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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 1

Unofficial Art Resource2013: A World in Motion

Table of Contents

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2!I. UNDERSTANDING ART ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3!ANALYZING ART ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3!PANOFSKY AND HIS THREE MEANINGS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4!ELEMENTS OF ART.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4!PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6!II. IMMIGRATION, MIGRATION, EMIGRATION ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8!MIGRANT MOTHER ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

!MIGRATION............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9!MIGRANT MISERIES (SEMEKAZI) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................10!TO RAISE THE WATER LEVEL IN A FISHPOND ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11!THE LONG MARCH ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12!ALINE MADE BY WALKING.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13!BORDERXING GUIDE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14!TRANSBORDER IMMIGRANT PROJECT ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15!III. MOVING GOODS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17!SLAVE SHIP ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17!PANAMA CANAL MURALS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18!PICTURE OF WESTERN TRADERS AT YOKOHAMA TRANSPORTING MERCHANDISE....................................................................................................................... 20!MCDONALDS HAMBURGERS INVADING JAPAN................................................................................................................................................................................. 21!IV. LAND, SEA, AIR, AND SPACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23!EL AUTOBUS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23!BERLIN LEOPOLDPLATZ PLATFORM .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24!NASASPACE COLONY ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25!GUNPOWDER DRAWING PROJECT...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25!V. PEOPLE IN MOTION .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27!SHIVA AS LORD OF DANCE (NATARAJA) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 27!THE PEASANT DANCE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28!THE LITTLE FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD DANCER ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29!MARTHA GRAHAM LETTER TO THE WORLD (THE KICK) ............................................................................................................................................................... 31!IMPRESSIONS LIJIANG .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32!VI. ART SPOTLIGHTS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34!

This resource is dedicated to all the World Scholars Cup members for releasing resources forprevious years and hosting great tournaments. This resource is also dedicated to all the editors,

testers, commenters, etc1. Thank you all.

Scholars of Taiwan: Terran, Kevin, Herbert, David, Justin, Vivian, and Jennifer

1 You know who you are :D


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PrefaceYou dont have to be reading this.2 This is definitely an unofficial resource, even though you

might like it, and want it to be official. You might be reading this because you haveabsolutely no idea on how to research. You might be reading this because, well, why not?

This is not an ordinary resource.

This is not a resource published by the World Scholars Cup.

Seven of us, after knowing that we might not get resource guides this year, decided to embark on ahuge exploration mission to make guides we all like.

Feel free to use this resource as a starting point, but remember this years exploration has no finiteendpoint. You might read something in this guide that wont make an appearance at thetournaments. You may find something in the tournaments that you dont recall reading in this guide.

Dont use this guide as your only source of information.

Here is one tip from the World Scholars Cup website. Ask yourself, or your teammate, or someoneelse why the specific topic was put in the outline. How does the artwork, concept, history, oranything relate to this years themeA World in Motion? Go beyond facts, and discuss implicationsand effects on society.

Updates

This is version 1.0. Future updates will be described here.

This guide will be as dynamic as possible. Updates will be made to it if necessary. If you find a typo,report it. If you find something misleading or potentially incorrect, report it. If you find somethinginteresting you might want to add, also report it. We feel that we dont have enough footnotes, so

well need more, too. The feedback form will be linked below.

Feel free to discuss and talk about this resource, or anything related to this years theme online.Discuss with over 800 scholars (and alpacas) in theWorld Scholars Cup Group here:http://www.facebook.com/groups/alpacascholars/.

Provide feedback here: http://is.gd/fbackart13

Remember, you dont have to be reading this.

2 This quote came from my favorite WSC resource, the Economics Fundamentals guide.


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I. Understanding ArtTry defining art. You probably cant. Is art a product of human

imagination? Is it a keen eye for reproducing reality? Is itsomething that shocks people? Now try rating a random artwork.

Something you consider a piece of junk may be consideredpriceless by someone else. How can you compare van Goghs

cubist paintings to, uh, Duchamps urinal? Should you considerskill, meaning, or popularity?

Analyzing Art

Before looking at methods of judging art, lets backpedal and look at the scholarship of art. Arthistorian Ernst Gombrich divides art scholars3 into connoisseurs, critics, and historians.Artconnoisseurs are knowledgeable and enjoy looking at artwork. They focus on more than just

aesthetics (visual qualities and beauty), but also look at the authenticity of a work. They know howto look at art and evaluate works.Art critics focus on aesthetics and try to compare works, looking athow one work is better than the other.Art historians are more academic, and focus on the nature,style, and history of art.

Formal Analysis

If you are an art historian, formal analysis is one of themost basic skills you will learn. Formal analysis aims todescribe the form of an artworkits colors, textures,

line, shapes, spacing, composition, size, and content.Take note that when one does formal analysis, one doesnot refer to anything outside the work itself. What doesthis mean?

If you were to perform a formal analysis onAdam andEve(1504), a famous engraving by Albrecht Drer, you

would tell us that it shows in black and white a nudeman and a woman standing in nature. You woulddescribe a bird, rabbit, cat, cow, and elk surroundingthem, and the snake coiled around a tree trunk biting a

womans hand. You would talk about how the elementsare placed in relation to each other. You would not claimthat the man and woman represent Adam and Eve, orinfer that the scene is the Garden of Eden. In other

words, you are describing what you see, but not what itmeans.

Stylistic Analysis

Another important tool in the art historians tool kit is stylistic analysis. Scholars4 often use stylisticanalysis to talk about a works style a set of visual guidelines an artist uses to create art. Forexample, a certain type of work may be characterized as abstract if it avoids realistic representationand is full of colorful geometric shapes.

3 The World Scholars Cup divides scholars into two divisions: Junior and Senior.4 Remember that you are a scholar too.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 4Two works may have the same content butdifferent styles. Picassos works are characterized ascubist, as they depict 3D subjects in fragmented,multi-perspective 2D shapes. How is stylisticanalysis different from formal analysis? Stylisticanalysis emphasizes categorizinga work,comparing trends across a range of artwork. Forexample, if you compare Monets works, you seethat they all have thick dabs of paint, manytextured brush strokes, and soft colors. Thus, youcan categorize Monets work as Impressionist5.

Panofsky and his Three Meanings

Now that we have two ways to analyze art, letslook at ways to view art. The earlier art tools willhelp you, but we will also focus on the historical

and cultural context (the meaning) of the work.We will use the method of analysis outlined byErwin Panofsky, a German art historian, in hisStudies in Iconology. Though Panofskys methodisnt applicable to all works of art, it is a usefulframework. In Studies in Iconology, he details threelayers of artistic/historical understanding.

Checkpoint 1: Natural Subject Matter

The natural subject matter is a works most basic

layer, and doesnt consider cultural meaning. In other words, you perform a formal analysis.

Checkpoint 2: Conventional Subject Matter (Iconography)

The conventional subject matter adds in cultural knowledge. You would, for example, explainsymbols and metaphors. For example, a western viewer would recognize a man and woman standingnext to a snake as Adam and Eve.

Checkpoint 3: Intrinsic Meaning (Iconology)

In this final layer, art scholars add historical context. For example, you would look at Drers life andconsider how his life affected his portrayal of Adam and Eve. You might ask, Why did Drer draw

Adam and Eve like this? Why pick a Biblical subject? The final layer is, in summary, the whatdoes it mean? layer.

Elements of Art

Even after youve nailed Panofskys ThreeMeanings, you might find it hard to define theelements of art, or parts of a work you perceive

with your senses. For example, if a work useslines, what kind of lines are they? How do you

describe the color schemes used? Is a formgeometric or biomorphic? Learning to properly

5 You wouldnt want to classify Degas as an Impressionist. Hed be mad.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 5describe these elements will help you accurately talk about artworks (not to mention make you soundvery professional6).

Value

Drawings, and paintings especially, rely onvalue (also known as tone). Value refers to the lightnessand darkness of an artwork. Value can be tints and shades of black and white, but remember that

colors have values also. Values can create the illusion of space. Darker values can be used to representshadows, while lighter values represent highlights. Transitional values are smooth (think about thesmooth change in values when drawing a sphere), while broken values create edges and texture(think about the way value changes abruptly at the edge of a cube)

Texture

Texture is a valuable part of the artists toolkit because it engages anothersense besides sight - texture is tactile, meaning that is appeals to our senseof touch. Texture is intense and evocative. Often, texture is what makes a

work come to life, giving it energy and depth. Texture can be created

using fabrics or other materials that feel a certain way to the touch. Thatsnot all, though. The illusion of texture can be created using lines, valueand variety of color. For example, lots of abrupt value changes can showthe texture of crumpled paper. Flowers and Fruit, by Paul Cezanne, usesshort brush strokes and uneven coloring to create bumpy textures.

Color (Hue)

Colors, or hues, are an appealing and complex element. The interactionof different colors can prick your nerves in different ways. Clashing colorscan make you feel sick, while harmonious color combinations make you

feel zen. Colors evoke emotions - red is fiery, angry and passionate, whileblue is calm and maybe sad. Descriptions of colors are usually based offthe color wheel. Colors ranging from yellow to violet-red are warmcolors, while colors ranging from yellow-green to violet are cool colors.

Acomplementary color scheme uses colors directly acrosseach other, such as blue and orange, and is often loud andenergetic.Analogous color schemes, on the other hand, usescolors next to or close to each other on the color wheel, andare usually relaxing. Primarycolorsred, blue, and yelloware the basic colors; they cannot be made by combining othercolors7. Secondarycolors are the combination of primarycolors, such as green (yellow + blue). Tertiarycolors are thecombination of a primary color and a neighboring secondarycolor, such as indigo (blue + violet).

Line

Lines are used to define spaces and shapes in an artwork.Though lines can be explicit, lines can also be implied. Forexample, Three Little Cats, by Jennifer8, uses three cats ofdifferent sizes to create a diagonal line. Direction of line can

6 Some would say that you are prompt, polite, productive, and prepared.7 I dare you to try.8 Jennifer wrote this section.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 6be very important-horizontal lines are calm, vertical lines are strong, while diagonal lines are full ofmovement.

Shape

Shapes are 2D boundaries defined by lines. When thinking of shapes, your geometry class mightcome to mind. Note, however, that the shapes you study in geometry are most likelygeometric

shapes9

- these give works a structural and clean feel. Organic (or natural) shapes are ones that curvewithout a set pattern, much like things found in nature-and of course they give a work a natural,living feel. Shapes are often considered in terms offigure (the shape on top) and ground(the shapein the bottom/surrounding area). Another way of saying this is positive and negative shapes,respectively.

Form

Forms are, very simply, 3D shapes. Theimportant distinction to make is thatforms are three dimensional (or at least

have the illusion of being so). Analyzingforms is much the same as analyzingshapes-there are organic, curvilinear, andgeometric forms.

Space

Two important parts of studyingspace, or elements in relation/proportion to each other, areperspective and positive vs. negative space. A simple explanation: positive space is the foreground,

while negative space is the background. Take note that you are describing space, not objects; in CatFamily, for example, you would say that the positive space is triangular, not that the positive space is

cats.

Around 1000 years ago, the Chinese painter Guo Xi wrote, Distant people have no eyes.Perspective suggests depth. Objects in the far usually look hazy and have a bluish tinge this isatmospheric (or aerial) perspective. When an artist shrinks an object in the distant, linearperspective is being used. When there is linear perspective, imagine a canvas with diagonal lines fromthe bottom of the artwork that meet at a single point. That point is the vanishing point, and the linesare orthogonal lines. When angled lines are used, but dont meet at a fixed point, the image is said tohave isometric perspective.

Principles of Design

Okay, now you should knowhow to talk about art. But howdo you decide how one artworkis better than the other? Or,how do artists know how to usethese elements? You do thisusing the principles of design,a framework for organizingelements of art so that they are

cohesive.

9 As opposed to?


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 7Balance

Balance, or how visual weight is distributed through a work, can strongly affect the feeling of a work.Traditionally, works have more symmetrical balance, where the elements on the left and right of the

work are the same, or similar. This is because eyes are drawn naturally towards the center, and thework is more harmonious. Usingasymmetrical balance can also be interesting and effective, buttrickier to use. Another type of symmetry is radial balance, where elements radiate from a central

point (circular balance, in other words).

Contrast

Contrast refers to differences in elements of art. Contrast has the effect of making a part of a workpop out at you; often, its interesting, lively, and has the effect of drawing attention to part of a work,or creating a focal point. Contrast most commonly shows up as color contrast. Think back to thecolor wheel (or scroll up and jog your memory), which colors would contrast each other the most? Ifyou are thinking about complementary colors, you are not wrong. Generally, the farther two colorsare in the color wheel, the more they contrast each other. Contrast can come in many forms; a dullblue next to a neon blue shows intensity contrast, while a smooth surface next to a bumpy one

shows texture contrast.

Rhythm (Movement)

Rhythm, defined as the repetition of visualmovement, is a tricky principle tounderstand. It is similar to repetition andpattern, but note the keyword movement.To help you understand rhythm, lets lookat the works Nude Descending a Staircase, byMarcel Duchamp, and Elasticity10, by

Umberto Boccioni. Both show thingsmoving. Instead of portraying movementrealistically, though, both artists repeatedthe moving parts of the work-Boccionirepeated the horses moving legs, whileDuchamp repeated the moving limbs of theperson. This adds excitement and energy toboth works.

Unity

Unity is basically the cohesiveness of a work. At the end of the day, after an artist applies variouselements of art and principles of design, all these parts of a work must work together. If youre in themood for metaphors, think of a work as a puzzle, where all the different shaped pieces must fittogether to create an image that makes sense.

With these tools in hand, observe, analyze, and enjoy the WSC selected artworks!

10 Economists need not worry. You dont have to calculate the PED right now.


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II. Immigration,

Migration, EmigrationIf youre going to San Francisco, be sure to wear flowers in your

hair. And if youre going to take pictures of others, be sure to takeaccurate notes. And if youre going to be marching to protest, besure you know where youll be walking or youll face treacherouspaths. Oh, and if youre going to read the section below be sure

to uh, be prepared.

Migrant Mother

Dorothea Lange

Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn was born in New Jersey in 1895and studied photography in New York City. In 1919, she movedto San Francisco and became a portrait photographer. When herfather abandoned her at the age of 12, she took on her mothersmaiden name, Lange. At the age of seven, Lange contracted polio,

which weakened her right leg, giving her a permanent limp.

During the Great Depression, she started taking pictures of theunemployed and homeless. She met economics professor PaulTaylor and they both documented farm workers. Their work wasnoticed by the Federal Resettlement Administration (RA, later

called Farm Security Administration, FSA) and Lange was offereda job there.

Her photos were brought to attention and were distributed innewspapers. Her most known photo was of a woman namedFlorence Owens Thompson.

The Great Depression

The Roaring Twenties (1920-1929) was a decade of prosperity inthe USA. The economy grewtremendously, stock prices soaredand many were borrowing moneyto invest in stocks, hoping to strikea fortune. People thought thisblissful period would never end.That is, until the stock marketcrashed on Black Tuesday,October 29, 1929. Suddenly,income decreased drastically.

Stocks were no longer worth asmuch as before. Panicked, peoplerushed to banks to withdraw their savings, and soon the banks closed down one by one.Unemployment skyrocketed. Some people even moved to other countries. Many lost their jobs and

I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a

magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera toher, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures,working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name orher history. She told me her age, that she was thirty-two. She said that theyhad been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birdsthat the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food.There she sat in that lean-to tent with her children huddled around her, andseemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me.There was a sort of equality about it.

Dorothea Lange, speaking about Migrant Motherin 1960


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 9their life savings; it didnt matter whether the person was rich or poor, the Great Depression affectedeveryone.

Many programs were started to reverse this depression, although most of them were not effective.President Herbert Hoover passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which increased tariffs on importsby as much as 50%, so consumers could buy domestic goods and improve the economy. Othercountries were distressed that America made it harder for them to export, so they too increased their

tariffs. This made international trade even worse, and deepen the depression.

As banks failed, many families and businesses had to default on their debts, meaning that they saidsomething like were sorry we really cant pay our debts. Many families found themselves homeless,and had to live in Hoovervilles around the nation. Hoovervilles, named after the President at thetime, were badly built houses and shantytowns made by the homeless. Some were made of wood,some of cardboard - it depended on what materials they could gather.

Migrant Mother (Florence Owens Thompson)

Sometime in 1936, Thompson and her family were on

the highway, looking for work, when their car stoppedsuddenly by a pea-pickers camp. Thompsons sons andhusband went to get the car repaired, while she waited

with her other children in a temporary camp. Whilewaiting for his husband, Lange came by and took sixpictures over 10 minutes. The one featured in the WSCcurriculum, was the most famous and published photoout of all six of them.

The pictures were taken by aGraflexcamera, and theoriginal negatives were 4x5 film. Though the negatives

are numbered, it is not possible to determine whichphoto was taken first.

Thompson claimed Lange said she would not publish thephotos, although Lange did almost instantly. The pictureitself was claimed to be the ultimate photo of theDepression Era. Lange, however, was criticized for herinaccurate notes. It was reported that the Thompsonsactually didnt sell their tires.

Around the late 70s, Thompsons identity was discovered. She was quoted saying I wish she [Lange]

hadn't taken my picture. I can't get a penny out of it. She didn't ask my name. She said she wouldn'tsell the pictures. She said she'd send me a copy. She never did. Since Lange was funded by thegovernment, the picture was in the public domain. Lange did not get royalties from the image,though it did make her a celebrity.

Migration

Jacob Lawrence

Jacob Lawrence was born in 1917 in New Jersey. When he was 13, he moved to New York and wasenrolled into an arts and crafts settlement house in Harlem. He dropped out of school at 16, but

attended classes at the Harlem Art Workshop. His teacher, an African-American artist called CharlesAlston, told Lawrence to join the Harlem Community Art Center. Sculptor Augusta Savage foundLawrence a scholarship to attend the American Artists School.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 10At the same time, Lawrence was able to work and study with other Harlem Renaissance artists. TheHarlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement during the 1920s and 1930sprimarily taking place in the neighborhood of Harlem in New York City. During this time, African

American art, literature, poetry, music and drama flourished. Like many Harlem Renaissance artists,Lawrences works focuses on the daily struggles and history of African Americans, using it as a formof protest. Some artists aims to bring awareness to issues such as oppression of the blacks and lack ofcivil rights.

Most of Lawrences work focused on the history and struggles of African Americans. When he was23, he completed a narrative painting set of sixty panels he called Migration of the Negro, nownamed The Migration Series. The series depicts the migration of African Americans from the Southto the North after World War I, and their struggle to adapt. More about this can be read in theHistory Resource.

By the age of 24, Lawrence became the firstAfrican American artist to be represented in aNew York gallery.

Migration (1947)

The painting studied is not the sixty panelMigration Series, but another work titledMigration. The main character in the artworkis surrounded by a lot of faceless people in atrain station. They all have many bags ofluggage they want to take with them upNorth. Having the faces removed gives a senseof anonymity; all of them share the same goal -

to seek a better life up North.

Migrant Miseries (Semekazi)

Willie Bester

Bester was born in 1956 in a small town near Cape Town, South Africa. His father was aXhosa, andhis mother was colored, according to apartheid. As a kid, he and his friends made small wire cars; hiscar was usually the most decorated one. At the age of seven, he learned to paint. Bester needed toleave school to help his parents, because when he was 10, his family was removed due to the GroupAreas Act.

Under the apartheid government, three acts collectively known as the Group Areas Act was passed.This act assigned racial groups to certain sections to live and work. Most of the areas were restrictedto Whites, and many non-Whites were removed and had to move to other places. Later on, pass lawsthat limited non-white entry into white areas were also enacted.

As a teenager, Bester joined the South African Defense Force for a year. Afterwards, he joinedanother military camp for unemployed black youth. At the age of 30, Bester went back to art. TheCommunity Arts Project gathered a group of artists in District Six. Besters art was used to expresspolitics, and he became active in the anti-apartheid movement.

District Six is one of the residential areas in South Africa affected by apartheid. Before the apartheid,District Six was made up of different races, including some Xhosas, some Afrikaans, whites, andIndians. In 1966, the government designated District Six to be a whites-only area; removal begantwo years later. Many of the people were pushed to a small town called Cape Flats. In District Six,buildings were destroyed, except religious buildings. After apartheid ended, the government startedbringing people back to the district.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 11Migrant Miseries (Migrant Laborer)

In Migrant Miseries, Bester highlights the conditionsof laborers that work for a company that promises topay pension, but dont. The main focus of the art isSemekazi, a retired construction worker. Semekazidid not have a house, and to support his wife and his

four children, he had to rent a hostel. He applied forpension after his construction business, though thecompany refused to pay him pension because he waslisted as dead. He later received state pension, andsold scrap metal. Shortly after this work was made tocommemorate him, he was murdered.

Migrant Miseries is acollage made of 2D and 3Ditems found in Cape Town then painted on byBester. The first thing seen in the collage isSemekazis bed, which also acts as a prison for him.The bed is chained to a Bible. The Bible refers toSemekazis beliefs - he donated some money to thechurch every month. Ironically, the Bible is placed next to his pass book, which he carried with himto prevent harassment.

Semekazis wife and children are also featured in the collage. Above them, there is a row of numberedcups, symbolizing that they were treated anonymously, and were discriminated altogether. There is astrong divide between the rural life and urbanity. To Bester, industrial life was like imprisonment,shown by the bars in his bed and the chains. Bester felt that Semekazi was imprisoned to industry,and was never going to get what was promised to him - his retirement pension.

To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond

Zhang Huan

Zhang was born in Henan Province, China in 1965. In 1988, he earned his BA in He NanUniversity and he got his MA in 1993 in Beijings Central Academy of Fine Arts. He is mainly aperformance artist, although he also makes photographs and sculptures. Zhang was not politicallymotivated, and wanted to find something else to do instead of painting.

He moved to an area called Beijing East Village and made

friends with other artists living there. In the East Village,people were interdependent. Residents in the East Village andZhang started to use their bodies for art.

Zhang Huans solo performances were masochistic. In one ofthem, he hung himself to the ceiling while a medic siphonedoff his blood. In another one, he was locked in a box.

In a performance, titled Pilgrimage: Wind and Water in New York, he placed a Chinese style bedwith ice cubes as a mattress in a plaza. Zhang crossed the courtyard laying down, similar to aBuddhist prostration, to the ice bed. When he arrived, he removed his clothing and laid on the bed

for 10 minutes. Some of his performances deal with identities - in Family Tree, calligraphers wroteChinese sayings on his face. By the end, his face was all black, covered by unreadable text.Afterwards, he returned to China from New York, and felt settled again after his discomfort of livingin the West.

Watch it on YouTube

Watch this short documentary where Zhang talksabout his performances and his return to China.

is.gd/zhdoc


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 12To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond

Zhang Huan describes this performance on his website as:

I invited about forty participants, recent migrants to the city who had come to work in Beijing fromother parts of China. They wereconstruction workers, fishermen and

labourers, all from the bottom of society.They stood around in the pond and then Iwalked in it. At first, they stood in a linein the middle to separate the pond intotwo parts. Then they all walked freely,until the point of the performancearrived, which was to raise the waterlevel. Then they stood still. In the Chinesetradition, fish is the symbol of sex whilewater is the source of life. This workexpresses, in fact, one kind of understanding and explanation of water.That the water in the pond was raisedone meter higher is an action of no avail.

A Chinese proverb states that one person cannot make a difference in a larger environment. Zhangdisagrees; if people are in a great pond, the water level must increase due to physics. The performanceis shown as a series of photographs. The basic message was that art can change the world.

The Long March

Li Keran

Li was born in 1907 in Xuzhou, and enrolled in the ResearchSection of the Hangzhou State Xihu Art College. In 1931, he

joined theAugust One Art Association, which was eventuallydisbanded by the Kuomintang. He arrived in Chongqing,China after a Japanese invasion and worked under Zhou Enlai,the first Premier of China by producing war propaganda. Inaddition to assisting the propaganda effort, he taught at theBeiping State Art Institute. Later on, he studied traditionalChinese painting from masters and became a professor at the

Central Academy of Fine Arts.

Though a great landscape artist, his works were not appropriateduring the Cultural Revolution. He was prosecuted because hisskills did not fit with political demands.

Mao and the Long March

Mao Zedongwas born in 1893 in Hunan, where he attendedprimary school in 1901. By the time he graduated, he was ayoung revolutionary with great visions ahead of him. From

1919 and on, he switched between jobs until he located a stableoccupation as a librarian; that was when he was first exposed toMarxist ideologies and developed a determined attitude to freeChina through social and political revolutions. The CCP(Chinese Communist Party), co-founded by Mao Zedong,


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 13Chen Duxiu, and Li Dazhao, was established in 1921.

Due to the major differences between the KMT(Kuomingtang), they often waged wars against eachother, until creating the First United Front tocooperate in order to banish the warlords fromChina; after so, the KMT double-crossed the CCP,

causing Mao to pull the CCP to Jiangxi, far awayfrom the KMT government. From 1928 to 1934,Mao and his comrades were able to repel KMT-ledassaults repeatedly, until the KMT was able tosuccessfully surround Mao in summer of 1934. Withno chance of victory, Mao and his comrades packedup their supplies and went on the now-immortalizedLong March.

The march itself lasted from October of 1934 to October 1935. The CCP traveled first to the west

and then up north, combating the KMT army as theywent. After successfully taking over the city of Zunyi, theCCP held a major meeting called the Zunyi Meeting of1935, where Mao, after winning several debates, wasestablished as second-in-command of the CCP. TheCCP arrived inYanan, covering a total of 6250 miles,and due to the gruesome trip, the CCP lost more than80,000 members from 100,000 that set off from Jiangxi.From so, the KMT won a major victory against theCCP, but the CCP has created a long-lasting image that

will influence China for years to come.

The Long March

This landscape painting was based on Mao Zedongs poem, The Long March, which was in turnbased on The Long March. Mao and his Red Army had to get away from the Kuomintang and gothrough a series of marches through China. Many people died as a result of it, because they had to gothrough high mountains and other treacherous environments.

In this painting, we see cliff faces and narrow mountain roads, with small people everywhere. Somepeople are smaller than others due to perspective, but they are all doing a common thing - escaping

the KMT by going through these roads. The people are drawn as indistinct figures, emphasizing thelarge number of people and their constant movement.

The painting was painted to mark the anniversary of the founding of New China. In 2008, thepainting was sold at an auction for 108 million yuan (17 million USD).

A Line Made by Walking

Richard Long

Richard Long was born in 1945 and is one of the Britains most known land artist. He is also a

sculptor, photographer, and painter. Landart, or Earth art, is a type of art where physical landscapesare used to create art. Viewers need to see the whole work in context.

11 About 500 meters, or 1640 feet.

Read a Translation of Maos PoemThe Red Army fears not the trials of the March,

Holding light ten thousand crags and torrents.

The Five Ridges wind like gentle ripples

And the majestic Wumeng roll by, globules of clay.

Warm the steep cliffs lapped by the waters of Golden Sand,

Cold the iron chains spanning the Tatu River.

Minshan's thousand li11

of snow joyously crossed,

The three Armies march on, each face glowing.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 14Land art evolves. It decays. It changes. Landscapes are reshaped. Natural structures are placed.Though it does not move, one could still consider it to be in motion. Some works of land artdisappear after a few days, and others are distorted over time. Artists may document their work withphotographs so people can see them without traveling. For others, youll have to go see it in personbefore it disappears.

He became well known for his sculptures made by his epic walks to remove areas of the world. Due

to his respect to nature, he never altered the environment much, occasionally moving stones ordrawing lines by tracing. Occasionally, he would have more mysterious works, but he never madethem deliberately exotic or interfering.

His work is presented through different manners. Additionally, the meaning of his work is in thevisibility of his actions, not the representation of a landscape.

A Line Made by Walking

Long made this work while studying at St. Martins School ofArt in London. He went to the English countryside, and walked

back and forth on a straight line in the grass, creating a line. Hethen took a photo of the line he made in black and white. In this

work, there is balance between the action and the object.

In the photograph, we see an empty grass field, with the centerbrighter than the sides, because he walked through it. In thedistant, there are giant bushes, against a light gray (or maybe bluein real life) sky. Viewers are first drawn to the dark bottom partof the work; then, our eyes follow the path the people take,

which is light, contrasting the rest of the works muted tones.Extending into the horizon, we see mountains fading into the

work through atmospheric perspective, which gives the work asense of vastness. There is a sense of hope. The mountains in thedistance, rendered in lighter tones, shows that life have manyunknown possibilities. Using Longs characteristic portrayal of objects in motion, this work showshow things dont have to be permanent.

BorderXing Guide

Heath Bunting

Bunting was born in 1966. He was a co-founder ofnet.art. Net.artis a group of artists that worked with Internet art, to parody theavant-garde movements. In another definition, net.art is art wherethe Internet is the main medium. He enjoys hacking things aroundhim, and most of his work focused on creating open anddemocratic systems by modifying technologies and social systems.He built his first computer when he was 14.

Bunting is also known for being a prankster with his work, andfinds form through everyday acts of resistance. By breaking downthe division between art and daily life, he prioritizes action. Most of

his work can be found through the Internet. Unfortunately, theBorderXing Guide is not accessible in most locations.

His work focuses on privacy and freedom infringement, though heinjects some playfulness. Additionally, he highlights issues such asthe corporate ownership of our identities, and DNA.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 15BorderXing Guide

One of Buntings project - BorderXing Guide, takes place on a website. It documents walks that gothrough national boundaries, but without any government intervention such as customs,immigration, etc. It comments that movement between borders is restricted by governments andpowerful people.

Not everyone can view the project, though. You might have an Internet connection, but you mightnot be able to access it. If people wanted to look at it, they had to travel physically to a locationwhere access was allowed, or apply for access. The project itself was like how borders restrictmovement; it challenged the liberties of the Internet, by making it only accessible from someplaces.

According to Florian Schneider, borders are there to be crossed. Their significance becomes obviousonly when they are violated - and it says a lot about a societys political and social climate when onesees what kind of border crossing a government tries to present.

Transborder Immigrant Project

Ricardo Dominguez

Dominguez was born in 1959, and is now an artist and a visual artsprofessor. He personally calls himself an artivist, a mix between artistand activist. His works are often controversial, because of several acts ofcivil disobedience, especially with the Electronic Disturbance Theater.On an occasion, he organized electronic sit-ins, where he and a groupof people would overload websites with denial-of-service attacks. Heand his group believe that the Internet should also be used for directaction, in addition to communication and data exchange.

The Electronic Disturbance Theater is a group of activists that practicenon-violent acts of defiance. With FloodNet, they successfullyoverloaded websites of oppressors of the revolutionary MexicanZapatistagroup. They encouraged people to download a Java Appletthat would constantly refresh a website. The goal was to support theZapatista rebel group, after a paramilitary group surrounded a churchand attacked everyone in the small town of Acteal, in Mexico.

Transborder Immigrant Project

The Transborder Immigrant Projects goal was to help immigrantscrossing the border between Mexico and the United States. It was inspired by UCSD art professorBrett Stalbaums projectVirtual Hiker, which had an algorithm that created a virtual hike based onthe immigrants. Because of the program, Ricardos team wanted to see howGPS technology canhelp immigrants cross the border

The Transborder Immigrant Tool was an app built on a cheap Motorola i455 cell phone. Not onlywas the phone cheap, the GPS system was crackable, so they could insert their own algorithms evenwith no mobile plan. The interface was designed to be universal; most migrants are from indigenouscommunities, and dont necessarily speak Spanish. The app was designed like a compass, and alsomakes the phone vibrate when its near something important, so migrants can focus on theenvironment instead of the phone. Additionally, the program focuses on making walking art, byfinding the most aesthetic crossing. The phone also reads inspirational poems to the immigrants,aiming to motivate them on their hard journey.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 16Ricardo wanted to have the project up and running by 2008. Ricardos group was able to fund for500 phones, but he also wanted to add some phone time to each tool, for emergency reasons.However, as of 2010, there was not much progress.

As adisturbance art, and not entirely political, the activists are harder to stop. These devices werethought to link together both art and politics. However, the project was not deployed; there was stillcontroversy. Dominguez was threatened with city, county, state, and federal criminal charges by the

United States government.


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III. Moving GoodsIf this was a Science Resource, you would expect equations

related to work. But this is not a Science Resource. You will notsee anything related to joules or F d cosine theta. People move

a lot of stuff, or goods all the time and the movement of goodscan have several impacts on society. Keep that in mind while

reading this chapter.Slave Ship

J. M. W. Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner only had training in art. From a young age, he showed promise ofbecoming a great artist by copying other prestigious and famous drawings. In 1789, at the age of 14,Turner was in the Royal Academy. At the age of 15, his first exhibit was held in the British Royal

Academy. Despite holding the title of Father of British Watercolor Painting, Turner painted more inoil, as it was ranked higher than watercolors.

Oil paints are usually opaque and are made of pigments mixed with oil. Watercolors are thinner andsee-through, because the pigments are mixed with water.

Turner was aRomantic painter, and his work focused on the power of nature. Most of his paintingsexplored the effect of technology and the division between humanity and nature. His trademarksinclude using watercolor techniques with oil paints, and painting with bright colors. In many of hispieces, he first paints his paper with wet paint before layering on the final image

Additionally, Turner painted many landscapes that glorified nature. When he died, he paintedaround 280 oil paintings, thousands of watercolors and many other drawings. He filled up around300 sketchbooks of work.

The Zong Massacre

Unlike the United States, Great Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807 with the Slave Trade Act.Although slave trading was now gone, slavery itself was not abolished until the 1833 with the SlaveryAbolition Act.

The abolitionist movement started in Britain after the Zong Massacre. In 1781, the slave ship Zongtravelled from Africa to Jamaica through the Middle Passage, which was the common route for slaveships travelling to the Americas.

Like most slave ships, the Zong was overcrowded and had inadequate supplies widespread sicknesswas typical of such vessels. This time however, far too many slaves became sick and started dying.Jamaica was still a bit more than a week away, after faulty navigation (i.e. mistaking Jamaica foranother island) led the ship astray for 300 miles.

The trouble was apparent; they only had four days of water left - the ship holders would not get toclaim a loss payout if the Africans died when they arrived. If they were to drown, though, the ship

holders could still claim money. Captain Luke Callingwoodordered for 142 people to be thrownoverboard. Ten crewmembers were disgusted by this act, and also jumped overboard.

When the ship arrived, the ship owners asked for a payout for the loss of the people. They said thatthrowing them overboard was necessary to protect funds. However, the first mate of the Zong


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 18reported that there were still 420 gallons of water on the ship. Furthermore, it rained on one of thedays, so another 11 days worth of water couldve been collected.

However, the details may not have been entirely accurate. The first mate,James Kelsall and anotherpassenger wanted to avoid being charged for this event and so may have exaggerated some details.Regardless, people wanted this to be called murder. In the past, you could kill your slave, but notsomeone elses, because that would be property destruction12.

Publicity spurred change. In 1811, Arthur Hodge was triedfor killing his slave.

The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead

and DyingTyphoon coming on)

The Slave Ship presents itself dramatically, with many colors.To the left, the slave ship is seen far from the viewer. To theright, there are slaves struggling before the ocean takes themaway. The split emphasizes the inhumane acts of the slavetraders, and urges us to sympathize with the slaves. The

traders arent as important, and are placed in thebackground.

There is also a division between nature andsociety. The slaves seem to be a part ofnature and the ocean. The ship, along withthe slavers, are inhuman and unnatural.Turner paints waves that seem to bedestroying the ship at the same time. Thevibrant sunlight and the colors give us asense of motion, albeit filled with turmoil.

The Slave Ship suggests that slavery is acrime against nature - and nature will fightback. To the ships crew, the slaves are justgoods that need to be transported to

Jamaica, nothing more. To Turner, their actis offensive and inhumane.

Panama Canal Murals

William Van IngenVan Ingen was born in Philadelphia and studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,under Thomas Eakins. Later in his life, he moved to New York City and studied under stained glassmasters. He is known for murals in the Library of Congress and the US Mint.

The Panama Canal

Acanal is a constructed waterway for ships to go through. The purpose is to decrease travel times orcreate better shipping links between two places. They can also be built to allow some cities far fromthe sea to get a shipping link. The Panama Canal is a canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean and thePacific Ocean across the Caribbean Sea. Before the canal was built, ships had to sail below the tip ofSouth America if they wanted to transport goods from one side to another - a treacherous journey.

12 And not considered murder.

An Anti-slavery PoemTurner wrote this poem, which was displayed along

side the painting at an anti-slavery conference.Aloft all hands, strike the top-masts and belay;

Yon angry setting sun and fierce-edged clouds

Declare the Typhon's coming.

Before it sweeps your decks, throw overboard

The dead and dying - ne'er heed their chains

Hope, Hope, fallacious Hope!Where is thy market now?


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 19In the 1500s, the Spanish made plans to createa route in Panama to justify trips to the

Americas. However, due to fighting in Europe,these plans were never started. During theCalifornia gold rush in 1849, the idea wasrevived. In 1880, the French began to work ona canal in Panama. However, they wentbankrupt, and construction halted once more.In 1902, the US Congress (the Spooner Act)bought the assets from the French, but there

was a condition - the US had to form a treatywith Colombia (which controlled Panama atthe time) and allow the Colombians to use andcontrol the canal.

Things went wrong, and the US failed tonegotiate with Colombia and sided with

Panama, which resulted in Panamanianindependence. The US signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which leased the CanalZone, the land 5 miles from each side of thecanal, to the US. Additionally, the UnitedStates could intervene in Panamas domesticaffairs to prevent disorder. The US in turngranted Panama independence and money.

In 1979, the Panama Canal Treatywassigned, slowly granting the Panamanians

control over the canal. Control was granted tothe Panama Canal Authority in 1999.However, the age of this canal is starting toshow - post-Panamaxships are too big to crossthe canal, and some ships find it faster toactually go another route than wait long timesat the canal. Some people want to increase thesize of the canal, but environmentalists fear forthe loss of diversity in the land.

Panama Canal Murals

The four murals are now stationed in thePanama Canal Administration Building inPanama, and tells the story of the construction.The first mural depicts the construction of aculvert, a tunnel that directs the flow of water.The second mural depicts the construction ofthe Gatun Dam spillway. Gatun Lake wasformed by the damming of the Chagres River,and became the largest man-made lake at the

time. The dam had 14 spillwaygates. Thethird one shows an epic construction of a lockgate, and the fourth one shows the digging of amountainous area to make the canal.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 20George Washington Goethals supervised the construction of the Canal and also ensured thepreservation of the construction in art. Goethals requested Van Ingen to produce the murals, at $25per square foot. Van Ingen traveled to Panama and saw the process of construction, and producedcharcoal sketches of the activities going on at the time. He returned to New York and painted themurals on separate panels. The completed work was shipped to Panama under his supervision.

The murals display a lot of color and detail, at different perspectives, which give us a sense of epic-

ness and motion. They show how technology has the power to alter landforms and assist humanactivities. In the first mural, the construction of the culvert is detailed. The background is alsocrowded, showing that there is a lot going on - progress is going well. The second mural shows

workers laying down groundwork for construction, and the third shows the actual construction withcranes moving heavy metal bars around. The depiction of the bar hanging in midair gives a sense ofbustling motion, as we can imagine the crane moving the bar even as we lay our eyes on the mural.

All four panels, especially the fourth panel, have backgrounds of sunny skies and fluffy clouds, whichconvey a sense of hope and expectation-the building of the Panama Canal was a new, unprecedentedfeat, a symbol of progress.

Picture of Western Traders at Yokohama Transporting Merchandise

Hashimoto (Utagawa) Sadahide

Sadahide was born near Edo (which was the former name of Tokyo). Starting from 1826, Sadahidepainted illustrations in books, and from 1830, he started producing color prints of women andactors. He is best known for yokohama-e, or ukiyo-e woodblock prints depicting scenes in

Yokohama. The port in Yokohama was opened to the public in 1859, and ukiyo-e artists producedthese prints because of their curiosity to foreigners.

Sadahide himself was also interested in foreigners, even before the opening of the port. He compileddrawings on a book about the Opium War, and illustrated for a book written by an explorer thatventured the island of Hokkaido. Instead of being mainstream13, he focused on pushing borders. In1850s, he produced a world map that was quite accurate.

Starting in 1860, Sadahide began to focus on these yokohama-e, and produced 55 prints that year.The next year, he made 40. In 1862, he only produced 3 and produced none at all the followingyear. By then, everyone was already used to these foreigner paintings and began to focus on moredomestic affairs. After this period, he started painting panoramic and birds-eye view images of othercities.

Sadahide is known for incorporating Western artistic elements into his work. Not only did he useWestern perspective along with ukiyo-e elements, he also used shading to show juxtaposition againstflat planes. For example, he also painted birds-eye view pictures of cities, using perspective andexaggerated specific objects for emphasis. His works influenced future artists of his type.

The Port of Yokohama

During Japans feudal period, there was a policy ofSakoku, or locked country. Foreigners couldnot enter nor leave the country of Japan. On 1853, Commodore Matthew Perryarrived at Japan

with several warships, demanding that Japan open up its ports. This resulted in the signing of theTreaty of Peace and Amity, which opened up two Japanese ports for United States trade.

Originally, one of the ports that would be opened was in the town of Kanagawa, but the shogunateof the time decided that the town was too close to a main road. Instead, port facilities were built in asmall fishing village -Yokohama. The city grew to become the base of foreign trade in Japan, and the

13 He probably made his prints using the Instagram equivalent for woodblock prints. #woodblockgram


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 21first English newspaper was published there. Foreigners could live in a region in the city calledKannai, or inside the barrier. The city grew to become a booming industrial city, but was brokenand rebuilt several times. In 1923, the Great Kanto earthquake destroyed the city. Shortly afterbeing rebuilt, it was destroyed again in World War II.

Picture of Western Traders at Yokohama Transporting Merchandise

Picture of Western Traders is a woodblock print made by joining 5 standard wood blocks. In thepicture, many ships and sailboats are seen, all with foreign flags, implying that they are from differentcountries. Workers are putting merchandise onto the ships and we see interactions between thepeople on the ship. In contrast with the giant vessels, there are small, peaceful waves that resemble

waves in traditional Japanese paintings. There is contrast between the Japanese and the foreigners,both in reality (as depicted in the picture) and in artistic style.

There is an anecdote, where Sadahide dropped his brush in the water while making sketches for theprint, and that he had to use a foreigners pencil to complete it. Whether true or not, this woodblockprint captures the motion and energy of the people in Yokohama.

McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan

Masami Teraoka

Teraoka was born in Onomichi, Hiroshima-ken on the inland sea.His father inherited his grandfathers kimono store. His father didnot want him to continue the business. Instead, he wished forMasami to become a creative artist.

His early watercolors were inspired byukiyo-e woodblock prints,and focused on the blending of Eastern and Western culture. His

series, McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan was concernedabout the homogenizingof tastes due to the advent of fast food.

Ukiyo-e are Japanese woodblock prints focused on historical tales,landscapes, or theaters. Ukiyo literally translates to floating world,

which is a place of entertainment without the responsibilities of theeveryday world.

Around the 1980s, he became involved in paintings with a darkertheme -AIDS. Many of his works focused on political issues,including the abuse of children by priests. These later pieces have

some inspiration from Renaissance paintings, although they still havesome woodblock print style. To Teraoka, his work had to beexpressive to bring out the complexity of volatile national andinternational issues.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 22McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan

In most of Teraokas prints, he finds a way to express his Japanese culture. Geishas and samurais arehis way of depicting traditional Japanese people and culture. His McDonalds Hamburgers Invading

Japan series contains three different woodblock print style paintings showing the influence ofAmerican culture in Japan.

In the first image of the series,titled Chochin-Me, there is aJapanese woman, dressed intraditional Japanese clothing. Tothe right to her legs, there is a half

wrapped cheeseburger. Theburger, most likely fromMcDonalds, is shown as aninvader, introducing Japan to theconsumer culture and fast food -it is not needed there. The

woman stepping on the burgershows that Japan does not needMcDonalds.

In the second image, titled Geishaand Tattooed Woman, we see two women. The tattooed woman in the foreground is eating her sobanoodles. The geisha in the back wonders whether she should bite into the hamburger, and consultsthe tattooed woman, though she is eating her noodles and cannot answer.

The last image is titled Tokyo Ginza Shuffle, and is similar to the first painting. Many people wearingtraditional Japanese clothing are seen dancing#, with hamburgers lying on the ground. Again, this

shows that they are not a necessary part of Japanese culture.


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IV. Land, Sea, Air, and

SpaceFor the past years, World Scholars Cup tournaments have taken

place on land. Imagine a tournament on sea, or even in the air.Imagine a Scholars Scavenge in a space colony. Thats enough

imagination now. Soon, these imagined venues may possibly beWSC tournament hosts.14

El Autobus

Frida Kahlo

Kahlo, though born in 1907, wanted to be born in 1910. To her, it was a significant year, because it

was the beginning of the Mexican Revolution against elitist president Porfirio Daz. Groups came tosupport Dazs opponent, Francisco Madero. Rebel leaders Pancho Villaand Emiliano ZapataputMadero in office the following year, although he was not effective; no reforms happened. The rebelsand the United States turned against him, and placedVictoriano Huertain power.

Still, Huertas rule was not long. In order to protect the USs economic interest, President WilsonsupportedVenustiano Carranza. The Mexican Constitution in 1917 gave the president dictatorialpower, but also gave workers rights and limited the Catholic Church. Still, reforms were slow tohappen. Carranza died in 1920, and rebellion still continued. It was only in 1934 did reforms finallystart taking shape

Kahlos early life was filled with conflict; she contracted polio at the age of six and got into anaccident at age 18. She made use of these tragic events, making portraits on an easel in her hospitalbed. Her heritage is also conflicting, her mother is Mexican and his father is German-Jewish. Kahlomarried Diego Rivera, another artist, in 1929. They divorced ten years later, but remarried thefollowing year.

Kahlos works can be described as surrealist, focusing on the subconscious mind. Surrealism is mostconnected to paintings bySalvador Dal. However, her works are also ofmagical realism, in whichimpossible things are shown normally. Magic realism is often used in Latin American works, andtries to convince that fantasy is a part of life.

El Autobus

InAutobus, Kahlo paints her life right before her bus accident. After wandering around Mexico Citywith her boyfriend,Alex Gmez Arias, they caught a bus that would take them home. The bus wasnew and had benches along the sides. After they boarded the bus, it drove off. However, as it wasabout to turn to a different road, a streetcar appeared. The bus driver attempted to pass the streetcar,but was not able to.

According to Alex, the seats on the bus kept bending until the seats couldnt hold it anymore, andsnapped into many pieces. The train (streetcar) ran over many people. Kahlo was pierced by ahandrail. Alex also recounted that a person on the bus carried a bag of gold, which spilled all over

Kahlos bleeding body.

14 I hope.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 24Doctors thought Frida was not goingto survive. Her spinal column wasbroken in three pieces, her collarboneand pelvis were broken, her right leg

was fractured, her shoulder was out ofjoint, and she received an abdominalwound from the handrail.

In the painting, we see her to the farright, next to the person holding thebag of gold. There is also another

woman, a worker, a Native woman,and a kid. In addition to showing

what it was like before her accident, we also get to see people of different social classes in daily life. Inthe background, there is a drastic contrast between the factories and the empty field, perhapsmirroring the abrupt changes of the Mexican Government.

Berlin Leopoldplatz Platform

Suh Yong-Sun

Suh Yongsun is a Korean painter and sculptor. From 1975, he studied at Seoul National Universityand later became a professor at the university. The National Museum of Contemporary Art in Koreaselected him to be Koreas Artist of the Year in 2009.

Suh is known for dealing with a diverse range of subjects. In the early 1980s, he began painting pinetrees, and grew to paint history paintings and other works depicting people in the city, usually New

York and Berlin. His paintings draw out the pains of the individual living in the pressure of large and

growing cities. Figures in his urban paintings are roughly drawn using intense color and texture.They are often masked, reflecting the alienation and feeling of meaninglessness people living in largecities sometime experiences due to the fast pace and hectic-ness of cities. He think that these peopleare simple and fragile, caught in the web of a metropolis and meaningless plight, not having a realpurpose and feeling extremely lonely.

His works also explore historical turbulence and the conflicts of natural desires in human beings, andhow people struggle to understand history. He believes that people have fallen victim to mankindslust for power and wealth, throughout history and today. Using art, he hopes to bring social andpolitical awareness to this issue.

Berlin Leopoldplatz PlatformThe Berlin Leopoldplatz Platform is one of the U-Bahn (underground) stations in Berlin, and servesas an interchange between twoof the lines.

Suh uses strong colors in thisartwork, and highlights thepeople in an intense shade ofred. There are only three or fourpeople in the platform. Based on

the dark colors, it is safe to saythat they are alone at night, tiredfrom the stress a city bringspeople.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 25NASA Space Colony

Rick Guidice and 1970s Space Colony Art

In the 1970s, the NASA Ames Research Center conducted a study about space colonies and thepossibilities of humans living in space. The colony selected is called Cylindrical Colony and is aconcept of a space colony that holds more than a million people. NASA also has designs and concept

arts for other types of colonies, such as Bernal Spheres and Toroidal Colonies that hold 10,000people.

The design study was to see whether it would be possible for regular people to settle in space. Thespace settlements were designed to have their own environment, gravity, and resources. This idea wasalready thought of in the 70s, though it was at the time (and probably now even) not economicaland arduous. According to NASAs article on the space colony study, settlements are good at holdinga growing population. They can also provide great views of space. Eventually, they say, Earth will notbe inhabitable. Colonizing space will not be taking land away from other natives.

Now, every year, NASA hosts a Student

Space Settlement Contest for students todesign a space colony.

In the concept art, we see the interior ofa space colony, with a river, hills, andhouses. However, look towards the sky,and instead of only seeing stars, there areother planets. Other concept arts showsimilar scenes, but with a differentperspective. One thing that is constantlypresent throughout the different works

is nature - the land is green with anabundance of trees and vegetation. Thisimplies that a fresh and cleanenvironment may not be present onEarth anymore, but is an important partof human lives.

Gunpowder Drawing Project

Cai Guo-Qiang

Cai was born in Quanzhou, China. His father was a calligrapher who worked at a bookstore, andthus Cai was exposed to Western literature and Chinese art at an early age. He was familiar with theCultural Revolution in China, as he participated in demonstrations and was used to explosions. Hiscity was known for producing gunpowder, and he saw it being used in both good ways and bad, indestruction and reconstruction. In his early twenties, Cai acted in martial arts films and studiedstage design.

Cai uses a lot of traditional themes, includingfeng shui and Chinese medicine. He has said that MaoZedong has influenced not only him but also many artists from his generation. His gunpowderdrawings follow one of Maos principles - destroy nothing, create nothing.

The Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution was an extension from the internal party purge in the summer of 1966. LinBiao, one of Maos trusted military advisors, started to organize students in an attempt to get rid ofthe old, and come in with the new. Lin held massive rallies between August and November of 1966,


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 26each appealing to great throngs to honor their great leader, Mao Zedong, praising him constantlyto a sacred status. His attempts were well received by the general public, allowing them to run wildas the Red Guard. Mao believed this to be an excellent time to get rid of inner turmoil in the CCP,as he believed that his trusted comrades have been corrupted by neo-capitalism, and China was indire need for an extension to the continuous revolution that he has spoke of. However, Mao was not

willing to put trust into the young Red Guards, who have no experience compared to the PLA.The Red Guards savagely attacked any intellectuals or any source of capitalism; Mao also did not juststay put, as in August 1966, he accused his personal aides, Deng Xiaopingand Liu Shaoqi of beingerroneous. He later dismissed both of them from their positions in the CCP, and putting both intosolitary confinement. From 1966 to 1967, the Cultural Revolution was in full bloom, so much thatpeople would weep and burst out in tears every time Chairman Mao waved his hand at TiananmenSquare. The Red Guards continued their terrorizing savagery, insulting anything old: teachers,parents, and tradition itself was a source of evil. Victims of the Red Guards were forced to heavybeating, and then confessing to all sorts of crimes. Revolutionaries that Mao has envisioned to begreat supporters of the Marxist-Leninist line were also turned upon; those that did not commit toMao or faltered were accused of treason.

When the situation became alarming that the Red Guards have run out of control, Mao had to pullin PLA troops to contain the violence: the PLA is to set examples of true commitment to thenation that the Red Guards were to follow. Mao then took a turn for the Cultural Revolution, heinstructed youths out of the cities and into the countryside to experience how life was like for 80%of the Chinese people which should deepen their understanding of revolution. This backfired, asthe urban youths looked upon themselves as a higher status, and they realized they were being used.The final downturn came when Lin Biao, the closest successor to Mao, was accused of assassinationof the Chairman. Actually, Mao realized that Lin Biao posed too much of a risk in the power strugglethat will start after his death. Lin was later killed in an air crash, and Mao used this chance to accuseLin of being a great traitor and Soviet spy. However, most of the citizens found this to be

contradicting: years ago Lin was praised and now accused? Mao began to lose support for theCultural Revolution, which slowly died down in 1972 to 1976.Gunpowder Project

While Cai Guo-Qiang was in Japan, heexplored the use of gunpowder. Gunpowderallowed him to go against the suppressive arttradition in China, and was spontaneous.He began to develop controlled explosions

with gunpowder. In these gunpowder

works, Cai applies gunpowder to stencils,and then ignites it. The gunpowder blastcreates images, usually with unexpectedresults.

Gunpowder has a strong cultural meaning.It is a symbol for violence, but is also related to ones desire for longevity.

One of his projects, titled Saraab, showcased in Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, presents anArab perspective on modern art. The artwork Route is a gunpowder-made imitation of a nauticalchart. The Miniatures series contained a creative process - volunteers prepared the stencils, and

gunpowder was ignited, transferring the designs to paper.

This project questions creation in destruction and ornament in art. It also poses another question - isthe artist the sole creator of an artwork?


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V. People in MotionThe name of this chapter happens to also be a line from SanFrancisco. That was also quoted in the second chapter. Exceptthis time, people are actually portrayed in motion. Begin your

exploration of people in motion here, and be prepared to debatemotions about people in motion while in motion.

Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

In the Hindu religion, there are three main gods that are part of the triumvirate and are responsible

for the world. The first god, Brahma, is the creator of the universe and all creatures. Interestingly, heis the least worshiped god in the Hindu religion. According to a story, Brahma created Shatarupa, a

woman to help aid him in creation. However, she was so pretty that Brahma couldnt stop looking ather, to the point that it was causing her embarrassment. When she went one way, Brahma wouldgrow a head in that direction. She even tried jumping to avoid his gaze, but Brahma would just growa head on the top of his head. Some sources say that Shatarupa tried to transform into othercreatures, but Brahma just changed his form to the male version of that creature. Shiva was nothappy with his behavior, and chopped off his fifth head. Additionally, because Brahma distracted hismind to material cravings, Shiva cursed that people should not worship him. To repent, Brahma hadto continuously say the fourVedas (Hindu religious text) from each head. A happier view speaks of

Brahmas role as the creator being over - Vishnu and Shiva take over with their roles.Vishnuis the second god in the triumvirate. He is the preserver and protector of the universe. Intimes of trouble, he is to return to Earth and balance good and evil. According to Hindu beliefs, hehas been incarnated nine times and will return once more. TheVaishnavaworship him the most,and consider him the greatest god out of all. The nine incarnations are: fish, turtle, boar, half-lion/man, dwarf, hunter, ideal man, mentally advanced man, Buddha, and the tenth one is predictedto be a man on a white horse. Vishnu carries four objects that represent what he is responsible for.He has aconch that makes the sound om, which represents the sound of creation. The chakrarepresents the mind. The lotus flower stands for liberation, and the mace represents mental andphysical strength.

Shivahas the role of the destroyer. He destroys the world, so he can recreate it. Hindus believe thatdestruction is used to remove the imperfections of the world to provide change; destruction isconstructive. He is seen as both the source of good and the source of evil. Important features are: athird eye for wisdom and energy, a cobra necklace for his power of destruction, the vibhuti (threelines drawn across the forehead with white ash) for his superhuman power, and the trident for theHindu triumvirate. His wife, Parvati, balances him. Sometimes, Shiva is split into half-man and half-

woman.

Lord of Dance

Shiva is often portrayed as Nataraja, the lord (or master) of dance, because the rhythm of dance is ametaphor for the balance in the universe. The most important dance, the tandava, is the cosmicdance of death, performed at the end to destroy the universe. A legend says that Shiva almostperformed it at the wrong time.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 28Shiva was depicted as Nataraja first in the Choladynasty(300 BCE - 1279 CE), made with bronze. It depictsShiva dancing in a ring of flames, with his left leg lifted.His upper right hand holds adamaru, an hourglass-shaped drum used to symbolize the sound of creation.His upper left hand containsAgni, which is fire thatsignifies destruction. The contrast from the upper handsshows the balance between creation and destruction. Thesecond right hand shows theAbhaya mudra(fearlessness). According to Hindu religion, those whofollowdharmawill be protected from evil and ignorance.The second left hand points towards the lifted foot,meaning liberation. Shiva stands on a dwarf - the demoncalledApasmara, symbolizing his victory over ignorance.The flames stand for the Universe, and his face, with noexpression, means balance.

Nataraja Sighting at CERN

A 2 meter tall statue of Shiva as Nataraja was placed inthe European Center for Research in Particle Physics asa gift from India to celebrate the centers association withIndia. In an article, Fritjof Capra highlights the parallel between the dance of subatomic particles andShivas dances, which unites mythology, art, and physics.

The Peasant Dance

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Bruegel was aFlemish Renaissance painter known for drawing landscapes and genre painting. Genrepaintings are paintings that represent everyday life, such as markets or parties. They can be realisticor romanticized. In genre paintings, the identities of the figures are not known; they are just genericpeople doing what they do in everyday life. Bruegel the Elder was sometimes called Peasant Bruegel,to distinguish him from the other Bruegel. It was said that he dressed up like a peasant to go through

weddings and interact with the others; this gave him inspiration for his genre paintings.

During the Flemish Renaissance, Dutch paintings focused more on nature and beauty, andincorporated several Renaissance elements, although the lightness of Italian Renaissance art has notbeen incorporated.

In the beginning, he was the apprentice of Pieter Coeck van Aelst, and married his daughter. In1551, Bruegel became a master in the painters guild - and later travelled to Italy.

He specialized in genre paintings, usually with a landscape element, but occasionally paintedreligious works. He depicts village life realistically, without sentiment. His paintings show 16thcentury social and physical aspects. He also drew several paintings of protest. It was reported that heasked his wife to burn some of his paintings that might caused his family to be persecuted politically.

The Peasant Dance


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 29In The Peasant Dance, there aremany people, probably peasants, inthe foreground. People are runningaround; some are dancing, others aresitting on the bench drinking.Behind the bench, there are twopeople kissing, and in the back,there is a person trying to makeanother person dance. Right in frontof the kissing couple, there arepeople arguing. We cant be sure

what theyre arguing about, but itdoesnt matter - they disagree withsomething even though everyoneelse is dancing.

The dance they are in is most likely akermesse, which was a festival, sort of like a fun fair, that takes

place (originally) on the anniversary of a church. In kermesses, there is dancing, feasting, andsporting.

By looking carefully at this painting, we can see that this carnival is not all good - people are arguing!Bruegel isnt only showing peasants dancing; hes including some of the immoral things going on.Some of the seven sins, such as gluttony, lust, and anger (wrath), are depicted. The arguing men aremad at each other, for whatever reason. The man with the bagpipe offered alcohol by a drunk andprideful man. Even more, this is a day where they should all be celebrating the anniversary of thechurch; its somewhat religious, but they are turned away from the church in the background. Allthese partygoers have their minds onmaterial goods, not spirituality.

Extension: The Peasant Wedding

Another of Bruegels work, The PeasantWedding, was painted around the sametime. This artwork also displays somesimilar themes, especially of greed andanger. The bride in the painting is sitting inthe center of the table, alone, and the groomis not present. Its possible that this paintingand The Peasant Dance were related and

connected to each other.

The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer

Edgar Degas

Degas was born with a long name, Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, in Paris. Most of his paintingsand sculptures were related to dance. Though considered one of the founders of impressionism, hepreferred to be associated with realism more. Degas was masterful in his depiction of movement,dances, and female nudes.

Though he ended up becoming a classical painter, he began his life wanting to be ahistory painterbecause of his academic studies. He studied at the Lyce Louis-le-Grand, a rigorous secondary schoolstarting from age 11, and graduated with abaccalauratcertification. He went on to copy artworks inthe Louvre, although his dad wanted him to go to law school. He obliged, but did not focus on his

work much.


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 30In 1855, he met French Neoclassical painterJean Auguste Dominique Ingres, who gave himunforgettable advice. That year, he was accepted bycole des Beaux-Arts and studied drawing.Degas moved to Italy the following year and started researching for a history painting he wasplanning. In 1859, Degas returned to France into a large studio so he could start on The BellelliFamily, the history painting. It was not finished until 1867, though he completed numerousartworks before it.

The Franco-Prussian War halted his art production in1870, because he joined the National Guard.Unfortunately, he was found to have an eye defectionthat would cause him to worry for the rest of his life.Two years later, he moved to New Orleans to stay

with his brother and other relatives. He painted familymembers while staying in the US for that year.

His next few years contained a lot of important moments of his life. He returned to France in 1873and his father died the year after. He also discovered that his brother had a lot of business debt. Hesold some inherited artworks to pay off the debt and started to depend on his own producing finepieces beginning in 1874.

Degas joined an independent society that would later be known as the Impressionists. Interestingly,he had conflicts with other members - he did not like the landscape painters and mocked them forpainting the outdoors. He also did not like how the members constantly sought for attention andpublicity. He called for the group to also exhibit works by non-Impressionists (a term he dislikedanyways). The group disbanded in 1886.

By selling his paintings, he was able to also collect paintings he liked. Degas worked with a widerange of materials, including photography, pastel, and sculptures. Reportedly, he worked until 1912and stopped. He spent his last years blind until his death in 1917.

The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer (Little Dancer of Fourteen Years)

The sculpture, sculpted around 1881, is not your averagesculpture - it was sculpted in wax15. The subject of thissculpture was Marie van Goethem, a student at the ParisOpera Ballet dance school. The sculpture was not full size,but was about the Maries size. After the sculpture wascomplete, a real tutu, ballet slippers, and a wig were puton her. After Degas death, several bronze recasts weredone - each one wearing different tutus depending on themuseum.

The sculpture was not well received. During the SixthImpressionist Exhibition, critics compared the dancer to amonkey and an Aztec. The sculpture was placed in a glasscase, so it looked like a medical specimen.

When Degas died, his siblings decided to have bronzerepetitions of his sculptures, resulting in 28 bronzesculptures of the dancer.

15 This would never survive Dubai. Dont bring it to the Global Round!

Draw lines, young man, and still more lines, both fromlife and from memory, and you will become a goodartist.

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres advice to Degas


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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 31Martha Graham Letter to the World (The Kick)

Barbara Morgan

Morgan was an American photographer famous for her works dealing with modern dancers, such asMartha Graham, Merce Cunningham, andJose Limon. She was trained in art from UCLA, andalso read from the Chinese Six Canons of Painting about the essence of life form. The reading

reinforced her fathers teachings - that all things are made of dancing atoms.

As a faculty member in UCLA, she advocated modern art, compared to the other staff who wereused to traditional styles. In 1932, she had her first son, and a second one followed 3 yea

unofficial art resource 2013

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