University of Nigeria Virtual Library

Serial No.

ISSN 1597-1147

Author 1

OKOYE, M. O.

Author 2

Author 3

Title

History of Cataloguing

Keywords

Description

History of Cataloguing

Category

Education

Publisher

The Nigerian Library Link - A Journal of Library and

Information Science

Publication

Date

October, 2003

Signature

'=Y Ibi- 147 OCTOBER, 2003. I b

ARTICLES *" . History of Cataloguing

- Dr. M. 0 . Okoye .. 4 1 - I -

Evolutioii of Libraries - Cosmas C . Akpata

Total Quality Management in Libraries - George Asogwa

Intanel: A challenge lo Univmily Iibruios in Nigeriu - Dr. M. 0. Okoyc ,*

Resources Shanng in the Information Technology Age - Ugwnyi , Chijioke Ferdinand .. r~ . hl

Collection Develdpment in public Libraries& = - 'i Xkezie I.E. ( M q ) f

**A

Retrieving Information Materials in the ~ibraq:' f '4 Thc Role of the Library Catalogue :T - Gdwin Nwiukwu Asw &#I' . ,&

1. '. . The Role of University L~braries in Pursuit of Academic Excellence .a - GlxwrgeIgwbuike.

A Model ?khoul Library in an Age of Automation - C. U. U 2 d w M r s . )

Strategies for Improving the User Habits of 1,ibrary Users in A case study of University of Nigeria, Nsukka - Mercy Ugo Nwegbu

lnfbnnation Resources Management (IRM) in Libraries - P. N. Ejimfor

I Higher Institutions:

.-, &

. * : . ' Censorship and its mpwauons 10 ln~onna~ion Inssenunarlon mer L' * , * *:

' . . , + . Mlitary Regime: An Analysis of the Issue in Nigeria ' < -Reuben Ejik 3 p?i#!

&." Methods of Remu Developnlent in Nigerian Uni - L. 0. Nwali i? -,,'

'~lobalizatick am ule Nigerian's EoononFy: Challenges lo Li - Dr. Willy Ugwuwyi

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief Dr. (Mrs) Ngozi Ene Enugu State University bf Science and Technology, Enugu

Managing Editor G. E. Asogwa - Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu

EDITORS

Dr. Steve Ezennia

S. N. Onwubiko

Chris Obi Okoye

S. E. Aniehobi

Dr. K.M.C Nweke

Ememke Ikegbune

L. 0. Nwali

- Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

- Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu

- ' Fed. Polytechnics, Oko

- College of Education Nsugbe

3,. M - 0 eq7 CONSULTING EDITORS

- DTC, UNN, Nsukka

- University Librarian University of Nigeria Nsukka

- University Librarian Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki.

A11 Oorrespondence should be addressed to the Managing Editor Enugu State University of Sciene and Technology Library. PMD 01 660. Enugu.

CONTENTS ARTICLES

History of Cataloguing ... ... ... -Dr. M. 0. Okoye. . . . . . . ... ...

Evolution of Libraries ... ... ... ... ... - Cosmas C. Akptn ...

Total Quality Manngement in Libraries ... ... ... ... ... -George Asogwa ... ...

Inkmet: A Challenge to University Libraries in Nigeria ... ... ... ... ... - Dr. M.O. Okoye ... ...

Resources Sharing in the Information Technology Age ... ... ... ... - Ugwuanyi,Chijioke Ferdinard ...

Pron~ot&Reading Habit in Clddren ... ... ... ... R.1 Echezo~~a (Mrs.) ... , . .

Collection Development in Public Libraries ... ... ... ... ... -Chikezic, I. E. ... ...

Subjcct Analysis: A l3eorctical Framcwork ... ... ... ... ... - C.I. ugwu ... ...

Retrieving information Materials in the Library: Thc Role of the Library Catalogue ... ... ... - Godwin Nwachukwu Arua ... ...

Academic Libraries in Nigeria: Challngcs of ICT in the 21'' Century ... ... ... - Isaac M. Ogbomn ... ... . . ,

The Role of University Libraries in Pursuit of Academic Excellence. ... ... ... ... ... - George Igwebuike. ...

A Model School Libmy in an Age of Automation ... ... ... - C.U. Uzoigwe (Mrs.) ... ... ,..

Stratcgies for Improving the User Habits of Libmry Users in IIigher Institutions: ... ... Case Study University of Nigeria, Nsukka. ...

- MCTC'J' Ugo Nwcgbu

a Information Resources Management (IRM) in Librilrics. ... ... ... -P.N. Ejiinofor ... ... ..,

The Role of Librrirics and Librarims in the New Infonnation Age ... ... ... ... ... - Chigbu, E. D ... ...

Censorship and its Implications to infonwtion Dissemin~tion under Military Regimes: An Analysis of the Issue in Nigcrio

... ... ... ... - Reuben Ejike Ozioko ... ...

Method of ResourccsDevelopment in Nigerian University Libraries ... ... - L. 0. Nwali ... ... ... ... ...

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63

Globalization and the Nigeri'm's Economy: Challenges Lo Libraries - l% WW;llv TT&m~nnvi

THE NIGERIAN LIBRARY LINK - A Journal ofLlbraty and Informorion Sclence VoL I No. 1 2003 pp. 1-1 9

HISTORY OF CATALOGUING

BY DR. M.O. OKOYE *

Abstract: Catalogue and Cataloguing: The word catalogue is the Greek phrase kata logos. Kata means "by"

or according to. Logos sometimes sin~ply means "word", sonletimes "order" and at other times "reason" (Strout 1956). From the Greek's phrase, a catalogue may be said to be a work in which the contents are arranged in a reasonable fashion according to a set order. This does not deviate very much from the current definition of a catalogue in a wider scnse, which is a list of materials arranged according to some definite plan for a particular purpose. A library catalogue is more precisely defined as a list of the library's holdings/stock/collection, arranged according to some definite plan.

Cataloguing could be described in its narrowest sense as:

The contpilation of headings and bibliographic descriptions for use in the catalug14e. It1 a broad sense, the process encompasses descriptive catalogui~lg which may irlclude, in additiorr to bibliographic descriptiorts, the choice and form of author headings aud subject catalaguirig which results in the assignment of classification iiumbers and sl~bject headings (Luncozrr and Kent, 1970, 244).

The Earliest Written Records: One of the oldest lists of books occurred on a Sumerian tablet found at

Nippur and dated about 2000 B.C.

*Dr M.O. Okoye is ofNnamdl Arikiwe Library, UniversiSy ofNigeria, Nsukka

OKOYE: IllSTORY OF OITAI,OGUING

Sixty-two tilles were recorded on it. What purpose the list served was unknown but it bore no resemblance to that of a catalogue, Kramer (1956). Throughout ancient periods, there were remnants of early records, from Egyptian papyrus, Babylonian clay tablets, to Amarna clay tablets of 1400 B.C. Among the Amarna tablets were written the names of the King and Queen, together with the title of a book. These could have been ownership or identification tags which were attached to books or to cases which held books. They were not regarded as catalogue entries.

The tablets excavated in the capital city of the Hittites might be regarded as the earliest evidence of the use of a colophon to convey bibliographical information. These tablets bore subscripts which identified the number of the tablet in a series, its title, and often the name of the scribe. Colophon was also observed in about 650 B.C. in the city of Nineveh. They were excavated from the library and archives of the Assyrian King, Ashurbanipal. Each colophon bore a stamp showing that the work belonged to the King. There was also a catalogue of books carved on the walls of the temple at Edfu in Egypt at a later period than 650 B.C.

Advent of Library Catalogues: In Greece, two famous libraries of Alexandria and Pergamum were the

greatest libraries of antiquity, but remnants of their library catalogues could not be found. However, Callimachus, one of the scholars of Alexandria compiled his Pinakes. His work (Pinakes) which is extant has no scribe, no imprint and no date of copying but had biographical data on the authors. His work was believed to be a bibliographical work rather than a list of holdings. From Callimachus wolk, it was observed that the scholar first chose the general subject in which he was interested, then the author. Title of the book was secondary. Opening words of a book and its length were recorded by number of lines. Arrangement of entries differed, being at times classified, at times chronological and in other instances alphabetical. Hence the concept of author entry came from the Greeks (the West) while in the Orient, for instance in China, Japan etc, the traditional entry for a book was its title.

Scholarship in late Roman times showed that there were anthologies, digests, commentaries, paraphrases, textbooks of rhetorics. It appeared to be an age in which library catalogues would be much needed and in which there would be great interest in compiling them. However, either catalogues had not been developed as tools of research or the vagaries of fate did not provide any reference to their existence. So, by 529, in Greece, Rome and in the imperial library of Constantinople, there was no information about catalogues.

< - The Benedict's monks at Monte Cassino busied themselves copying manuscripts. However, a system was set up through which the monastery became the sole keeper, manufacturer and finally, cataloguer of books. The manuscripts were arranged or classified by broad subjects. The arrangement reflected a utilitarian as well as a philosophical aspect. Titles were generally sub-arranged in chronological order rather than alphabetical by author. ~uthdrs' names served primarily as a means of identification with little attention given to form and accuracy, Lancour and Kent (1970).

Within the eight century, a medieval library produced listings of her holdings written on the final flyleaf of a book. It consisted of a list of brief titles with authors appended to a few of them. There was no observable order in the arrangement. It probably served as an inventory record and perhaps represented the shelf arrangement, made according to size or acquisition or both, but no location symbols accompanied the titles. The library at Reichenau in Germany compiled several catalogues between 822 and 842. The catalogue of Benedictine house of St. Requier compiled in 83 1 recorded the number of volumes and contents of volumes to a work. It used author entries but in no discernible order. It was also an inventory record. There

- seemed to be no improvement on the nineth century library listings (catalogue) until the end of the 13' century when the compilation of the Registrum Librorum Angliae, a union list of holdings of English Monastery Libraries was made.

In the 14' century, shelf lists, James (1903) and subject arrangements were common. The catalogue of Christ Church Canterbury, 13 13 - 133 1 was

OKOYE: HISTORY OF CATALOGUlhrG

considered to be the first to adopt an alphabetical order, under at least one subject Heading, theology, Norris (1939). A list from Exeter Cathedral dated 1327 recorded the opening words of each volume and gave its price. This list was also used as an inventory of the Cathedral. An outstanding list of the 14" century came from St. Martin's Priory at Dover, James (1903). The list was divided into three sections; the first is a listing by call number, a number representing fixed location even to the placing of the individual volume. The entries in this section included short title, the number of the page in the book on which the call number was recorded, the first words of the text on that page as well as the number of pages in the book and the number of works contained in the volume. The second section of the catalogue was likewise arranged by call number. It gave the contents of each volume, with the paging and opening words for each work. The third part is a landmark in the development of cataloguing: a catalogue of analytical entries and an alphabetical listing, but with entries of the usual medieval type, some under author, others under title followed by author and other entries beginning with such words as "book" etc. inspite of this "feat" in development of cataloguing in the 14"' century, Thompson (1957 reported that the earliest entry of pages 3. in a work appeared in 1465. The 14 century also witnessed the beginning of college libraries.

Fifteenth century ushered in the use of cross-references in cataloguing as evidenced in the catalogue compiled in 1410 - 12 by Amplonius Ratnick de Berka, Strout (1956) and in the catalogue of St. Augustine's Abbey Canterbury. Towards the end of the century, a German bibliographer and librarian, Johann Tritheim compiled a bibliography in chronological order in 1494. He appended to this, an alphabetical author index, Besterman (1935).

The 16" century began with the introduction of a classified catalogue by ' Syon Monastry, Isleworth, England. The catalogue included an alphabetical author index. The catalogue of the Priory of Bretton in Yorkshire dated 1558 included within its entries, the names of editors and translators. With Konrad Gesner of Zurich publication of his bibliography in 1545 and the subject index in 1548, a new standard of excellence was set.

THENIGERIMLJBRARY LINK - A Journal ofltbrary and Information Sctence VoLl No.! 2003 pp. 1-19

Although Gesner used forenames as authors, he used the word "see" in his cross-references. Twelve years later, Florian Trefler, a Benedictine monk published at Augsburg a treatise on the keeping of a library. He devised a scheme of classification and call numbers. However, one unit in the call number was made to represent the colour of the binding. He advocated a five-part catalogue which consisted of an alphabetical author catalogue, a shelf list, a classified index to analytics, an alphabetical index to the classified index, and a list of books which for various reasons were not kept with the main collection. In 1595, Andrew Maunsell, an English bookseller, compiled his cafdlom.(e of English Printed Rooks. He advocated the entry of personal names under surnames rather than Christian names. For anonymous works, he placed them upon the titles they were entitled by or upon the subject matter they treated or both. In his entry, he included translatdr, printer or for whom printed, date and number of volume. He also set up the principle of uniform entry for the bible.

In the 17* century, Sir Thomas Bodley, an English diplomat who retired from foreign service, won the contract of building the Oxford University Library. He approached cataloguing practices from the standpoint of a catalogue user. Bodley's code Wheeler (1926), included insistence upon a classified arrangement with an alphabetical author index arranged by surname, inclusion of analytical entries and noblemen being entered under their family names. In France, Gabriel Naude recommended the compilation of a divided catalogue with one section for subjects and the other for authors. He also suggested a shelf arrangement which would allow England, John Dury recommended yearly supplements

for expansion. In to catalogues and

selective cataloguing. I

Arrival of the Catalogue Codes: I

The 17" century produced Sir Bodley's code. In 18'" century, catalogues seemed to have stabilized. Catalogues were looked upon as finding lists rather than inventory lists. Catalogues were sometimes classified and sometimes alphabetical. Some catalogues were still divided to the size of

OKOYE: HISTORY OF CATAOGUING

books. Indexes were considered useful. Authors were entered under surname etc. etc. A noticeable innovation in this century was the introduction and use of card catalogues in France. It was a directive from the French government and hence, it became a national code. The catalogue card had the surname of an author underlined. It also had a collation.

Nineteenth century began with Rev. Thomas Hartwell Horne publishing both a classification scheme and a code of cataloguing rules in England for the Library of Queen's College, Cambridge. He also submitted a scheme to the British Museum. The period was one of much aryment over relative virtues of classified and dictionary catalogues. The subject heading had not yet evolved as an entity, but was still almost completely identified with the title, and added entries in the classified catalogue were unheard of. It was in this milieu that Anthony Panizzi, a lawyer by profession, and a political refugee from Italy, was appointed extra - assistant librarian at the British Museum in 183 1. He produced the now famous 91 rules. His code (the 91 rules) vested great authority in the title page. For instance, if an author used his forename only in a book, this was used as the entry even if the complete name was known. When the author of an anonymous work became known, his name was still not used as the entry but was merely inserted after the title. Pseudonymous publications were also entered under the author's feigned name, although the actual name might be known. He used form headings as main entry: universities and learned socictics were entered under the general heading ACADEhZIES, while nlagazltics, newspapcrs, and annuals were under the heading PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS; almanacs and calendars were placed under EPHEMERIDES; missals, prayer-books and liturgies were placed under LITURGIES; anonymous dictionaries were placed under DICTIONARIES. The concept of subject entry as it exists today had not then been separated from that of the main entry. A title entry was never chosen but was resorted to only when all else failed.

Up to halfway in the 19" century, American cataloguing was still following the same general pattern that had characterized Eurogean cataloguing during the preceding century. However, in 1850, with the

THE NIGERIAN LlBR4RY LINK -A Journal o f l i b r a ~ and In/orn~alion Science Vol.1 No.) 2003 pp. 1-19

acceptance of Charles C. Jewett's code for the catalogue of the Smithsonian Institution, the American cataloguing attained maturity. Jewett extended the principle of the corporate author further than Panizzi had and entered d l corporate bodies directly under their names without the use of any intedvening form headings. He also differed from Panizzi in the entry of pseudonymous works and established the practice of entering a book under the real name of its author regardless of what name appeared in the book itself Another departure from the 91 rules was concerned with the entry of anonymous works which he entered under the first word of the title rather than under some catch-word contained in the title, or under a form-heading as Panizzi had done. Jewett's rule-book contained 33 regulations. Charles Cutter published his Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue in 1876, Berrisford (1977). He gave hrther support to those principles on which Jewett disagreed with Panizzi. \..

During the years between the appearance of the 91 Rules and the year 1900, cataloguing codes had becomc very numerous. In England, there were those of the British Museum, the Bodleian, and that of the Cambridge. In the United States, there were Jewett, Cutter, Linderfelt's Eclectic Card Catalogue Rules, Dewey's simplified rules and that of the Library of Congress. In Germany, thcre was Dziatzko's instruction of 1826, the basis of the Prussian code. There were codes in Belgium, Scandinavian countries, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the Vatican. Hundreds of libraries had their own individual rules. Interestingly, there were relatively few points of disagreement among the codes in regard to basic principles. There was agreement on entry under author but not on what constituted an author. For joint authors, there was disagreement as to how many authors' names might be included in the main entry at the same time. There was differing opinion on the entry of names beginning with prefixes, and the names of noblemen

. and royalty. - - I In the 20' century, more catalogue codes were pu6lished. For

instance the ALA Cataloguing Rules for Author and Title Entries was published in 1949. the Vatican Rules for the Catalogue of Printed Books was

..?[ISTORY OF CATALOGUING

published in 1948, Osborn (1956) and in 1967 the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), Wynar and Taylor (1985), to name just a few.

Among the cataloguing codes, Library of Congress Cataloguing Rules gained prominence. The AACRI principles were based on the "Statement of Principles" of the International Conference on Cataloguing Principles held in Paris, in October 1961. It had two texts. The North American text and the British text. One of the differences between the two was in the choice and tendering of headings. The North American text gave exceptions exempting specified bodies of an institutional nature from the principle of entry under the name; these were to be entered under place as in the old rules. These exceptions were contrary to the Paris Principles and to the British texts of AACRI, but they had been requested by the Association of Research Libraries, whose member libraries feared being overburdened with the necessity for changing thousands of entries already in catalogues.

In 1974, the rule in AACRT for corporate entry under place was dropped. Besides this change, some 40 other rules were changed and thrce chapters were totally revised in the years following publication of AACRI. The most significant change was the application of standards of bibliographic description, based on International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), to descriptive cataloging of monographs, audiovisual media, and special instructional materials.

The numerous changes to rules in AACRI and the progress toward an international standard for description, were two of the reasons for the meeting in 1974 of representatives of the national library associations and national libraries of Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States to plan for a preparation of AACR2, which objectives would be:

1 To reconcile in a single text the North American and British texts of 1967.

, 2. To incorporate in the single text, all amendments and changes already agreed and implemented under the previous mechanism.

T I ~ E N I G ~ I A ~ ' L I B ~ A R Y LNK - A Journal of l ibrary and InJormufion Science V01.1 No.1 2003 pp 1-19.

3. To consider for inclusion in AACRI, all proposals for amendment currently under discussion between the American Library Association, the Library Association, the Library of Congress, and the Canadian Library Association; any new proposals at national committees of other countries in which AACRI is in use.

4. To provide for international interest in AACR by facilitating its use in countries other than the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom (Gorman, R. Winkler, 1978 vii).

The second edition of Anglo-American cataloguing rules was published in 1978. It was prepared by the American Library Association, the British Library, the Canadian Committee on cataloguing, the Library ~ssociaiion and the Library of Congress, Kumar & Kumar, (1981). AACR2 is in two parts. The first part deals with bibliographic description while the second part (Part 11) deals with the choice and forni of access such as headings, uniform titles and references. The treatment of description, corporate headings, uniform titles, and the fullness of names are instanced. Developments in the8AACR notwithstanding, librarians were more concerned with harmonizing and standardizing the contents of various cataloguing records.

International Standardization of Cataloguing and Bibliographic Records:

(a) Ihe I~lternational Cozference on Cataloguing Principles held in Paris 1961

Within the first quarter of the 2oth century, there was the Prussian Instructions formulated .in 1899 and revised in 1908. All German libraries were obliged to adopt the Prussian Instructions. Akin to the German type of catalogue code before the last world war, were the codes of German-speakins Switzerland, Netherlands, Poland

OKOYE: HISTORY OF CATAUKiUIhG

etc. The German codes did not reorganize corporate authorship, Koel (1 974).

The other main type of catalogue code was represented by the Catalogue Rules of 1908, resulting from an agreement between the Library Association (British) and the American Library Association, from which were derived the codes of Italy, the Vatican, Norway, India, China and Japan, Poindron (1961). After the International Congress of Archivists and Librarians held in 1910 at Brussels, German librarians were examining the possibility of International Standardization on the basis of the Catalogue Rules of 1908.

The differences between the! two codes appeared to be too great. These differences pertained tb corporate authors, which were not recognized by the Prussian Instructions, and also the filing of anonymous titles under the first "independent" noun.

The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) also appreciated the need for international standardization and set up a sub-committee for fbture programmes. In 1935, the sub-committee stressed the need of translating the principal national codes into the respective languages of the other large nations. Meanwhile, a campaign of rules revision was developed in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France etc. So, at this propitious time, IFLA, in 1954, at the invitation of UNESCO Intemational consultative Committee on Bibliography, set up a working group to coordinate the principles of cataloguing. After many meetings during the International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centres in Brussels in September 1955, the group on corporate authors and the

- group on entry for anonymous works published a report in Engliph and in French. The report recommended that a progtamme of international consultation on all the questions raised be, organized, priority being given to those which apply to catalogue entries in general and not only to entries for particular categories of works: The International Conference on Cataloguiag Principles was held in Paris in October 1961. The resblt of the conference was the publication of

h E N I G ~ I A N L J B ~ Y L Y O ~ ~ K - A Journal ofLibrary and InformationSclence Vo1.l No.] 2003 pp. 1-19

Paris Statement of Principles drawn up and voted by the delegates of 53 pountries who attended as the accredited representatives of their national Cssociations, Anderson (1 973).

Which categories of publications should be entered under a corporate body heading proved impossible to interprete exactly or even with uniformity. Hence an International Meeting of Cataloguing Experts (IMCE) was held in Copenhagen in 1969. Two IMCE working groups were set up, one to prepare the definitive edition of an annotated Statement of Principles, the other, to prepare a formula of contents and elements that would make up an International Standard Bibliographic Description for Monographs ISBD(M). At the IMCE, it was agreed that the ISBD(M) would include all the bibliographical data required not only for c a t a l o ~ e s , for bibliographies, but also for other library records. The working group was expected to produce a comprehensive draft that included each and every bibliographical element. It should have a fixed order of elements and a standard system of punctuation should control the elements. This draft was discussed and revised by the group. It was later published as the group's recommendation in December, 1971 as International Standard Bibliographic Description for monographs ISBD(M). it was well accepted by national libraries in Europe, North America and Australia, Tamberg (1974). It's official translations exist in French, Russia and Spanish, Helal (1972). Another important document, International Standard Bibliographic Description for Serials ISBD(S) was published by IFLA in 1973, Anderson (1973). (b) International Standard Bibliographic Description, General ISBD(G). It was not long after the pdblication of ISBD(M) and ISBD(S) that some librarians especially those of ALA criticized the two documents and observed that they had presented problems of

n OKOYE: HISTORY OF C 4 T m U I N G

compatibility and uniformity. So, initiatives for the formation of another document, which would provide a single framework for describing all types of publications and avoid hture structural conflicts, were taken by the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (JSCAACR). The document became known as the ISBD(G). In November 1975, the JSCAACR confirmed that AACR2 would use ISBD(G) as the basis for the rules of description. Agreement on that had been reached at a joint meeting of the JSCAACR, the TFLA Committee on Cataloguing and the

, chairman of the IFLA Specialized ISBD Groups. Berrisford (1977). I

(c) ~iiternational Filing Sfandard , In cpnection with the arrangement of the catalogues, efforts

were made tdwards an international filing standard. One of them was Coward's statement of pi-inciples on filing, prepared for the Intemhtional Organization for Standardization (ISO)\ Working Group on Bibliogfaphic Filing Arrangement. The \ proposal took consideration of the three mabr draft filing codes drawn up by the Library of Congress, the Library Association working Party on Computer Filing Rules and the Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare Kommission h r Alphbbetische Kalalogisierung. Coward (1973). (4 Centralized Processing

The Library of Congress card catalogue distribution service started in 1901, Ganning (1977). In 1938, H.W. Wilson began the printing of catalogue cards that were designed primarily for the needs of public and school libraries. Machine - Readable Cataloguing

THE )YE: HISTORY OF CPTALOGUING

compatibility and uniformity. So, initiatives for the formation of another document, which would provide a single ti-amework for describing all types of publications and avoid future structural conflicts, were taken by the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (JSCAACR). The document became known as the ISBD(G). In November 1975, the JSCAACR confirmed that AACR2 would use ISBD(G) as the basis for the rules of description. Agreement on that had been reached at a joint meeting of the JSCAACR, the lFLA Committee on Cataloguing and the chairman of the IFLA Specialized ISBD Groups. Berrisford (1977).

\

(c) Irilsrnational Filing Slnnd~rd I In conhection with the arrangement of the catalogues, efforts

were made tdwards an international filing standard. One of them was Coward's statement of principles on filing, prepared for the Intemkional Organization for Standardization (ISO~\ Working Group on Bibliographic Filing Arrangement. The \ proposal took consideratioh of the three malor draft filing codes dtawn up by the Library of Congress, the Library Association working Party on Computer Filing Rules and the Verein Deutscher Bibliothckare Kommission fur Alphhbetische Kalalogisierung. Coward (1973). (d) Centralized Processing

The Library of Congress card catalogue distribution service started in 1901, Gaming (1977). In 1938, H.W. Wilson began the printing of catalogue cards that were designed primarily for the needs of public and school libraries. Machine - Readable Cataloguing

WE NIGERLQNWBlURY LNK - A Journal ofLlbrary and Informarlon Sclence VoLI No.1 2003 pp. 1-19

(MARC) distribution service was started in 1966 by the Library of Congress. There was also the Canadian MARC. This was followed by national MARC services in many countries of the world.

In 197 1, Library of Congress pioneered the Cataloguing-in- Publication programme (CIP). The British Library programme of C.I.P. became fully operational in 1977, Prytherch (1995).

There is the information service. Under this, a central organization produces a bibliography from which libraries can prepare their catalogues. A few examples are the.Nationa1 Bibliography of Nigeria (NBN), the British National Bibliography (BNB) and that of the National Library of Canada. (e) Cooperafive Catalopitg

The Library of Congress is running a cooperative programme in which other libraries are expected to contribute catalogue card copies for printing. The Library of Congress edits each copy so as to correlate it with other entries provided on Library of Congress cards. These edited copies are printed and distributed to subscribers.

The Ohio Computer Library Centre (OCLC) makes its database available to neighbouring libraries and institutions for purposes of on-line union catalogue and shared cataloguing among other services, Chan (1974). Modern cooperative cataloguing, use of the internet for communication and remote searching of the databases is now in vogue as evidenced by the cooperative cataloguing programme between University of Minnesota and the University of Washington libraries, Kiegel and Schellinger (1993). All these activities including retrospective conversion of catalogue records ( K C ) relate directly or indirectly to standardization in various areas.

Subject Headings For many years, printed dictionary book catalogues of libraries

like those of the Boston Athenaem and the Peabody Institute of Baltimore were used for the preparation of subject headings. These

QXOYE: HISTORY OF CA TAOGUING

catalogues were more suitable for large libraries than small libraries. So, there began a demand for a standard list of subject headings. This dem'and gave rise to ALA List of Subject Headings. Later, it (the list) became increasingly out of date and this led to the emergence of Sears List of Subject Headings which was published in 1923, Westby (1977). The list provided headings suitable for small and medium- sized libraries. It has been revised from time to time.

The Library of Congress began printing its subject headings in parts in 1909. a complete list covering all areas of knoivledge was issued in 191 1. it is used extensively by those libraries which use the Library of Congress (LC) card. It includes more terms and provides comprehensive subject coverage. It is therefore considered more suitable for larger libraries than Sears List of Subject Headings. It is also noteworthy that subject headings can also be assigned to documents through chain procedure apart from the use of printed list of subject headings.

Relevance of Information Technology (T.T.) to Cataloguing . . Towards the end of the 20"' century and the beginning of the 2lS

century, many computer software such as the Tinlib, CDSfiSIS and the X-lib have become amenable to cataloguing processes. Documents can now be catalogued online or in batch mode. Online cataloguing is the most flexible and current. Additions, deletions and changes can be made at any time, and the results are often instantly available to the user. Some libraries have online public access catalogues (OPACs) where computers provide more access points to documents.

Current efforts in retrospective conversion and initiatives to add materials not previously analysed allow online catalogue access to the full

-range of library collection nationwide and beyond, regardless of the format in which the text recides. Cooperatively created bibliographic files are now accessible either via electronic gateways from local area networks or by using CD-ROM types of equipment maintained in-house, Horny (1987).

THE NIGmIAN LIBRlRY LINK - A Jo~trnal o fL~brary oncl I~forn,ofron SCIL~ICL? I'ol.1 No.1 2003 pp. 1-19

Centralized processing is facilitated especially through MARC tapes and electronic CIP is now possible, Eyitayo ( I 998).

There are computer produced book catalogues, microform catalogues and computer output microform. The latter can be in microfilm or microfiche. It is feasible with this form of catalogue, to provide a completely integrated new catalogue every three months or so, rather than providing supplements to be used with a main catalogue.

Conclusion: Cataloguing is said to be the crux of librarianship. Its academic content is unquestionable. Unfortunately, some librarians dread working in cataloguing departments. With the provision of many processing tools, the information technology and the Internet, it is hoped that cataloguing processes will be embraced by all librarians.

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Besterman, T. (1 93 5). The Beginnings of Syslemnlic Ribliograplij?. London: Oxford University Press.

Chan, L.M. (1974). Year's Work in Cataloguing and Classification. Library Resources and Technical Services, 1 8 (3 2), 10 1 - 1 17.

Coward, R. (1973). Towards an International Filing Standard: some notes on a Proposed Methodology. Ittler~~mlional Calaloguing, 2 (3).

Eyitayo, S.A. (1998). "Relevance of the new Information Technologies in Cataloguing". A Paper Presented at the 1998 Annual

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Cataloguing and Classification Workshop on Automation in the 21"' century: The Role of Cataloguers, held in Kwara State Library Services, Ilorin 2 6 ~ - 30" October.

Ganning, M.K.D. (1977). Library of Congress Cataloguing distribution services 1901 - 1906. Libmry Resozrrces Arid Teckiiicd Services, 325.

Gorman, M. & Winkler, P.W. (Eds) (1978). Anglo-American Cataloguing rules, (2"* ed.). Chicago: American Library Association.

Helal, A.H. (1 972). News and information: International standard bibliographic description (ISBD). Urmco Bulletin for Libraries, 26 (6), 348 - 3 54.

Horny, K.L. (1 987). New turns for a new century: library services in the information era. Library Reso~rces 8 Teclmical Services, 3 1 (I), 6 - 11.

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Kiegel, J. & Schellinger, M. (1993). A cooperative cataloging project between two large academic libraries. Librmy Resozrr~ces & Technical Services, 37 (2), 221 - 226.

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Kumar, G. & Kumar, K. (198 1). meoty of cataloguir~g. (3'* ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

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Lancour, H. & Kent, A. (eds.) (1970). Encyclopedia of Iibrnry and Itlformatiorr sciertce (vol. 4). New York: Marcel Dckker.

Nonis, D.M. (1939). A History of Catalogiirtg and Catalogii~~g Methods 1100 - 1850: with an Introductory Survey of Ancient Times. London: Grafton.

Osborn, A. D. (1956). Cataloguing and cataloguing codes in other countries today. Library Quarterly, 26 (4) 276 - 285.

Poindron, P. (1961). Preparation for the international conference on the principles of cataloguing, Paris 1961. Library Resozirces & Technical Services 5 (3), 225 - 23 7.

Prythercl~, R. (1 995). Harrod's Librarians ' Glossary. Aldershot: Gower.

Strout, R. F. (1956). The Development of the Catalogue and Cataloguing Codes. The Library Quarterly, 26 (4), 254 - 275.

Tamberg, N. (1974). Trends Towards International Standardization of Bibliographic Elements. German Cataloguing Reform. Library Resources & Technicnl Senvkes, 1 8 (4), 3 5 5 - 3 7 1 .

Thompson, J. W. (1 957). The Medieval Library. New York: Hafner.

Westby, B.M. (Ed) (1 977). Sears List of Subject Headitgs. (1 lfi ed.). New York: Wilson.

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OKOYE: HISTORY OF CATATLOGUING

Wheeler, G.W. (Ed) (1926). Letters of Sir Thomas BodIey lo Thomas J m m , .first Keeper of the Bodleian Library. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Wynar, B. S. & Taylor, A. G. (1985). Itltrodlrction lo Cafnlog~~ing aid CIassrJication (7'" ed.). Littleton, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited.