unix commands
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Unix Fundamentals and command references
Solaris
Linux
HP-UX
AIX
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Commands
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uname - It shows system identification information
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showrev - System information with Host ID
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# pwd – It shows the present working directory
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Unix file types
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ls - List of directories and files
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ls continues
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ls continues …
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cal - It shows calendar
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date - it shows the current date
Date format :
mm dd hh mm yy . s
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mkdir – to create a new directory
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cd - to change the directory
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rmdir or rm –r - to remove the directory
mv – move or rename the directory or file
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mv continues … ( if destination directory already exists “ mv “ moves source directory to destination directory ).
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cp - It copies directories and files from one location to another location.
“ cp “command copies only files from one location to another location. “ cp - r “ Can be used to copy directories.
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“ cat “ command is used to create or read the contents of the files.
To append some more content with the existing file “ >> “ can be used.
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“ file “ is a command which tells you the property of file orDirectory.
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“ more “ command displays the file contents page wise.
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“ less “ command displays the file content like “ more “ command but, it has to be closed with “ q “.
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“ touch “ is the command which creates zero length files or it puts time stamp on the file or files which are already exist.
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“ head “ command displays the file contents with “ – “option
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“ tail “ command displays file contents like “ head “with “ - , + “ option.
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“ sort “ command displays file contents in ascending and descending order.
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“ wc - word count “ command displays words, lines, chars, bytes, mem size and all.
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“ which “ command shows the location of the commands, which are set in environment variable “ PATH “
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“ df – Disk free “ command shows the disk space level
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“ clear “ command clears the screen
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“ tty “ the terminal command shows the pseudo terminals.
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“ echo “ command show the given value or shows the value of the environment varriables.
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“ grep “ is the command which displays the line with the matching pattern. It can be executed with more options.
Searches for the expression as a complete word, ignoring
those matches that are substrings of larger words.
- w
Counts the lines that contain the pattern- c
Inverts the search to display lines that do not match the
pattern
- v
Precedes each line with the relative line number in the file- n
Lists the names of files with matching lines- l
Searches for both uppercase and lowercase characters- i
DefinitionOption
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The “ grep “ command supports several regular expressionMeta characters to further define a search pattern. This table describes some of the regular expression meta characters. Regular expression meta characters:
Matches all lines ending
with “pattern”
’pattern$’End of line
anchor$
Matches all lines beginning
with “pattern”
’^pattern’Beginning of
line anchor^
ResultExamplePurposeMetacharacter
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Additional regular expression meta characters:
Matches
Lowercase
Alphanumeric
characters or
nothing at all
’[a-z]*’Matches the
preceding
item zero or
more times
*
Matches lines
containing a
“p,” followed by
Five characters,
and followed
by an “n”
’p.....n’Matches one
character.
ResultExamplePurposeMetacharacter
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“ grep “ continues …
Matches lines that
do not contain “a”
through “m” and
followed by“attern”
’[^am]
attern’
Matches one
character not
in the pattern[^]
Matches lines
Containing
“Pattern” or
“pattern”
’[Pp]attern’
Matches one
character in
the pattern[ ]
ResultExamplePurposeMetacharacter
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“ grep “ continues …
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“ grep “ continues ….
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“ grep “ continues ..
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“ grep “ continues ..
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“ grep “ continues ….
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“ grep “ continues….
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“ grep “ continues …
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The egrep command searches the contents of one or more files for a pattern using extended regular expression metacharacters. Extended regular expression metacharacters include the regular expression metacharacters that the grep command uses, plus some additional metacharacters.
Egrep
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Matches lines
Containing the literal
character or
metacharacter it
follows
‘patte[r?]’Matches zero
or one
character
?
Matches for either
expression
’apple | orange’Matches either x or
yx | y
Matches one or more
lowercase letters
followed by “ark” (for
example, “airpark,”
“bark,” “dark,”
“landmark,” “shark,”
“sparkle,” “trademark”)
’[a-z]+ark’Matches one or
more of the
preceding
characters
+
ResultSamplePurposeMetacharacter
Egrep
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“ egrep Example :
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“ egrep “ continues…
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“ egrep continues …
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Pgrep The “ process grep “ command finds and displays the process ID along with It’s parent process ID.
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“ find “ is a command to find a file or directory in the system globally.
FIND
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“ find “ continues …
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“ find “ continues …
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“ find “ continues …
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“ find “ continues ..
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“ w “ is a command which shows the particular user’sInformation in an elaborate manner.
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“ SU “ command can be used to switch over from one user to an other user physically.
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“ who “ command shows a respective user’s information
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“ who “ continues …
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“ id “ command shows user’s ID and primary group ID
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“ finger “ command displays the user information along with user’s status
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“ Link “ is a command which creates link between source and destination file. The following example shows the symbolic link.
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“ Hard Link “ creates link between source and destination.
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Unix File permissions
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Changing file permissions in symbolic mode
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“ chmod “ continues …
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“ chmod “ continues in octal mode …
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“ chmod “ continues in octal mode…
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“ umask “ continues …
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Korn Shell
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The Default korn shell variables
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Customizing Korn Shell Variable
To change the shell environment from Bourn shell to Korn shell :
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To change the prompt ..
To change the prompt variable…
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“ History command …
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“ alias command …”
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Using VI Editor
Identifying the Fundamentals of vi Editor operation
• Introducing the vi editor modes of operation
• The command mode
• The edit mode
• The last line mode
• Switching between the command and edit modes
• Introducing the vi command
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Remote Login using TELNET and RLOGIN
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Using RLOGIN …
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File Archives
tar - c - to create tar archive - v - to get verbose - f - the out put device or directory - t - table of contents - x - extract from the tar archive
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Example
To see the table of content
To create tar archive
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To extract from the tar archive
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CompressTo compress the tar archive
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Example for compress archive
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Uncompressing tar archive
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gzip
To create gzip archive
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To extract the tar archive by gunzip
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Unix Administration
Solaris
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Solaris User Administration
Each user account consists of five main components:
• User name
• Password
• User’s home directory
• User’s login shell
• User initialization files
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Before you can add user accounts to the system, you mustdetermine the following information for each new user:
• Login name
• User identification (UID) number
• Group identification (GID) number
• Comment
• home directory
• Login shell
• Password aging
Managing User Accounts
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The Solaris Operating Environment stores user account and group account information in the following system files:
• /etc/passwd – Authorized system users have login account entries in the /etc/passwd file.
• /etc/shadow – All passwords are encrypted and maintained in a separate shadow file named
/etc/shadow.
• /etc/group – The /etc/group file defines the default system group accounts.
Storing User and Group Account information
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root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/shdaemon:x:1:1::/:bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:sys:x:3:3::/:adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:smtp:x:0:0:Mail Daemon User:/:uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucicolisten:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/:noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x Nobody:/:
The “ /etc/passwd “ file format
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root:LXeoktCoMtwZN:6445::::::daemon:NP:6445::::::bin:NP:6445::::::sys:NP:6445::::::adm:NP:6445::::::lp:NP:6445::::::smtp:NP:6445::::::uucp:NP:6445::::::nuucp:NP:6445::::::listen:*LK*:::::::nobody:NP:6445::::::noaccess:NP:6445::::::nobody4:NP:6445::::::
The “ /etc/shadow “ file format
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root::0:rootother::1:bin::2:root,bin,daemonsys::3:root,bin,sys,admadm::4:root,adm,daemonuucp::5:root,uucpmail::6:roottty::7:root,tty,admlp::8:root,lp,admnuucp::9:root,nuucpstaff::10:daemon::12:root,daemonsysadmin::14:lister,toreynobody::60001:noaccess::60002:nogroup::65534:
The “ /etc/group “ file format
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The following command-line tools add, modify, and deleteuser accounts and group accounts on the local system:
• useradd – Adds a new user account
• usermod – Modifies a user’s account
• userdel – Deletes a user’s account
• groupadd – Adds (creates) a new group account
• groupmod – Modifies a group account
• groupdel – Deletes a group account
Command line User Account Administration
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Example :
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Example :
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Example :
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Example :
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Example :
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Example :
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Scheduled Process Control
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Viewing current process status
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Re-scheduling the process
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Administering the active process
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