X-߃Cßs\ \nc-h-[n-bp≠v Cu KW-Øn¬.

45

_me-I-hnX

Bim≥, Pn.i-¶-c-Ip-dp-∏v, CS-

t»-cn , A°nØw, D≈q¿

F∂n-hcpw _me-I-hn-X-Iƒ

cNn-®n- p-≠v. _me-cm-am-b-Ww,

Hme-∏o-∏n, Cfw-Np-≠p-Iƒ,

]qX-∏m -´ v , Imt°-Im-t°,

A°n-Ø-Øns‚ Ip´n-°-hn-X-

Iƒ Cßs\ _me-I-hn-X-I-

fpsS \nc-\o-fp-∂p.

Nn{X-I-Y-Ifpw Ip´n-Ifpw

IY-Iƒ Nn{X-cq-]-Øn¬ hcnIF∂p-]-d-™m¬ Hcp Nn{Xw AYhm

Nn{X-]-c-º-c-Iƒ I≠v B Nn{X-߃°v Bkv]-Z-amb IY-IƒBkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂¿Yw.

Nn{X-ß-fn-eqsS IY-I-fn-se-Øm\pwIY-I-fn-eqsS Nn{X-ß-fn-se-Øm\pwIgn-bp∂ cN-\m-hn-ti-jsØ Nn{X-

I-Y-Iƒ F∂p-hn -fn -°mw. 1970Iƒ°p tijw Nn{X-I -Y -Iƒ]qØp-e-™p. F√m taJ-e-bn-

sebpw H´p-an° IY-Ifpw Nn{X-I-Y-I-fmbn _me-a-\- n¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p.

lmkyw _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬

lmkyw _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-

tºmƒ {]tXyIw Hm¿t°-≠Xv en-Xmwiw

Xncn-®-dn™v ckn-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v km[n-

°Ww F∂-Xm-Wv. Cßs\ Ip´n-Isf IpSp-

IpSm Nncn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp lmky-ta-Je _me-

km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-≠v.

at\m-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw _me-km-ln-Xyhpw

imco-cnI hf¿®bv°v Blm-chpw hymbm-

a-hpw Ah-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse am\-

knI hf¿®bv°pw hy‡nXz hnIm-k-

Øn\pw A\p-Kp-W-amb kml-N-cy-߃

thWw. Ah-bn¬ {]ap-J-amb ÿm\w

Ip´n-I-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃°pw Ah¿

hmbn-°p∂ B\p-Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-

߃°p-ap-≠v. Cu cwK-ØmWv _me-km-

ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]k‡n G‰hpw IqSp-X-

embn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬

kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nnbpw Adnhpw ]I¿∂p-

sIm-Sp-°p∂Xnep]cn _p≤n-hn-Im-k-Øn\v

{]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. H∏w Ip´n-I-fn¬

amXr-Im-]-c-amb hy‡n-hn-Im-k-Øn-\p-IqSn

_me-km-lnXyw If-sam-cp-°-Ww.

Ip´n-Ifpw s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\hpw

s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w F¥mWv? F¥n-

\mWv? Hcp hy‡nsb Xs‚ Np‰p-ap-ff

{]]-©-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-

ß-fpsS Iq´-amWv s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\w.

]uc-t_m-[w, {]Ir-Xnkvt\lw, am\-hn-

I-X, \oXn-\ymb t_m[w F∂nh Ip´n-

I-fn¬ hf¿∂p-h-c-Ww. Adn-hns‚ NnX-

dnb \pdp-ßp-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff _‘w a\-

 n-em-°p-∂-XmWv ⁄m\-Øns‚ DZ-

bw. AØcw Hcp DZ -b -Øn -te°v

Ipcp∂p a\- p-Isf \bn-°p∂ ]pkvX-

I-ßfpw Zriy-˛-{imhy k©n-I-Ifpw

in_n-c-ßfpw AS-ßp-∂-XmWv Cu taJ-

e-bnse _me-km-ln-Xyw.

46

Ip´n-I-fpsS kn\n-abpw \mS-Ihpw

Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \mS-I-߃°pw Ne-®n-{X-߃°pw hnZym-

`ym-k-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw IqSn-bp-≠.v Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-

Sp∂ \mS-I-߃, kn\na F∂nh {]tXyI Icp-X-tem-sS-bmWv Xbm-dm-°p-

∂-Xv. AXn-te°v th≠n kv{In]v‰v Fgp-Xp∂ kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ Ip´n-I-fp-

ambn DcpΩn Pohn®v Ah-cpsS ckm-\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ GtX-sX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-

emWv Xfn-cn-´p-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v a\- n-em-°n-bmWv cN\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-

Xv. F¶nte hnP-bn-°q. Ip´n-I-fpsS Iem-hm-k\ hf¿Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w

Iem-]-c-amb hnhn-[-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kmt¶-XnI sshKv[yw t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw

CØcw _me kmlnXy CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

$ IY, Ihn-X, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, imkv{Xw XpSßn km[m-cW KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ _me-km-ln-Xy-

ß-fp-ap-≠v. _me-km-ln-XysØ kº-∂-am-°nb {]apJ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb Ip™p-Æn-sbbpw

kvacn-°-Ww. _me-km-ln-XysØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ip™pÆn ssienbpw Ip™p-

Æn-bp-Khpw D≠v. _me-a-\- p-I-fpsS apgp-h≥ Bfl-ssN-X-\yhpw Bhm-ln-s®-SpØ ]hn-

{Xhpw Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-amb a\- n-\p-S-a-bm-W-t±-lw.

_me-km-lnXyw Bt«-jn-°p∂ hyXykvX taJ-e-Iƒ

Xmsg-∏-dbp∂ cq]-tc-J-bn¬ CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.

(CXpk-a-{K-a√)

_me-km-lnXyw

k¿K-km-lnXyw hn⁄m\ kmlnXyw

KZyw

(IY

bpw t\

mhe

pw)

Ih

nX

\mS

-Ih

pw X

nc-°

-Yb

pw

`mt

j-X

cw

(Nn{X

w, i

_vZ-te

-J-\

w)

]pk

vX-I

-߃

(H‰°

rXnb

pw ]

c-º

-c-b

pw)

hnj

-b-N

n-{X

o-I-cW

w

Ne

-®n-{X

-{]-tab

w

Poh

-N-cn{X

w

d^

-d≥

kv I

rXn-I

ƒ

\nL

-≠p-°

ƒ, h

n⁄m\

tI

mi-ß

ƒ

hnh

-c-ß

-f-S-ß

n-bX

pw A

√m-Ø

-hb

p

amb

N

n{X

-߃

47

_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse `mj

hyXykvX {]mb-Øn-ep-ff Ip´n-Iƒ°v, As√-¶n¬ hnhn[ ¢mkn¬ FØnb Ip´n-Iƒ°v `mjm-

]-c-ambn GXv \ne-hm-c-ap-≠mIpw F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb [mcW D≠m-I-Ww. `mj-

bnse F√m Xe-ß-sfbpw Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw kv]¿in-®p-sIm-≠m-hWw Cu \ne-hm-csØ

Is≠-Øm≥. A£-c-߃, en]n, kwbp‡ hyRvP-\-߃, ]Z-kw-ln-X, hmIy-L-S-\, ssien-

Iƒ F∂nh `mj-bpsS hnhn[ X´p-I-fn¬ GsXms° {Kln-®p-I-gn™p F∂pw C\n GsXms°

{Kln-°m-\p≠v F∂pw a\- n-em-°-Ww.

_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse `mj ‘kwkm-c-`m-j-’tbmSv ASp-Øn-cn-°-Ww. AXv Ffp∏w XmZmflyw

{]m]n-°m≥ D]-I-cn-°pw. Ip´n-I-fpsS `mj-bn¬ thWw Ip´n-I-tfmSv kwkm-cn-°m≥. _me-km-

ln-Xy-Øn¬ AXXv \ne-hm-c-Ønse mj-I-fn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS mj ‘t\tchm

t\tct]m’ coXn-bn-ep-f-f-X-√; _nw_-k-ar-≤hpw NSp-ehpw Bbn-cn°pw B `mj. sNdnb Ip´n-I-

fpsS IY-bn¬ ]Z-߃ Bh¿Øn-°pw. “ ]≠v ]≠v I¿Wm-SIw I¿Wm-SIw Fs∂mcp cmPyØv

PocIw PocIw Fs∂mcp hnØv \´p.'' F∂n-ßs\. _me-km-lnXyØnse `mjbv°v s]mXpth

IrXyX thW-sa-∂n-√. IY-]-d-bp-tºmƒ Ip´n-sb IY-bpsS `mK-am-°n-∏-d-bp-∂Xv Ah¿°v

Xm¬∏cyw h¿[n-∏n-°pw. AXp-t]mse kw`m-j-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Imw.

efn-X-amb BJym-\-coXn Bbn-cn-°Ww Ip´n-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ D]tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv. A[nIw

{]bm-k-an-√m-ØXpw \s√mcp iX-am\w hsc eLp-hmb hnh-c-W-߃ DffXpw ITn-\-a-√mØ

]Z-߃ \nd-™-Xp-amb ssien-bmWv Ah¿ CjvS-s∏-Sp-I. ‘_¿¿’, ‘Tnw’, ªpw F∂n-ß-s\-bp-

ff i_vZ-_nw-_-ßfpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \ma-hn-ti-j-W-tØmSp IqSn-

b-Xm-bn-cn°pw (DZm:Ip™n-°q-\≥, amWn-Iy-°-√v, aμm-c-°p-cp-hn......) apXn¿∂-h-cpsS `mj-bn¬

D]-tbm-Kn°pw t]mse k¿h\m-a-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ “DÆo-S-®≥ DÆn-

s°¥m sIm≠p-h∂Xv”, “IÆ≥ IÆ‚-Ω-tbmSv ]nW-°am”, Cß-s\-bp-ff {]tbm-K-ß-fmWv

Ah¿°n-jvSw.

s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw h® `mj-bmWv Ip´n-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ th≠-Xv. cmP-`m-j, cm£-k-

`m-j, a{¥-hm-Zn-`m-j, Im´m-f-`mj F∂n-ßs\ hyXy-kvX-Ir-{Xna mj-Iƒ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬

Bh-iy-am-Wv. ‘lmbv!’, ‘tM’ ?, ‘AºSm!’, ‘‚tΩm.......’ Cßs\ Nn”-ß-tfm-sSbpff `mjbpw

‘]f-]f an∂p∂ ]´p-Ip-∏m-bw’, ‘sXfp-sXsf sXfn™ ]pg-sh≈w’ F∂n-ßs\ Bh¿Øn-

°p∂ mjbpw ‘ae-tbmfw Db-c-ap-ff cm£-k≥’, ‘Dcp-fn-t]m-ep-ff IpS-h-bdv’ F∂n-ßs\ AXn-

i-tbm‡n`mjbpw _me-km-ln-XysØ Ip´n-I-fpsS CjvS-ta-J-e-bm°nØo¿°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-

b-an-√.

_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse IYm-{]-{X-߃

sNdnb Ip´n-Iƒ°v arK-ßfpw ]cn-NnX hkvXp-°fpw Pohn-Ifpw IYm]m{Xß-fm-Ip-∂-XmWv

CjvSw. Ch-sc√mw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hbpw BI-Ww. arK-߃°p-Xs∂ Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-ap-≠m-

bm¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Gsd CjvS-am-Ipw. IÆn¬ \n∂v Xo ]mdp∂ IpXn-c, ]d-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ B\,

hmep \ofp∂ Ipc-ß≥ XpS-ßnb hntijkz`m-h-ap-ff IYm-{]-{X-߃ _me-km-lnXy IrXn-I-

fn¬ km[m-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. ]£n-Iƒ, arK-߃, Ip´n-Iƒ, Aeu-In-I-cmb tZh-∑m¿, cmPm-°-∑m¿,

Acq-]n-Iƒ, AZr-iy¿, Hcw-Kpew am{X-ap-ff a\p-jy¿ Cßs\ \ofp∂q _me-km-lnXyIYm-]m-

{X-߃. AXp-t]mse ]mh-°p-´n°pw πmhn-e-°m-fbv°pw sXm´n-ense sIm®-\p-P\pw Hmtc ]cn-

K-W-\-bmWv Ip´n-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ambn amdntbm IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ IqsS

k©-cnt®m BWv Ah¿ cN\ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

]g-b-Im-e-sØbpw AXns‚ {]uVn-sbbpw IY-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v CjvSam-Wv. cmPm-

hv, {]`p, sIm´m-cw, cYw, aWn-am-fn-I Ch-sbms° CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. sIm®p a\p-jy¿

_me-km-ln-Xy-Ønse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv. \tc-{μ-\m-Yns‚ CØn-cn-°p-™\v F{X Bcm-

[-I-cm-Wv. kpPm-Xbpw Im´m-\-bpw, DÆn-°p-´\pw IY-I-fn-bpw, \ºq-cy-®\pw a{¥hpw XpSßn

48

F{X- Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sf-bp-amWv sIm®p-Ip- n-Iƒ s\t©‰n emfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse

\nc-h[n IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-ep-f-f-Xv. AØcw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS

{kjvSm-°-sfbpw cN-\-I-sfbpw Is≠Øp-∂Xv ck-I-c-amb Hcp {]hrØn Bbn-cn-°pw.

tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

_me-km-ln-Xy-ta-J-ebv°v DW¿hpw IcpØpw ]I-cm≥ 1981˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ ÿm]-

\-amWv tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v. ChnsS \n∂mWv ae-bm-f-Ønse

{]kn≤ _me-km-ln-Xy-am-kn-I-bmb Xfncv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn \nc-

h[n ]pkvX-I-ßfpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw tIcfk¿°m-cns‚ kmwkvIm-cnIhIp-∏n\v

Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Cu ÿm]\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. F´v hmey-ambn {]kn-

≤oI-cn® _me-ssI-cfn hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-amWv C≥Ãn-‰yq-´ns‚ apJykw-cw-`w. ]mT-]p-

kvX-I-߃°v A\p-_-‘-ambn D]-cn-hm-b-\-bv°p-ff cN-\-Ifpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-

≠v. A£-c-ssI-c-fn, Z¿i-\-ssI-c-fn, Ncn-{X-ssI-c-fn, imkv{X-ssI-c-fn, hn⁄m-\-ssI-

cfn F∂n-ßs\ `n∂-]-c-º-c-I-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw IrXn-Iƒ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-

‰yq v {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v Ign™p. temI-¢m-kn-°p-I-fpsS ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ß-fmb hniz-ssIcfn

]c-ºc Gsd {]kn-≤-am-Wv.

ae-bm-f-Ønse _me-km-lnXy cN-\sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n _me-km-

lnXy ]pc-kv°m-c-ßfpw Ip´n-I-fn¬ hmb\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Xfncv

hmb\ a’-chpw _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. kwÿm\ kmwkv°m

cnI hIp∏v a{¥nbmWv CXns‚ sNb¿am-≥.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

Xncs™-SpØ _me-km-lnXy IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v hmb-\-°p-dn-∏v, Bkzm-Z\-°p-dn∏v

F∂nh kzm`n-{]m-b-tØmsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.

H∂p apX¬ F´v hsc ¢mkp-I-fnse ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse _me-km-ln-Xy-

Øn¬ hcp∂]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS hmb-\, Ah-X-c-Ww, hne-bn-cp-ج.

hmbn® _me-km-lnXy IrXn-Iƒ, _mekm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hcp∂ ]mT-`m-K-߃,d^

- d≥kv IrXn-Iƒ F∂nh hmbn®v Ah-bn¬ `mj, {]tabw F∂nh _me-km-ln-

Xy-Øn\v F{X-tØmfw A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW-∂-Xns\ Bkv]-Z-am°n N¿®.

kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ s]mXp-N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°Ww.

_me-km-lnXy IrXn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ah Ip´n-I-fn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv Pn⁄m-

k,hmb-\, k¿Km-fl-IX F∂nh hf¿Øp-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Ø-Ww (-]-©-X{¥w IY-

Iƒ apX-em-bh DZm-l-c-W-ambn FSp-°mw.)

_me-km-ln-Xy-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v e`n-°p∂ Nn{X-I-Y, kn\n-a, \mS-Iw, Ip´nIƒ°p

th≠n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ hoUn-tbm-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS tiJcWw- ˛ICT km[y-X-Iƒ D]-

tbm-Kn®v {]Z¿i-\w-˛-hn-e-bn-cp-ج.

\gvk-dn-Km-\w, _me-I-hn-X, KpW-]m-T-I-Y-Iƒ, _me-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Ip™pÆn

amjns‚ cN-\-Iƒ, CXn-lm-k-ßfpw _me-km-ln-Xyhpw, _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ {]i-

kvX-cmb _me- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw cN-\-Ifpw F∂n-h-bpsS tiJ-cWw ({Kq∏v

{]h¿Ø-\--ambn Gs‰-SpØv Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Hmtcm taJe tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw {Kq∏p-Iƒ

]c-kv]cw ]¶p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Cu {]h¿Ø\w Ab-Xv\-e-fn-X-ambn sNøm≥

klm-bn-°pw)

CXv skan-\m-dmbn kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.

49

_me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ¢mkv dqw km[y-X-Iƒ

Ip´n-Iƒ°m-bp-ff B\p-Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-

߃

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ hc-Zm-\-amWv

ae-b-f-Ønse B\p-Im-en-I-߃. B[p-

\nI hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nm-cWw e£y-

am°n \nc-h[n hnZym-`ymk amkn-I-Ifpw

ChnsS DZbw sNbvXp. Ip´n-Isf kw_-

‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ah-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-

k-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]m-Ip∂ Ime-amWv

_mey-Iu-am-c-߃. Ahsc kzm[o-\n-

°p∂ {][m-\-s∏´ LS-I-߃ kplr-Øp-

°fpw Ah¿ hmbn-°p∂ IrXn-I-fp-am-Wv.

hf-cp∂ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ah¿°v

Hmtcm {]mb-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p-ff cN-

\-I-fmWv hmb-\bv°v e`n-t°-≠-Xv. AXv

Xnc-s™-SpØv Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`y-am-°p-∂-

h¿ Ah-cpsS {]mbsØ Gsd ]cn-K-Wn-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cßs\ hnhn[ {]mb-°m¿°p-ff B\p-Im-en-I-߃ C∂v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ [mcm-f-

ap-≠v.

Bkq-{Xn-X-amb imkv{X-hn-⁄m-\-hn-X-cWw e£y-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {]ÿm-\-amb imkv{X-

km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ amkn-I-I-fmWv bqdo-°, imkv{X-tI-

c-fw, imkv{X-KXn F∂n-h. Ip´n-I-fn¬ imkv{X-Xm-¬∏cyhpw hn⁄m-\hpw hf¿Øm\pw hnt\mZw

]I-cm\pw {]kvXpX amkn-I-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

Ifn-°p-Sp-°, an∂m-an-∂n, Xfn-cv, hnZym-cw-Kw, Ip´n-I-fpsS Zo]n-I, XØ-Ω, _me-bpKw, Nßm-Xn,

_me-ca ssUPÃv F∂p XpSßn H´-\-h[n B\p-Im-en-I-߃ Ip´n-Isf e£y-am°n {]kn-≤o-

I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ip‰m-t\z-jW IY-Ifpw a{¥-hm-Z-I-Y-I-fpw, P¥p-I-Y-Ifpw Hs° an°-hmdpw F√m

_me-am-kn-I-I-fnepw ssZzhm-cn-I-I-fnepw ImWmw. kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw B\p-Im-

enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \nc-h[n PohnX aqey-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°-W-sa-

¶n¬ Ah-bn¬ cN\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-hcpw Ah¿°v AXv Xnc-s™-SpØv \¬Ip-∂-hcpw Gsd

{i≤-]-Xn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

_me-km-ln-XysØ Ip´n-I-fpsS hf¿®m-L- -ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ inip-km-ln-Xyw, _me-km-ln-Xyw, Intim-c-km-ln-Xyw, Iuam-

c-km-lnXyw F∂n-ßs\ hn`-Pn-°mw. H∂p apX¬ Bdv hb- p-

hsc {]mb-ap-f-f-h¿°v th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv inip-km-ln-Xyw. \gvk-

dn-Km-\-߃, A¿∞-Øn\v {]m[m-\y-an-√mØ {]mk-\njvT IhnX

(t\m¨sk≥kv ssdwkv) XpS-ßn-bh Cu {]mb-Øn-ep-ff Ip´n-

Iƒ°v CjvS-s∏-Spw. Bdp hb- p-ap-X¬ ]Øv hb v hsc

{]mb-ap-ff Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-ff _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ eLp

Ihn-X-Iƒ, b£n-°-Y-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-I-Y-Iƒ, Ncn-{X-I-Y-Iƒ,

hnt\mZ IY-Iƒ, ]pcmW IY-Iƒ XpS--ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. ]Øv

apX¬ ]{¥≠p hb-kp-h-sc-bp-ffh¿°v th≠n-bp-ff Intimc

kmln-Xy-Øn¬ eLp-Po-h-N-cn-{X-߃, hocm-]-Zm-\-I-Y-Iƒ, _me-

I-Y-Iƒ, _me-I-hn-X-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. ]-{¥-≠n\pw ]Xn-

\m-dn\pw CS-bn-ep-f-f-h¿°p≈ Iuam-c-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ kml-kn-

I-I-Y-Iƒ, hn⁄m-\-{]-Zm-\-amb sNdnb teJ-\-߃, Poh-N-cn-

{Xw, t\mh¬, IY, IhnX F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Cu hn`-P\w

Ds≠-¶nepw Ch-sb√mw _me-km-lnXyw F∂v s]mXpth Adn-

b-s∏-Sp∂p

ae-bmf kmln-Xyw Fcp-taen

Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-ff

B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf Ah-bpsS Hcp e°w {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v ASp-Ø-e°w {]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-ep-ff Ime-ssZ¿Lyw ap≥\n¿Øn hmcn-I, ssZzhm-cn-I,

amkn-I, ssZzam-kn-I, ss{Xam-kn-I, A¿[-hm¿jnIw, hm¿jnIw F∂n-ßs\

h¿Ko-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

50

ae-bm-f-Ønse {]apJ Zn\-∏-{X-߃ _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-\mbn {]tXyIw t]Pp-Iƒ Xs∂ am‰n

h®n-´p-≠v. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bpw, Zn\m-N-c-W-߃°mbn Ip´n-Isf Xbm-dm-

°p-∂-hbpw A[n-I-hm-b-\-bv°m-bp-f-f-hbpw XpSßn _me-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn-

eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-h-bmWv B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn-sebpw Zn\-∏-{X-ß-fn-sebpw _me-]w-‡n-Iƒ.

Ah-bpsS GXm\pw amXr-I-Iƒ

(]q¿W-a-√. CXp-t]mse At\Iw Zn\-∏-{X-ß-fn¬

[mcmfw _me-]w-‡n-Iƒ D≠v. Ah Is≠-Øp-I)

51

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

hnZym- ymk {]m[m-\y-ap-f-f, Fen-sa‚dn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ mjm-t_m-[-\-Øn\v klm-

bn-°p∂B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fnse _me-]w-‡n-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww.

tiJ-cn-®h Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬.

apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-f-f-Xp-t]mse hnhn[ {]mb-°m¿°mbn Ah¿°v A\p-tbm-Py-

ambh Dƒs∏-SpØn ]Xn∏p Xbm-dm-°¬.

Ch Fßs\ ¢mkv dqan¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØmw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v N¿®.

N¿®-°p-dn∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.

]cn-N-b-s∏´ _me-km-lnXy IrXn-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-sfbpw a\-

 n-em°n k¿Kmfl-I-amb _me-km-lnXy cN-\-bn-te¿s∏´v \√ krjvSn-Iƒ

\n¿Ωn-°Ww.

Hcp A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn Xs∂ \nc-h[n cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬

Ah Hcp ]Xn∏v B°mw.

¢mkn\v samØ-ambn _me-km-lnXy cN-\-I-fpsS ]Xn∏v \n¿Ωm-Ww.

Fen-sa‚dn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw

\S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Cßs\

Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v apºv temh¿ ss{]adn Xe-Ønepw A∏¿ ss{]adn

Xe-Ønepw Dff Ip´n-Iƒ°v F{]-Im-c-ap-ff cN-\-I-fmWv kzoIm-cy-am-hpI F∂

kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

temh¿ ss{]adn

$ {]oss{]-adn Xew Ign™v FØp∂ Bdv apX¬ ]Øv hb- p-hsc {]mb-ap-≈-h¿.

$ Gsd I≠-dn-bm\pw tI´-dn-bm\pw Ah-kcw e`n-®-h-cm-Wn-h¿ (]≠-sØ-t∏mse A√)

$ Ip´n-°me Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ßfpw \n¿Wm-bI kμ¿ -ßfpw IYm-h-kvXp-hmbn hcp-∂h kzoI-

cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

$ CØcw IY-I-fn¬ IY apt∂m´p \oßp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ kw`m-j-Whpw BImw.

$ hf-®p-sI-´n-√m-ØXpw hy‡-Xbpw emfnXyhpw Df-f- cN-\-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-cmWv

ss{]adn Xew.

$ ]T\w ck-I-c-am-hp-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kμ¿`-߃ kzoI-cn-°mw.

A∏¿ ss{]adn

]Øv apX¬ ]Xn-aq∂v hb- p-hsc {]mb-ap-≈-h¿

kz¥-amb Hcp am¿K-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°p-hm\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßp-∂p.

52

k¶-ev]n-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp -ssI-h-cp-∂XvsIm≠v km¶-ev]nIIY-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ignbpw.

kml-knI IY-I-fnepw ]pcmW IY-I-fnepw Poh-N-cn-{X-I-Y-I-fnepw BIr-jvS¿

Npdp-Npdp-°p-ff hm°p-I-fn¬ hf-®p-sI- n-√msX sIm®p-sIm-®p-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂-XmWv

Cu {]mb-°m¿°v CjvSw.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

H∂p-ap-X¬ F´phsc-bp-ff ¢mkp-I-fnse A[ym-]I klm-bn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v AXn¬

_mekm-ln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ kmwKXyw Is≠-Øp-I.

]cn-N-b-s∏-´Xpw kzbw Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xp-amb cN-\-Iƒ GsXms° ]mT-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]T-

\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v N¿®-sNbvXv Is≠-Ømw.

_me-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf {]th-iI {]h¿Ø-\-amtbm A√m-sXtbm Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp

ssZ\wZn-\m-kq-{XWw Xbm-dm-°mw.

d^-d≥kv

1. F¥mWv Ip´n-I-fpsS kmlnXyw? FUn-‰¿-˛-F-{_lmw tPmk^v

kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v \hw-_¿ ˛1983.

2. _me-km-lnXyw XXzhpw Ncn-{Xhpw FUn-‰¿-˛tUm:Ipcymkv Ipº-f-°p-gn

kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 1995

3. _me-hn-⁄m\ kmln-Xy-c-N\ ˛ ]me.-sI.-Fw.-amXyp

kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004

4. Ip´n-I-fpsS a\ pw _me-km-ln-Xyhpw ˛tUm:{]`m-I-c≥ ]g»n

kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2018

5. F\n°v G‰hpw CjvS-s∏´ _me-km-lnXy IrXn ˛No^v FUn-‰¿-˛-kn.-Pn.-im-¥-Ip-am¿

kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

6. ae-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS-˛-s{]m-^.-F-cp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-ff

Id‚ v _pIvkv 2006

7. kºq¿W ae-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-˛-F-Un-‰¿ s{]m^.-]-∑\ cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿

Id‚ v _pIvkv 2008

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