University of Nigeria Research Publications

MICAH, Godbless Henry

Aut

hor

PG/M.SC/02/33447

Title

Nigeria - U. S. Relations in the Post Cold War International

Relations

Facu

lty

Social Sciences

Dep

artm

ent

Political Science

Dat

e

December, 2007

Sign

atur

e

M ICAI 1, <;OI)BldICSS 1 IXN HY l3WMSc/02/33447

CERTIFICATION

,

This Project Report has been approved for the Department of Political

Science, University of Nigeria Nscrkka

A, '

Dr. A.lM. N. Bkolie Supervisor

Dr. E. 0. ~ z e a n i Head of Department

cooperation, global security and rhc: tskxing of clemocri~cy in Aliica. By

Africa to end its many wars and emhu~-h ot i post-conllict reconstruction.

relaIions ill par t i cd i~ r NILI i!S-Afilcit l.clii!io~is iii p;irIk~!!x, 'l'lii:-: i! ' h i

hoped, \vhuld enhance rhe mJcrs!:i~~ding oTl11c issuc itrtil. 11 is a lso hoped

that the tinclings r i l ' this s!trrly would I1eIi1 1 % ~ sri~nulutt. lilrlhct. discussiou

historical and political reasons \\dql Nigeria has hecn i t n lw ta i r ! to thc 1JS.

military rule with presidcnrial clci~iolls in 1 0 tlic IIS rcinvigomrcd

diplomatic relalions wilh Nigeria and slressed that i ts over-arching

Ate in f XOO: I4 1 - 149) srarcs 1ha1 g o d I~i l i~rerir l ro1i1lior1.r ~L 'JWCCI I Nigeria

1.8 M E'l'HfJD OF DA'C'A COP ,I ,I<UI1ZON AN11 ANALYSIS

I)al;i co l lw~ ion hi^^ l w n tlc~cr~iheil as 11ic scicticc ;mil i111t of'

acquiring inliwi'naticm alwlul llw sckz'l pnllwtic> uf' 11niEs ( I xeg r and

Ikmcis, 1973: 188). A ~nwlxr rtl' n~~qhtrcFs i~rc 11sccl lix (Ilc' g c l ~ ~ m t i ~ n of

(lala in polt~ical s~.ic~icc I - C S C ~ ~ I . C I ~

l-'i)r I tic ~ L I I . I ) O ~ C 0 1 . t l i i ~ ~ i c o l l c c ~ ~ io11; IYC b h i ~ ! l I clj 0 1 ) ! i$j~h pr in t iq

i111d SCC~)II~~II.V SOIITCCS E I I I ~ { I~CII . I V O ~ X L . C O I ~ I C I ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ; ~ l j ~ i d \ire' 4 1 i j l l

conccntratc morc cm nsirtcriuls Ili-orn Irool,>. ac.:tclc411ic j w r n i ~ l s 16)cal i ~ n c l

ir~terna~ional tlnpihlishd ~-cscardr ptlwrs7 s w ~ i ~ i a r pnpcrs, cur~et~t

mn&inch. periodicals snil wsvspapel-s

l u itcltliticl~l. we shall rnahc IISC uI' yjwcrnmcist ~~I ' I i c ia l ~~ewrcls,

pcdicy pronoLlliccir~e11ts. Wlrrlcl I h n k plrAicatitmr as WCII ss p d d i c ~ i i ~ m

Iiorn i ~ ~ t ~ i - n a t i o n a l agcl~cics lihc r ~ ~ r ~ ~ - p o v ~ . i . i ~ l ~ ~ e r ~ ~ i i l ~ v p m i m t i o ~ ~ s ,

U.S. Ivas ~ l l e only signilicanl cstciml co1111-ihulor. Ikspilc tllc ~nyriacl v

tlifticultics irssoc:ialecl wi l l 1 lllis opcralir)~i, i t I ias I ~ c n l~>r~~-r-lyccl sul~pori

financing and Ir~gis1ic.s. 1101 ~rx i~ i ing , ~ n i ~ h ~ n g am1 mining progr,lmtuc of

lin~iled usI i11 IILSS

t i a lhc Iritllbitic~i I h C 'i I I I I W llr~sh

Adn~iriistr-k~li<,u. M'lil ev<\lvcd i ~ m b lhc. African ~ ' m 1 1 i n i p c . y Ip*ri~tiorls

l'raining GH. Ik'it~' ' L " E I ~ ~ I - C C I W I I ~ iih WC!! c?s J I C ~ I C L ~ ~ C L ~ ~ I I ~ . I~C'IWCL'II I W T

and ?,Or)?, d r t . I1.S. spcnt ;~nd E3 1 1 ~ i l l i 1 ~ 1 ! I ) m i 1 1 10,OC)O U L ) C ~ ~ S fu)111 nine

cow~~rics (l!c~ii\ , ~ ~ u ~ w L ~ I I ~ ~ , Y ~ l ~ i o p i : ~ ~ ( i h i ~ t ~ a . K c i ~ y i ~ . M a l w i v Mali.

Mozanrbirpc, i~nt l S c i ~ g a l ) , 111 ?Oh5 :I( 't r I'A I K C ~ I I I ~ C ;i crillsll!uwl liar1

nI' [hi. I Arl~rlinbs!ri~tio~~s 11111I~il;i\tll-i1t l i ve 3 car i l o l ~ d I ' c x e

Uperi~tions I ~ i i ~ i a t i v e (i iI'O1) ~ ~ r i > g r i ~ ~ ~ l l \ l ~ , which, with flw st~ppo~I {\I' h c

"Aii-icm" I'irrlalcrs li.onl ~ h r i r I ~ t l . IiiAli~lg. raping aml burning villages as

3.1. C1BJEC"~IVES AN11 SCOl'Il: OF 'THE A C T

111c ~ i i t c d ain~ 01. ~ I I P A l r i c m ( i r w d h a11d t J ~ ~ X J I . ~ L I I I ~ [ ~ AUI is ru

assist Ali-kim counlries 10 r:cfcwlrl rhctir c.crmirrnic: and pcrlilical syslc~us.

build h i r civil sociclicb, prr)ri\o!c ccontmic: p w t h mrd [IN. uciivc

pallicipaf ion of' j r mcin 111 ~ I I C wowtnic prc~~ss , strrngll~c11 ~ I I I C I C S P ~ I I ~ ~

[he private. sector, rcrluce i l id cfcpcrlcleucc, erailicalc: poverly, incl-wsc US

primk inws11w11~ on lhe wnl i r i c i~ t~ creak lrtx t f i d c ~ I I * c ~ , redi~ce IariW

and I I O I I - ~ I - I ~ I h-riwi and lit^ I G ~ C oh!acIch- ~ I I I C I rc\1hc [I\< proi i l~. oi'

A l i i ~ i ~ ~ I I I C I A k i c i w ISSLICS ~ I I IIK 1 IS (S~*C I IO IL 2 <I I IL~ i 0 1 . ~ I I C i ( ) A

kgisla\iun j.

. . . . , En scclliny [ t i do h i s . ir prwic1c.s lor a n w ~ ~ l n - r crl Inl1ial1vc.s \\ltlich

groups (11 I101tl similar y c i ~ r l ~ 111tc1i1lg-i wi[h their Ali ican counqwris

States S11h-Saharan Al'rica 1:rct: 'l'rndc Awa; I I I C f~urstril .hy ~ l ~ c Ilnilcd

Act address lrmg-stantling hii-itx~r c: i~~cc~ . r ls ah0111 the cons~rirlurs r m (he

suggW~il Ihal MI [ h ~ " An~ericun govcl-~~r~lcnl awl scciions r d x c o ~ y m ! ~ ,

husiness C - ~ I ~ I ~ ~ I I I ~ I ~ WCI-c kw11 r m ~.t)~~s~*io~ls';lY ~ I Z ) I I E I ) [ ~ I I ~ Akic;i 11s ii

conlinw~ wilh v m l , hrgcly i111~1ppcd p o ~ c . ~ - ~ ~ i i ~ l s 1 0 which l lw k !.S- mght

10 be pqi11g 1111 l~h doscr ~~!!LYII!OII. 111 h i 5 ~'egi~rd., a11d i i g i ~ ~ ~ ~ s t t k

backgrwnrl 01' \he l a n h a r k hcirri~lgs or1 ~lic Aliicar~ t i 1 . 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ :~ncl

Opporhmhy Ad., lhc l l i ~ Anwric.i~~\ I;ir'st I .iicly, M r s . l lilary Ulinfon,

undeiook ;I t i p i l l March I I 1 helping lo hram :I ..positivev

spollight or1 rhc: c.o~llinent. '1-llc ctrl-l,o~zllc cour~cil on Ali-ic'a (Whj also

orgar~izcd a si111uni1 dt1ri11g t l ~ ~ C ~ I I - 011 l l ic \ I I C I I I ~ 01. i11triiLii119 c:ipil:d lo

the c.ont ing j l . At Ill; .l1111c I907 I )c.~~itcr I iono~~i ic : S i ~ ~ l i ~ l ~ i l 01' hh iro?\p

or Sevcn ;( i-7) coi~ntritls and ICussia, 111e I J.S. gove~mnlcllL nw!c a p1m1

of focusing f 1 - 1 ~ i ~ t l ~ t ~ i t i ~ ~ ~ of' ~ h c : rwxling rln Al'l-icia w i h ;I vicw lo

encouraging ~hc: ;thplian 411,' -'hold'' ~ l~casrws ; \ i lwd a[ suplwrling dhc

continct~t's clevc:l~~p~~~ct-ri cl'li)r.~s. 111 I ) c x x n l h c . ~ - 1007 ( ' o~~p~-~ss tn :~ r , C ' l l ~ ! c s

F3. R;~~-lgcl! tmc [I 1% I I I C I I I ~ ~ I I ; I I * C I I ~ I ccts o 1' \I tc A Ii-ici~n ' I ' I x ! ~ ( )pptv~tmii),

Acl, lehl ;I prt.si~lcntial Missii,n 011 l:co~n)nric ('(vlpcraliotl with .M;tcn {HI

5 4

R

froin !! 1 l~ i ! l io~\ 111 3 N J 3 - / IIC m!ior I J.S. C ~ I O I I X to Nig~i-iii WCIY \vlx:n

iind o i l drdli~~g cquipmml. i ! txo~n! i~~g 1 1 ) Rici~iitim ci(cd i ~ b (%td i la-77.

IhAoiv is ;I Iwak-rlown i t f ' st,ttih~ic.; Irlr Nipcrxt 1j.S. trade

relations Iiw tlw periods 1985 - I Y W a i d X ( H J -2000 ~-cspccriucI~.

Tablc I : [IS l'rarle with Nigeriti: 1985 -1999

All figures ~ ~ ~ i l l i o r i s I I ~ ' U S I h)l!wi

Smtrw: i:.l'I 1 Wcl~~niis[er, 1~'oreign l ' r d c . I l ivis io~~, (.I Washington I). C.'. 70133 (C'ilcd in t N,ol ic, 200h:77).

TnEh 1: I IS Trade wi t l i Nigeria: (2000-2006)

YEAR 2000

All f i~ures in milt ions of' 1 JS I)olh-s - I-- - - - - - ic XI'( 1!lrl- - - -. - - - - . - - - --- ,21.9 - 0 . X 15.7

1,554, 3 10,348.5 I - 14,h04.3 -

2005 - - l ,A2 1.2 74.2 39-4 -12 ,b 18.3 -

2006 (Jan-April) 614. h -. 9 ~ k ? - . I - : -. -- - --- - -- - 8.56 1 .O

S0ur.c.~: 1I.S. ( 'ensus \lui-c.au, I'orrign l'rade I )ivision I Mtr I)iss~.rninn~ii)n Rr-anch, W a s h i ~ ~ g ~ o n I I .( ' . (t'ilcd i l l ( )kol i r ?00h:78).

grcal d c d Itom 1l1c proil~oli~m ol' i r ~ v c s ~ ~ w n t ;1nt1 trade l i i ~ . ; ti-cm, I'l! n u : 1

of the ivorlcl, i t is eip:lll~~ I I ~ ~ ~ O I I ~ I I I N H EO I i ~ h i ~ t i i ~ ~ ~ i t ) ~ \ l ~ n t h ~ ~ issw.s

The second r,bjcction lo 1 l ,S. intca7!>~'cnce in Nigcrii111 ptr lirics

bortler~ nn the s h l low wi~urc ti!. t J.S. i l c ~ ~ ~ x r a c y W!WI I r i~~~sfkrrcd wi I fy-

tsil\y 1r1 ~ ) t t w r rial ioiih. I k n ~ t u x ) - 13 rwt s l ~ clpIj ~ f ~ o u l clcc t ion> i~m!

"pro~eciior~ [I!' lixc ~t~ i~rke t s . " I ! is lllc ~ h e r c h c li.i~rz.tl char tlw !lniled

Stales will only Iw able r t ) ilnpot.~ ;I .'illi~liil~:llis~i~, c I ~ c t i o ~ l - l ~ ; ~ ~ p y ' ~

C O ~ ~ S W ~ I C I 01 L ~ C I I ~ O C I ~ ~ I C ~ ~ . \ V ~ I ~ I I \ i , l~~il NigcrLi i i 1 1 d ~ [ I I c I . Aii . i i:;\~l (*o!~nli-ics

wed is an mriclictf, nlore ~z~eiininglirl syslcnr t l l i i t rse.spond~ 10 AlYici~n

m d i h s md i\ swhi[ivc 10 lhc weds ib!' va+iws p,n)ups i i i ~h \;>cl~'it~

' Nigcria, i t ) p a ~ ~ i c w Far: llccds ;r rk~lroc.ri~cy Owl pits hejr~~~rl I i~r~alistic

synl>ds s ~ c h as kt i ~ d f i i ir c k ~ ~ i t m s L h ! . \ \ hi lc i~uporkml, h y

tl~ei~~sclvcs i i ~ n o ~ ~ n ! !i!llc C ~ I ~ I I I L W .

Ailclit ionit lly. l J.S. I'orcigi~ 1w1ic.y r!crlrt~~lstr;llcs;s a plbeli.rwc.~l Ior

p~lilici\l slahili~y in iilly !~NIH k'or ~ n s t i ~ ~ x , p d i c y ~ m L ~ x s \ V ; I S ! I ~ I I ~ I ~ ~ I ~

stuck 74 iih /tii~c\ (irnc-1x1 Moh~rlu S c x Seho Ltr 1l1c WI> C'IICI ~ I W ~ C I S E :

was atso about jobs bcu.uuse, accordirlg Ir] I l i 1 1 1 : cl~cap ivlkicllc l :astern oil I

and nall~ii~l rcsourcc. 'I'he coumry alst, phps ;I i~ldcrsliip II~IC ill hl?i~ i~ ,

0 6

Tahle 4.1 : 1h-dXe of American Support for Nigerian Democr;itization

4.3.1. MILITA1IY RELATIONS

comky, such as tlwsc that s t ~ ~ h x t l in Nigeria in tlx h y s td'llic Ohusanjv

militor) prexncc oscrlwaring and p n ~ ~ r s t ~ r l [ha\ o nmtl~ry's IXSI tixeign

fienil roday c d i l he ha- wt~rsf : 1 1 ~ n y ttomu~-row. I I c spccilicslly

objectd lo \he i l n i l d Slates' rccp~csl L ~ , I . gnwnd i h a l it is *uppwcJ lo bc

11,e ~ ~ , l , l l \ r y - s g u i d ~ d ~ecret (SW I J C I I C ~ L X I i l l ?'/Ic .SO[III~C Mi11Th 4. 2007

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND CONCI,IJSZON

'I'his siudy set out to examiur: he IJnitcd States=Nig,erio rcla~ions in

economic dev~.lopment?

1. I [OW has Nigeria's relations wirh thc IJnilcd Stales i~npactcd on

chesi-\tulu~pillg ill W ~ ~ I ~ I I ~ I E I I I . I h(iO.4 ;I> ! I I V IIUW

comprrhc~iri~:c r.11on J;w by I IS. policy rn;thcn ; ~ n d pt)lil i~ii~l~s iu

hui lde p~sitivc: l i rrwd- l lwl i i~g !ijr ad\~i~ncing Amcricit~i'.; cconnn~ic i d