OPERATING SYSTEM

Present By:- aBhay Panchal

What is Operating System..??• The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up when you turn on your

computer and runs underneath all other programs - without it nothing would happen at all.

• In simple terms, an operating system is a manager. It manages all the available resources on a computer, from the CPU, to memory, to hard disk accesses.

• Tasks the operating system must perform:– Control Hardware – Run Applications– Manage Data and Files– Security

Different Operating System…

• Windows• Mac• Unix• Linux• Android

UNIX History…• The UNIX operating system was born in the late 1960s. It originally began

as a one man project led by Ken Thompson of Bell Labs, and has since grown to become the most widely used operating system.

• In the time since UNIX was first developed, it has gone through many different generations and even mutations.– Some differ substantially from the original version, like Berkeley Software

Distribution (BSD) or Linux.– Others, still contain major portions that are based on the original source code.

Structure of Unix

General Characteristics of UNIX as an Operating System (OS)

• Multi-user & Multi-tasking - most versions of UNIX are capable of allowing multiple users to log onto the system, and have each run multiple tasks. This is standard for most modern OSs.

• Over 30 Years Old - UNIX is over 30 years old and it's popularity and use is still high. Over these years, many variations have spawned off and many have died off, but most modern UNIX systems can be traced back to the original versions. It has endured the test of time. For reference, Windows at best is half as old (Windows 1.0 was released in the mid 80s, but it was not stable or very complete until the 3.x family, which was released in the early 90s).

General Characteristics of UNIX as an Operating System (OS)

• Large Number of Applications – there are an enormous amount of applications available for UNIX operating systems. They range from commercial applications such as CAD, Maya, WordPerfect, to many free applications.

• Free Applications and Even a Free Operating System - of all of the applications available under UNIX, many of them are free. The compilers and interpreters that we use in most of the programming courses here at UMBC can be downloaded free of charge. Most of the development that we do in programming courses is done under the Linux OS.

General Characteristics of UNIX as an Operating System (OS)

• Less Resource Intensive - in general, most UNIX installations tend to be much less demanding on system resources. In many cases, the old family computer that can barely run Windows is more than sufficient to run the latest version of Linux.

• Internet Development - Much of the backbone of the Internet is run by UNIX servers. Many of the more general web servers run UNIX with the Apache web server - another free application

Flavors of UNIX• AIX - developed by IBM for use on its mainframe computers• BSD/OS - developed by Wind River for Intel processors• HP-UX - developed by Hewlett-Packard for its HP 9000 series of business

servers• IRIX - developed by SGI for applications that use 3-D visualization and

virtual reality• QNX - a real time operating system developed by QNX Software Systems

primarily for use in embedded systems• Solaris - developed by Sun Microsystems for the SPARC platform and the

most widely used proprietary flavor for web servers• Tru64 - developed by Compaq for the Alpha processor

UNIX Interfaces

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)• When you logon locally, you are presented with graphical environment.

• You start at a graphical login screen. You must enter your username and password. You also the have the option to choose from a couple session types. Mainly you have the choice between Gnome and KDE.

• Once you enter in your username and password, you are then presented with a graphical environment that looks like one of the following...

UNIX Interfaces

Command Line Interface• You also have access to some UNIX servers as well.

– You can logon from virtually any computer that has internet access whether it is Windows, Mac, or UNIX itself.

• In this case you are communicating through a local terminal to one of these remote servers.– All of the commands actually execute on the remote server.– It is also possible to open up graphical applications through this

window, but that requires a good bit more setup and software.

Process Management• Operating system functions executes within user process.

• 2 modes of execution– User mode– Kernel mode

• 2 types of processes are available– System processes (Execute OS code)– User processes (Execute user program code)

• System call is used to transfer form user mode to system mode.

Process State in UNIX• User running Execute in use mode

• Kernel running Execute in kernel mode

• Ready to run in memory ready to run as soon as the kernel schedules it

• Asleep in memory unable to execute until event occurs.

• Ready to run, swapped process is ready to run, but the swapper must swap process into main memory before kernel can schedule it to execute.

Process State in UNIX• Sleeping , swapped a process is awaiting an event and has

been swapped to secondary storage.

• Preempted process is returning from kernel to user mode, but the kernel preempts it and does a process switch to schedule another

process• Created process is newly created and not yet run.

• Zombie process no longer exists, but it leaves a record from its parent process to collect.

Process Scheduling Queues

• Job queue• Ready queue• Device queues.

Types of Processes in UNIXMainly 3 types– User process – Daemon process– Kernel process

Daemon process• Performs the function in a system wide basis. The function can be of any auxiliary

kind but they are vital in controlling the computational environment of the system.• Example Print spooling, Network Management.• Once created Daemon process can exist throughout the life time of the Operating

System.

System calls in UNIX• Fork(): -This system call create new process.

• Exec(): -This system call used after a fork to replace the process memory space with a new program.

• Wait():-This system call moves a process off the ready queue until the termination of the child.

Interesting signals in UNIX SIGCHLDChild process died or suspended SIGFPE Arithmetic fault SIGILL Illegal instruction SIGINT tty interrupt (Control C) SIGKILL Kill process SIGSEGV Segmentation fault SIGSYS Invalid System call SIGXCPUExceeds CPU limit SIGXFSZ Exceeds file size limit

Memory• Primary memory is a precious resource that frequently cannot

contain all active processes in the system

• The memory management system decides which processes should reside (at least partially) in main memory

• It monitors the amount of available primary memory and may periodically write processes to a secondary device called the swap device to provide more space in primary memory

• At a later time, the kernel reads the data from swap device back to main memory

UNIX Memory Management Policies

• Swapping– Easy to implement– Less system overhead

• Demand Paging– Greater flexibility

Swapping• The swap device is a block device in a configurable section of a disk

• Kernel allocates contiguous space on the swap device without fragmentation

• It maintains free space of the swap device in an in-core table, called map

• The kernel treats each unit of the swap map as group of disk blocks

• As kernel allocates and frees resources, it updates the map accordingly

Swapping Process Out• The kernel must gather the page addresses of data at primary memory to

be swapped out

• Kernel copies the physical memory assigned to a process to the allocated space on the swap device

• The mapping between physical memory and swap device is kept in page table entry

Demand Paging• Not all page of process resides in memory Locality

• When a process accesses a page that is not part of its working set, it incurs a page fault.

• The kernel suspends the execution of the process until it reads the page into memory and makes it accessible to the process

Data Structure for Demand Paging• Page table entry

• Disk block descriptors

• Page frame data table

• Swap use table

File Management in UNIXIn UNIX there are three basic types of files:• Ordinary Files: An ordinary file is a file on the system that contains data,

text, or program instructions. In this tutorial, you look at working with ordinary files.

• Directories: Directories store both special and ordinary files. For users familiar with Windows or Mac OS, UNIX directories are equivalent to folders.

• Special Files: Some special files provide access to hardware such as hard drives, CD-ROM drives, modems, and Ethernet adapters. Other special files are similar to aliases or shortcuts and enable you to access a single file using different names.

File Management in UNIX

File Access Modes: Read: Grants the capability to read ie. view the contents of

the file.

Write:Grants the capability to modify, or remove the content of the file.

Execute:User with execute permissions can run a file as a program.

File Management in UNIXDirectory Access Modes: Read: Access to a directory means that the user can

read the contents. The user can look at the filenames inside the directory.

Write: Access means that the user can add or delete files to the contents of the directory.

Execute: Executing a directory doesn't really make a lot of sense so think of this as a traverse permission.A user must have execute access to the bin directory in order to execute or command.

File Management in UNIXStarting a Process:• Foreground Processes:o By default, every process that you start runs in the foreground. It gets its

input from the keyboard and sends its output to the screen.• Background Processes:o A background process runs without being connected to your keyboard. If

the background process requires any keyboard input, it waits.o The advantage of running a process in the background is that you can run

other commands; you do not have to wait until it completes to start another!

File Management in UNIX

Stopping Processes:• Ending a process can be done in several different ways. Often, from a

console-based command, sending a CTRL + C keystroke (the default interrupt character) will exit the command. This works when process is running in foreground mode.

• If a process is running in background mode then first you would need to get its Job ID using ps command and after that you can use kill command to kill the process.

UNIX Security

• Common Sense Security• File Permissions• Login daemons• Non-login daemons• Stack Smashing• Safe Scripts

Benefits of UNIXBenefits in different ways %

Flexibility 70%

Freedom to choose IT from different vendors 67%

Products from different vendors work together 66%

Access across multi-vendor environments 65%

Protect investment in existing computer systems 61%

Ability to use/share information anywhere in the world 59%

Cost savings 54%

Interoperability/portability across various platforms 54%

Organizational change not constrained by IT system 49%

Cost of ownership 49%

In Summary…• When the history of the information age is written, the

extraordinary dynamics of the UNIX system marketplace will be seen as playing an important role. The UNIX system was developed at just the right time and place to be the critical enabler for a revolution in information technology. Client/server architectures, the Internet, object databases, heterogeneous transaction processing, and Web computing all emerged on the shoulders of the UNIX system.