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University of Hull 2010 Carbon Management Plan

September 2010


www.sqw.co.uk

Contents

1: Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1

2: Background ..........................................................................................................................2

3: Baseline ................................................................................................................................5

4: Targets ..................................................................................................................................7

5: Intervention opportunities ................................................................................................11

6: Funding opportunities.......................................................................................................20

7: Implementation plan..........................................................................................................24

8: People & Planet – improving performance .....................................................................26

9: CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme .......................................................................................28

10: Summary and Recommendations..................................................................................31

Annex A: Conversion Factors ............................................................................................ A-1

Annex B: Recording procedure for carbon reduction projects ...................................... B-1

Annex C: Wind turbine application .................................................................................... C-1

Annex D: Air Conditioning Inspection process map........................................................ D-1

Contact: Jean Welstead Tel: 0131 243 0732 email: [email protected]

Jean Welstead Date: 23.09.10 Approved by:

Associate Director


1

1: Introduction

1.1 The University of Hull commissioned SQW to develop an updated Carbon Management Plan

(CMP) to monitor and report on the University’s scope 1 & 2 carbon emissions for the 5 year

period from academic year 2005/06.

University of Hull

1.2 The University of Hull was established in 1928 and has developed into a leading research

institution with areas in 7 disciplines1. With a student population of 20,000 and an estimated

annual turnover of £130 million, the University is among the larger institutions in the UK and

as a result, faces great challenges in managing its extensive estate and facilities. Given its

size, the University consumes a significant quantity of energy and subsequently emits a large

amount of carbon dioxide. Reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions is a

top priority for the University, in an attempt to adhere to sector and national targets, and

improve the campus environment for staff and students.

Carbon Management

1.3 The University of Hull has shown an increasing level of engagement with the implementation

of carbon reduction measures across the estate. From the establishment of the first carbon

reduction plan (CMP) in 2007, the University has committed to regularly monitoring and

reporting carbon emissions in line with HEFCE guidelines. Further, following a combination

of sector wide and institutional requirements, the University is focused on achieving

ambitious carbon reduction targets.

1.4 In 2007 the University of Hull participated in the Carbon Trust Higher Education Carbon

Management Programme. This programme was designed to guide Universities in the

implementation of their first CMP; providing guidance throughout the process, on baselining,

target setting and identification of reduction opportunities. This plan highlighted the

University’s primary areas of energy consumption (but not strictly within scopes 1 and 2) and

provided a subsequent list of appropriate interventions that have either been implemented or

are being considered for future reduction opportunities.

1.5 This revised CMP draws from the 2007 Carbon Trust plan in identifying where appropriate

changes to the methodology are required and determining how more ambitious and targeted

carbon reduction interventions can be made. This CMP will also update the carbon baseline

(and backdate to 2005) in order to provide accurate reduction targets in line with HEFCE

guidance. Chapters 5 and 6 provide an appraisal of intervention opportunities and signposts to

potential funding opportunities.

1 Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences; Hull York Medical School; Faculty of Health and Social Care; Postgraduate

Medical Institute; Faculty of Science; Business School, and Institute for Learning


2

2: Background

National and sectoral requirements

2.1 There are a number of national and sectoral drivers that the University must bear in mind

when establishing a CMP. Targets, incentives and risks all play a part in moving the

University towards low carbon practice and it is important that this CMP falls in line with the

requirements of the various programmes. Particular focus should be paid to target setting to

ensure that the University is providing appropriate participation in wider carbon reduction

efforts.

HEFCE

2.2 This CMP has been designed to align with the Higher Education Funding Council for

England (HEFCE) requirements across the Higher Education sector. HEFCE have recently

published a number of sector baseline2, target

3 and guidance

4 documents to assist Higher

Education Institutions (HEIs) in developing their own CMPs over the coming years.

Ensuring that this CMP follows HEFCE guidance will ensure that consistencies are

maintained across the sector supporting benchmarking and sector wide target setting.

Government targets

2.3 HEFCE’s own sector targets are in line with a number of wider UK government targets to

achieve national reductions in carbon emissions in a bid to mitigate the damaging effect

carbon emissions are having on our environment.

Low Carbon Transition Plan

2.4 The UK government has developed a Low Carbon Transition Plan5 to outline the intended

actions to achieve a low carbon economy in the periods running up to 2020 and 2050. The

plan highlights a number of government targets that provide the basis for other carbon and

energy initiatives (see below).

Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme

2.5 A significant incentive for the University of Hull to reduce carbon emissions falls under the

requirements of the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRC EES).

As an organisation with at least one half-hourly electricity meter settled on the half hourly

market, and having a total half hourly electricity consumption of over 6,000 megawatt-

hours(MWh), the University is required to comply with CRC EES. Requirements include the

surrendering of purchased carbon credits (or alternatively face financial penalties),

encouraging the reduction of emissions. A CMP will facilitate the University’s timely

2 HEFCE (2010) “Carbon baselines for individual Higher Education Institutions in England” 3 HEFCE (2010) “Carbon reduction target and strategy for higher education in England” 4 HEFCE (2010) “Carbon management strategies and plans: A guide to good practice” 5 DECC (2009) “The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan: National strategy for climate and energy”


3

reduction of carbon emissions, subsequently reducing the level of risk associated with the

CRC EES.

Other schemes

2.6 The University of Hull has also been affected by the following schemes, putting added

pressure on the institution to achieve greater carbon savings as quickly as possible:

• Climate Change Levy

• Energy Performance in Buildings Directive

Other drivers

Capital Allocations

2.7 Universities should also be aware that under HEFCE’s Capital Investment Framework 2

(CIF2) capital allocations will be in part linked to an institution’s carbon management

commitment:

“Reducing carbon emissions. In the 2008 and January 2009 grant

letters to HEFCE the then Secretary of State set out the need for HEIs to

contribute to the Government's targets for a reduction in carbon emissions

and for future capital funding to be linked to this.”6

2.8 Carbon Management Plans will be an essential document for justifying funding allocations to

institutions. HEFCE have signalled that the CMPs will provide key metrics for determining

carbon related funding allocations.

People and Planet

2.9 UK Universities have been under increasing pressure to provide evidence of sustainable

practice in an effort to move the sector into the forefront of environmental change. The Green

League, compiled by People and Planet, publishes the environmental performance of UK

Universities through a ranking system. As an annual league it provides a helpful metric for

Universities to track environmental progress and regularly benchmark themselves against

similar institutions.

2.10 Published in the “Times Higher Education”, this league is accessible by other institutions,

potential funding bodies, current and prospective students and staff making it a valuable

marketing tool. If the University ranks highly in the league it suggests a commitment by the

institution to long term sustainability and can have the potential to impact further enrolment

and investment.

2.11 In the 2010 league, the University of Hull was ranked 98th, down from 81st place. This

suggests that the University is not maintaining enough momentum in driving forward

environmental management practice across the estate, in comparison to other UK institutions.

An annually updated CMP will demonstrate the University’s commitment to monitoring,

6 HEFCE (2010) “Circular Letter number 17/2010”


4

reporting and improving on sustainable practice throughout the estate and suggest areas for

tangible improvement.

2.12 Chapter 8 explores how the University can address the feedback and actively seek to improve

performance against People and Planet metrics in the future.


5

3: Baseline

Baseline methodology

3.1 The methodology adopted for establishing the University of Hull’s energy consumption and

carbon emission baseline follows the recommendations and guidance of HEFCE. HEFCE’s

“Carbon management strategies and plans: A guide to good practice”7 outlines 7 stages to

implementing a CMP and baselining activities form stage 2, “Establishing a carbon boundary

and baseline”.

Establishing a carbon boundary and baseline

Scope

3.2 Under HEFCE guidance on CMP development, stage 2 stipulates the requirements for

baselining. The baseline is essential in predicting how the University’s emissions are likely to

look in the years running up to 2020/2050. From these projections it is possible to determine

appropriate targets for achieving necessary reductions in carbon emissions.

3.3 Any carbon baseline requires a defined scope that represents the primary sources of

consumption. This will ensure that at least a minimum level of responsibility for carbon

emissions are maintained by the relevant institutions. Higher Education Institutions have

been advised to adopt at least Scopes 1 & 2 in their plans. This accounts for direct emissions

by sources owned or controlled by the institution (including fleet vehicle emissions) and

emissions from purchased electricity.

Calculating baseline

3.4 The following outlines the methodology for baseline calculations adopted in the CMP.

1. Establish the gas/electricity/oil consumption figures in kWh for the periods 1990/91,

2005/06, and 2009/10. These figures were either taken directly from the University

of Hull records (2009/10) or from HEFCE records (1990/91 and 2005/06).

2. Apply DEFRA conversion factors8 to the kWh figures to determine carbon dioxide or

equivalent emissions in kg. Divide by 1000 for emissions in tonnes.

3. Apply an addition of 0.71% of total emissions per year to account for fleet vehicle

emissions.

Alternative methods of calculating the baseline, CRC and EMS are illustrated in Annex A.

7 HEFCE (2010) “Carbon management strategies and plans: A guide to good practice) 8 www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/index.htm


6

Table 3-1: DEFRA emission factors (2010)

Fuel type Emission factor (kg CO2e per Unit)

Electricity (1990/91) 0.77146

Electricity (2005/06) 0.53909

Electricity (2009/10) 0.54284

Gas 0.18523

Oil 0.24683

Source: DEFRA

Baseline figures

3.5 The following tables show the breakdown of emissions by source per year:

1990/91

Table 3-2: 1990 consumption and emission figures

Electricity (kWh)

CO2 from Electricity (tonnes)

Gas (kWh) CO2 from Gas (tonnes)

Oil (Therms)

CO2 from Oil (tonnes)

Transport emissions (0.71% of total emissions)

Total CO2 (tonnes)

17,323,333 13,364 28,234,001 5,230 142,189 361 135 19090

Source:SQW

2005/06


Electricity (kWh)



Oil (kWh) CO2 from Oil (tonnes)


Total CO2 (tonnes)

24,516,390 13,216 28,179,027 5,220 2,781,010 686 136 19258

Source: SQW

2009/10


Electricity (kWh)



Oil (kWh) CO2 from Oil (tonnes)


Total CO2 (tonnes)

22,089,491 11991 38,517,146 7135 0 0 136 19,261

Source: SQW


7

4: Targets

4.1 All of the targets adopted in this CMP are in line with HEFCE guidance and wider sector

targets. This chapter explores the route taken to identifying an appropriate target and breaks

down the anticipated challenge facing the University of Hull in the run up to 2015 and 2020

target years.

Projections

4.2 Taking the baseline it is possible to determine a business as usual scenario (BAU) – a case

where the University continues to practice the same (or an average growth) level of

consumption. This BAU scenario is established by projecting a given level of growth (in the

case of the University of Hull, 1%9) against 2009/10 figures. The table below shows the

project BAU scenario for the University over the next 10 years.

Targets

4.3 HEIs are required to set a carbon reduction target for 2020 against a 2005 baseline. While

institutions have not been provided with a set target, HEFCE have provided guidance on what

defines an appropriate target, and how this can be determined from the baseline figures

(Chapter 3).

Target setting guidelines

4.4 In the HEFCE “Carbon management strategies and plans: A guide to good practice” HEIs are

advised to apply a number of criteria when determining 2020 targets. Targets must be

SMART – specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. At a minimum they

should reflect the ambitious UK targets for 34% against 1990 levels by 2020. In setting

targets, HEIs should be aware that capital allocations will be related to carbon reduction,

providing an added incentive to aspire to ambitious targets. The University of Hull have set

the following targets which translate to 6662 tonnes of carbon to be saved between 2009/10

and 2019/2010.

2015/16 Targets

4.5 In 2015/16 the University has a target to achieve a 16% reduction in emissions from 1990

levels. Or the equivalent of 3226 tonnes from 2009/10 levels.

9 This growth percentage was taken from consultations with the University’s Facilities Management team to

provide an assumption on growth over the next 10 years (predominantly based on the University Business Plan). 10 Note that the CMP will be updated annually and depending on performance between 2009/10 and 2010/11 this

figure may fluctuate.


8

2019/20 Targets



Business as Usual

4.7 The following table and graph indicate a business as usual scenario against the scenario

generated with the Carbon Management Plan targets.

Table 4-1: Projected BAU against targeted carbon dioxide emissions (tonnes)

Year Business as Usual Targets under Carbon Management Plan

2005/06 19258 19258

2006/07 19259 19259

2007/08 19260 19260

2008/09 19261 19261

2009/10 19261 19261

2010/11 19358 18616

2011/12 19454 17971

2012/13 19552 17326

2013/14 19650 16681

2014/15 19748 16036

2015/16 19846 15348

2016/17 19946 14661

2017/18 20045 13974

2018/19 20146 13287

2019/20 20246 12599

Source: SQW

4.8 When shown graphically (Figure 4-1) it can be seen how challenging these targets are and

how important to initiate an ambitious but achievable carbon management plan.


9

Figure 4-1: Projected BAU against targeted carbon dioxide emissions (tonnes)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

2008

/09

2009

/10

2010

/11

2011

/12

2012

/13

2013

/14

2014

/15

2015

/16

2016

/17

2017

/18

2018

/19

2019

/20

Year

Carb

on

Dio

xid

e E

mis

sio

ns (

ton

nes)

Business As Usual

Carbon Management Targets

Source: SQW

Water

4.9 The University is also actively trying to reduce water consumption in line with carbon targets

and to improve overall sustainability on campus. The following tables show current levels of

water consumption and the proposed target reductions in the run up to 2020.

Table 4-2: Water consumption targets

Year Water (cubic metres) %

2009/10 249,395 100

2010/11 244,407 98

2011/12 239,419 96

2012/13 234,431 94

2013/14 229,443 92

2014/15 224,456 90

2015/16 219,468 88

2016/17 219,468 86

2017/18 209,492 84


10

Year Water (cubic metres) %

2018/19 204,504 82

2019/20 199,516 80

Source: University of Hull

Figure 4-2: Water consumption targets (cubic metres)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20

Source: University of Hull

4.10 This CMP does not take into account the carbon impact of water consumption as this falls

outside the current scope. However, reducing water consumption falls in line with the more

general efficiency aims of the plan, and with wider sustainability targets adopted by the

University.


11

5: Intervention opportunities

Introduction – site visit

5.1 A site visit was conducted 30th June/1st July 2010. During the visit to the Hull campus a

number of the University’s buildings were briefly visited to determine what types of energy

and CO2 emission saving interventions could be applied. The buildings visited were:

• Two of the residential houses

• Taylor Court

• The Student Union

• The Sports Centre

• Bio Mechanics Lab

• Larkin Building

• Business School

• Bain Building

• Library

• Chemistry Building

• The Lawns

• Ferens Hall

• Thwaite Hall

Achieving carbon reduction

5.2 Achieving the carbon reduction target requires a set of actions to be taken in the form of

carbon saving projects and initiatives. These can typically be grouped into three categories:

• Abatement project – these deliver carbon reductions directly by way of reducing

energy and fuel use or impacting the carbon embodied in goods and services.

Abatement projects are the backbone of delivering specific carbon reduction targets,

as they can be measured and monitored.

• Development projects – these do not deliver carbon savings directly, but constitute

the early stages of implementation of abatement projects. Examples include

feasibility studies on deploying a low-carbon technology, and securing funding and

any permission required to install the technology.


12

• Enabling projects – these also do not deliver carbon savings themselves, but ensure

that the right conditions are in place for carbon reductions to happen through follow

up actions. Examples include energy demand monitoring, staff awareness and

introducing various incentives for staff to change behaviour.

5.3 The implementation plan comprises a mixture of all three categories of interventions. Their

cumulative effect is estimated to achieve and in fact exceed the set target. Having such a

mixture not only ensures that the appropriate steps will be taken to deliver the short-term

target, but also paves the way for continuing effort to reduce carbon in the medium to long-

term. It is important to generate a pipeline of initiatives beyond 2014/15, as well as to

influence staff behaviour in a sustained way marked by continuity of the carbon objectives.

Carbon reduction interventions

5.4 For the benefit of simplicity, interventions have been categorised as ‘technical’ (where a

technical solution applies, e.g. installing new equipment or changing specification, etc.) and

‘behavioural’ (where the carbon benefit arises from staff changing some of their work-related

habits and patterns in relation to e.g. travel and energy use in the office). As this an

organisation-wide strategy, there are interventions identified for most divisions and teams

across University of Hull. Given the composition of the carbon footprint, however, with

buildings and transport comprising the majority of emissions, interventions have mainly been

defined for these two areas.

5.5 Further investigatory work will need to be conducted by the appropriate lead division to

determine undefined carbon savings, capital costs, simple paybacks and lifetime payback of

the interventions. An example of this is provided in Annex B. Chapter 7 outlines the proposed

steps once interventions have been established and calculated.

Table 5-1: Carbon reduction interventions in Buildings and Transport

No Area Type Intervention Carbon savings t CO2/yr

Lead division

1 Buildings Technical Controls – Air Conditioning set to 23C with time control and lock

TBD Facilities

2 Buildings Technical Air conditioning audit (see Annex C)

TBD Facilities

3 Buildings Technical Controls – Ryton/Wiske Htg

TBD Facilities

4 Buildings Technical Controls - Sports Pavillion Htg

TBD Facilities

5 Buildings Technical Controls – Sports Centre Squash Court Ventilation

TBD Facilities

6 Buildings Technical Controls – Print Facility iSENSE programmed to space htg policy

TBD Facilities

7 Buildings Technical Insulation – Hardy Plant Rm (Basement) Pipework to Chemistry

TBD Facilities


13


Lead division

8 Buildings Technical Insulation – Loft – Taylor Court

26.0 Facilities

9 Buildings Technical Insulation – Scarborough Plan Room

TBD Facilities

10 Buildings Technical Insulation – Sports Centre Plant Room

TBD Facilities

11 Buildings Technical Insulation Cavity Wall – The Lawns

TBD Facilities

12 Buildings Technical Insulation Cavity Wall – Worsley Hall

TBD Facilities

13 Buildings Technical Insulation Cavity Wall – Acoustic Research Centre

TBD Facilities

14 Buildings Technical Insulation Loft – Ferens Hall

TBD Facilities

15 Buildings Technical Insulation Loft – Needler Hall

TBD Facilities

16 Buildings Technical Insulation Loft – Salmon Grove Houses

TBD Facilities

17 Buildings Technical Insulation Pipework – The Lawns Boiler Headers and Flanges

TBD Facilities

18 Buildings Technical Insulation Pipework – Hardy

TBD Facilities

19 Buildings Technical Lighting – HUBS Replacement of x150 50W 12V Diochroics

11.2 Facilities

20 Buildings Technical

Lighting – Larkin Corridor GF Lighting (Daylight Linking) + T5 Replacement

TBD Facilities

21 Buildings Technical Lighting – Larkin GF Lecture Theatres PIRs

TBD Facilities

22 Buildings Technical Lighting – PIRs – Taylor Court Corridors

TBD Facilities

23 Buildings Technical Lighting – PIRs – Taylor Court Kitchens

0.2 Facilities

24 Buildings Technical Lighting – Sports Centre (Occupancy, Motion, Light Detection)

TBD Facilities

25 Buildings Technical Lighting Calix T12, T8 to T5 Replacement Schemes

TBD Facilities

26 Buildings Technical Lighting – Hardy Corridor TBD Facilities

27 Buildings Technical Lighting – Myton Suite Lighting Upgrade

3.3 Facilities


14


Lead division

28 Buildings Technical Lighting – PIRs – Acoustic Research Centre

TBD Facilities

29 Buildings Technical Lighting – PIRs – Foss IT Suite Lighting

TBD Facilities

30 Buildings Technical Lighting - PIR for Heating posn above entrance 2hr delay – Graduate School

TBD Facilities

31 Buildings Technical Lighting – PIR – Graduate School

TBD Facilities

32 Buildings Technical Metering Gas Sub-Metering – West Campus

TBD Facilities

33 Buildings Technical Replace boilers – Salmon Grove Offices

TBD Facilities

34 Buildings Technical Replace boiler – Dennison Centre

TBD Facilities

35 Buildings Technical Replace boiler – Kyle 2.0 Facilities

36 Buildings Technical Replace boiler – Blaydes House

TBD Facilities

37 Buildings Technical Replace boiler – Swale House

TBD Facilities

38 Buildings Technical Replace CF boilers from Student Houses (12-off)

TBD Facilities


Close door gaps with building seals (student housing, Taylor Court, Student Union, Chemistry Building, The Lawns, Thwaite Hall)

9.0 Facilities


Increase door insulation (student housing) by replacing original doors with new insulated versions

0.9 Facilities

41 Buildings Technical Install floor insulation (student housing) to prevent heat loss.

7.1 Facilities

42 Buildings Technical Electric storage heaters (Taylor Court)

149.0 Facilities

43 Staff/students Behavioural

Remove free laundry facilities (Taylor Court). Provide guidance on efficient washing plan.

0.8 Facilities


15


Lead division

44 Staff/students Behavioural

Make power bills additional to rent (Taylor Court, The Lawns, Ferens Hall, Thwaite Hall). Provide guidance on energy saving and efficiency.

725.511

Facilities


Install PIR/daylight lighting in circulation areas (all buildings expect housing and where PIR exists)

13.9 Facilities


Install double glazed windows (Student Union, Chemistry Building, The Lawns, Ferens Hall)

75.6 Facilities


Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs (Student Union, Business School)

0.8 Facilities


Replace T8 or T12 fluorescent tubes with more efficient T5 versions, 10-40% more efficient (Student Union, Sports Centre, Library, Chemistry Building)

8.1 Facilities

49 Buildings Technical/ Behavioural

Reduce the number of vending machines and stock with recyclable drinks containers (aluminium if possible). Raise awareness of energy consumption, product quality and recyclability (including revenue) of stocked items). (Students Union, Sports Centre, Larkin Building, The Lawns)

6.9 Facilities


Install destratification fans to reduce heat loss due to high ceilings. Sports Centre, Biomechanics Lab

10.2 Facilities


Provide single control of extraction fans and lighting in sanitary areas to avoid long running of fan and unnecessary heat loss. (Sports Centre and The Lawns)

1.3 Facilities


Install zoned heating controls in the Bain Building to avoid heating areas that are unoccupied.

70.6 Facilities

11 This potentially an overestimate of the CO2 savings


16


Lead division


Install Thermostatic Radiator Valves on radiators in Ferens Hall and Thwaite Hall.

38.1 Facilities

54 Buildings Technical Insulate pipework in warm room plant (The Lawns and Thwaite Hall)

15.8 Facilities

55 Buildings Techncial/ Behavioural

Restrict tap flow rates especially on hot water (The Lawns and Thwaite Hall).

1.2 Facilities


Replace oversized radiators with modern versions that are quicker to react and appropriate to the room size. (Ferens Hall)

5.3 Facilities


Rewire lighting to enable appropriate zone control for lighting where circulation areas and rooms are on one switch (The Lawns)

4.4 Facilities

58 Buildings Technical Aerated shower heads in Taylor Court

88 Facilities

59 Transport-Business

Technical Leased/Hired cars: Reduce use by 30%

TBD Procurement

60 Staff/students Behavioural Staff induction and training - Energy

Human resources

61 Staff/students Behavioural Internal energy-efficiency at work campaigns

Communications

64 Staff/students Behavioural Space heating policy

1926.1 (@ 10% of total emissions for

behavioural change measures)

Facilities

Total tonnes (excluding ‘TBD’ calculations)

2475.8

Source: SQW

5.6 Those interventions where CO2 data was available deliver emissions reduction of 2475.8

tCO2/year. This is enough to achieve the target, but only if growth and emissions does not

exceed the projections and if the anticipated CO2 savings are accurate. If an increase in

emissions occurs due to business-as-usual energy and transport demand growth, a shortfall

may occur.

5.7 There are many more interventions that can be considered for their carbon saving potential

and cost. This analysis would feed into the implementation plan and assist prioritising the

carbon reduction measures and funding requirements.


17

Renewables

5.8 The potential for renewable energy generation was also considered at the time of the site visit

and this is discussed below.

Biomass

5.9 Biomass fuels are derived from recently living plant matter and include materials such as

wood, waste materials and alcohol fuels. Unlike fossil fuels the raw materials can be grown

specifically as fuel and will absorb CO2 from the atmosphere while they are growing. Some

biomass fuels such as wood pellet require higher capital cost plant with a feeding system

which will also require more space than a conventional boiler.

5.10 Taylor Court is currently heated using off peak electric storage heaters, which as well as

being poor with regard to CO2 emissions are expensive to run and do not allow effective

control of space heating. Switching to a natural gas heating system is currently being

considered which will be more controllable, cheaper to run and have lower CO2 emissions.

Installing a biomass boiler heating system will provide significantly lower CO2 emissions

than gas. A biomass system will require a higher capital investment but with gas costs

expected to rise significantly in the future, long term running costs will be lower. Both gas

and biomass heating systems will require extensive plumbing throughout the halls to install

radiators. Biomass heating may also be suitable elsewhere especially if a large plant room

already exists.

Ground and Air Source Heat Pumps

5.11 Heat pumps extract heat from the air or ground close to a building and use it for space

heating.

5.12 Air source heat pumps have high noise levels and their performance will decline at sub zero

temperatures but, with the large amount of land area in the campus, ground source heat pumps

(GSHP) would be more suitable for the University’s buildings.

5.13 GSHP’s are most efficient when supplying water at a relatively low temperature of around

30°c. This makes them suited to underfloor heating systems which do not require the higher

temperatures of radiator systems. Retrofitting underfloor heating will be cheaper in areas with

large uninterrupted floor areas such as sport halls where pipe installation will be easier than

smaller individual rooms. GSHP could also be considered for new buildings where the

underfloor heating systems could be installed during construction.

Photovoltaics

5.14 Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight to electricity. They are popular close to the equator

where the high sunlight strength, which causes very high ambient temperatures, can be used

to help power air conditioning.

5.15 The amount of energy they could typically produce in Hull would require around 4m2 of

panels to power a fridge. Due to the variations in sunlight strength this source of energy

cannot generally be relied upon. However, similar to the situation in hotter countries, PV


18

panels could be used to help power air conditioning and the most effective use would be to

help cool the server rooms which will require more cooling when external conditions are hot

and bright and ambient air cannot be used for “free” cooling.

Solar Thermal

5.16 Solar thermal water heating supplements the heating of domestic hot water and is around five

times more efficient at converting solar energy than photovoltaics.

5.17 The university’s residential halls and sports centres will have significant hot water demands

and so would be suited to installing solar thermal panels on their south facing roof areas. The

lower occupancy / use of these buildings during summer months would have to be factored

into calculations.

Biofuel

5.18 Cooking oil could be considered if a reliable local supplier can be sourced. At the time of

writing no supplier with availability could be located.

Wind Power

5.19 Wind turbines are most efficient when sited in exposed locations but even then cannot be

relied upon to consistently generate electricity.

5.20 The campus location will not have the high wind speeds required by wind turbines and noise

may affect neighbouring domestic properties, therefore large scale wind turbines would not be

suitable. Smaller, quieter turbines could be used to generate some electricity for the campus

and they could be used as a visual demonstration of the University’s green focus (see Annex

C for proposed turbine application).

Hydro Energy

5.21 Not practical as there is no stream in close proximity to the campus.

Feed in Tariffs

5.22 The following table outlines the feed in tariffs available to various renewable technologies

when selling electricity back to the grid.

Table 5-2: Feed in tariffs current rates

Technology Scale Tariff Year 1 2010/11 (p/kWh)

Tariff Year 2 2011/12 (p/kWh)


Tariff lifetime (years)

Hydro ≤ 15 kW 19.9 19.9 19.9 20

Hydro >15-100 kW 17.8 17.8 17.8 20

Hydro >100 kW – 2 MW

11.0 11.0 11.0 20

Hydro >2 MW – 5 MW 4.5 4.5 4.5 20


19

Technology Scale Tariff Year 1 2010/11 (p/kWh)



Tariff lifetime (years)

PV ≤4 kW (new build)

36.1 36.1 33,0 25

PV ≤4 kW (retrofit) 41.3 41.3 37.8 25

PV >4-10 kW 36.1 36.1 33.0 25

PV >10-100 kW 31.4 31.4 28.7 25

PV >100kW-5MW 29.3 29.3 26.8 25

PV Stand alone system

29.3 29.3 26.8 25

Wind ≤1.5kW 34.5 34.5 32.6 20

Wind >1.5-15kW 26.7 26.7 25.5 20

Wind >15-100kW 24.1 24.1 23.0 20

Wind >100-500kW 18.8 18.8 18.8 20

Wind >500kW-1.5MW 9.4 9.4 9.4 20

Wind >1.5MW-5MW 4.5 4.5 4.5 20

Source: DECC (2010)


20

6: Funding opportunities

Implementation Plan Financing

6.1 The estimated costs and benefits (financial savings and CO2 emissions reductions) are yet to

be determined following further research into the carbon reduction interventions.

Funding requirements (methodology)

1. Average emission factor (DEFRA) = (0.628+0.185)/2 = 0.4065 kgCO2/kWh (50/50

split electricity and gas)

2. Average tariff (elec/gas) = (8.28+3.8)/2 = 6.04 p/kWh (50/50 split electricity and gas)

3. Combined energy reduction needed to 2015/6 = 3,226,000 kgCO2/ 0.4065 =

7,936,039 kWh/yr

4. Combined energy reduction needed to 2019/20 = 6,662,000 kgCO2/ 0.4065 =

16,388,683 kWh/yr

5. Capital Cost = Simple Payback * Annual Energy Savings * Average Tariff

6. Capital Cost to 2015/6 = 5yr * 7,936,039 kWh/yr * 6.04 p/kWh = £2.4M

7. Capital Cost to 2019/20 = 5yr * 16,388,683 kWh/yr * 6.04 p/kWh = £4.9M

6.2 Further research into the selected measures will allow estimation of annual monetary and

carbon savings for each year of implementation of the carbon management strategy and

implementation plan. Additional projects may arise and contribute to carbon savings as the

carbon management programme evolves and becomes ingrained in University of Hull

practice. The CMP will be updated on an annual basis and can integrate new ideas through

this process.

6.3 The extent to which actions can be implemented will depend upon securing funding for

measures and sufficient staff resources to deliver them. The Salix funding mechanism

currently in place needs to have continued high-level support from senior management and be

ring-fenced and secured year on year to achieve many of the carbon savings measures

proposed. Continued commitment to an energy and resource management function and

corresponding budget is also essential.

Benefits/Savings – Quantified and Unquantified

Quantified Benefits/Savings

6.4 It should be recognised that whilst a degree of flexibility is necessary in the scheduling of

carbon reduction projects those selected are likely to be cost effective to implement, efficient

and with wider positive benefits to the campus environment.


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Unquantified Benefits/Savings

6.5 Whilst financial savings and carbon reductions are the key benefits to be achieved through the

implementation and marketing of this plan there are a number of benefits which are not as

easy to quantify and may not directly benefit the University. The anticipated unquantified

benefits from participation in the programme include:

• To improve the University’s reputation and competitiveness in the HE sector

• To improve individual staff/student perception of how the University manages its

carbon emissions

• To enable the University to fully understand its current impact on the environment

through the emission of carbon, by quantifying them and setting targets for their

reduction

• To develop a measured programme of initiatives to ensure progress is made to

achieve these targets

• To ensure that the University takes a strategic approach to reducing carbon emissions

and environmental impacts in future activities

• Increase awareness of carbon emissions and their impact on climate change amongst

staff and students in order to move to a more sustainable University culture

• Wider social benefits to the local community through the demand the University has

on the local economy for goods and services which creates local employment

• Develop an internal knowledge exchange which can be used to enhance the

environmental performance of local business

Sources of Funding

6.6 Existing and potential sources of funding are summarised here. The funding landscape is

continually changing with opportunities closing and new ones emerging. It would be

beneficial to assign responsibility for maintaining an awareness of the funding opportunities

on an ongoing basis.

Existing funds

6.7 Figure 6-2 illustrates some of the UK funding sources for energy efficiency and renewable

projects across the private, public and community sectors. Of these the main opportunity is

Salix Funding. CERT funds may be a possibility for student housing.


22

Figure 6-1: UK funding sources for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects

Funding Scheme Private

Businesses Public Sector Organisations

Charities and Community Groups

Carbon Trust Interest Free Loans

Yes No No

Enhanced Capital Allowances

Yes No No

Energy 500 Grant (South East Only)

Yes No No

Salix Funding No Yes No

CERT funding 2008-11 No Yes No

E-on Sustainable Energy Fund

No No Yes

Community Sustainable Energy Fund

No No Yes

Source: Carbon Footprint Ltd/SQW

Salix Funding

6.8 Salix Funding are an independent company managing Carbon Trust funding for the public

sector. Supporting local authorities, NHS Foundations, Higher and Further Education

Institutions and Central Government, Salix manage interest free loan funding to encourage the

implementation of carbon reduction projects.

6.9 The objective of the Salix Energy Recycling Fund is to increase capital investment in energy

efficient and low carbon technologies across the public sector. Salix provides ring-fenced

funding in the form of a Conditional Grant which is matched by participating public sector

bodies to create an energy efficiency fund, “the Local Fund”, to pay for energy efficiency

projects across the public body’s estates. The financial savings made from projects are then

paid back into the Local Fund to finance further energy-saving projects. Once a fund is

established it becomes self-sustaining and can be in operation for 15-20 years as savings

generated by completed projects are recycled back into it, to finance further projects. Only

when the institution has exhausted all possible projects does the grant have to be repaid to

Salix Finance. It is expected that the money in the Local Fund will be recycled at least 3

times.

6.10 The Local Fund can be used only to finance energy efficiency projects that deliver long-term

CO2 savings and financial savings. Projects must comply with either of the following criteria:

• A payback period of 5 years or less which costs no more than £100 per tonne lifetime

carbon saved; or


23

• A payback period of 7.5 years or less with a cost of no more than £50 per tonne

lifetime carbon saved.12

6.11 For each project that is approved for funding, the Fund Manager needs to ensure that:

• a designated staff member (the Loan Recipient Contact, who will be the budget

holder) is responsible for the project and understands their responsibilities;

• an Internal Loan Agreement has been completed and signed by the Loan Recipient

• Contact prior to the commencement of the project.

6.12 Up to 25% of the Salix funding can be used for behavioural change or recycling projects.

Figure 6-2: Structure of Salix Funding

Source: Carbon Footprint 2009

6.13 University of Hull currently have an award of £360000 for Salix compliant projects and

£720000 for the Fuel Switch project at Taylor Court. The work will commence summer 2011

and complete the following summer.

6.14 At the time of writing European funds and Prudential borrowing are only available to local

authorities and as such not accessible to universities. However, opportunities may arise for

partnership bids with the local authority and other local stakeholders.

12Salix Finance, Salix Energy Efficiency Recycling Fund; Fund Manual, February 2010


24

7: Implementation plan

7.1 With many of the proposed interventions lacking the necessary information to determine

feasibility, it is not possible at this stage to develop an in-depth implementation plan. Once

further investigatory work has been undertaken on the selected interventions (see table 7-1) it

will be possible to prioritise action based on capital costs, payback periods and anticipated

carbon savings.

7.2 The following are the required calculations to help prioritise interventions:

• Capital costs

• Operational costs (yr)

• Lifetime of the project (yr)

• Savings (£/yr)

• Payback (yr)

• CO2 savings (yr)

7.3 Interventions should then be selected based on their ability to provide a quick payback and

relatively high CO2 savings. The following marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) provides

an example of how interventions can be broken down and selected by these metrics.

Figure 7-1: Example MAC Curve

Source: Committee on Climate Change report, ‘Building a low-carbon economy – the UK’s contribution to tackling climate

change’. Available at www.theccc.org.uk under Reports.


25

7.4 The SQW report for HEFCE “Carbon Management Strategies and Plans: A guide to good

practice” notes the various metrics used in the MAC curves, and how they can be plotted to

indicate the cost effectiveness of interventions:

“Firstly, on the vertical axis, it shows the absolute cost-effectiveness of

each intervention as cost (£) of saving a unit of carbon (tCO2). This is

calculated on a life-cycle basis, i.e. capturing all costs (capital and

operational) and revenues (income and/or cost savings) and also factoring

in inflation and amortisation (discount rate, as %). These are then set

against the total carbon saved over an intervention’s entire life.

Interventions that appear below the line will generate net cost

savings/revenues over their life and those above the line will not pay off

for themselves. Interventions are plotted in order of their cost-

effectiveness, from low to high cost”

7.5 The University of Hull can create a bespoke MAC curve once potential interventions have

been fully calculated. This will provide a valuable tool in prioritising interventions in the run

up to the 2020 target year and beyond.

A good implementation plan

7.6 An implementation plan should outline in detail the phases to be taken in the run up to the

target years. In the University of Hull’s 2007 Carbon Management Plan, the implementation

was grouped by the following phases:

• Schedule A – ideas with a payback period of less than five years or ideas that have

been implemented since HECM started

• Schedule B – ideas with a payback period greater than five years

• Schedule C – ideas that show a willingness for The University to be environmentally

friendly

• Schedule D – ideas that have been rejected due to either long payback periods and/or

low carbon abatement values

7.7 This approach allows a clear understanding of the prioritised interventions, those that should

be given more in depth consideration, and those that are not suitable for the particular

institution. It is anticipated that selected interventions will be made up of a selection of

technical and behavioural interventions to ensure that carbon reduction is approached from all

angles.

7.8 Finally, a good implementation plan will have a clear breakdown of how the selected

interventions achieve the targets. If they do not achieve the targets there should be a clear

action plan to establish how more interventions can be identified to fill the deficit.


26

8: People & Planet – improving performance

8.1 As mentioned earlier in this document, the University of Hull has experienced a fall in points

for the People & Planet Green League. As the objectives of the League and the Carbon

Management Plan are closely linked it is useful to specify here where the League

performance can be improved.

Short term options

8.2 The following options are suggested to improve the People & Planet rating.

• Undertake Scope 3 of the Carbon Management plan to establish emissions from

transport, water, waste and procurement. This will also enable a timescale for targets.

• Explore options for an “Ethical Committee” between members of the procurement

team and the student body. Key aims of the committee will be:

• Explore ethical investment opportunities

• Promote ethical (e.g. Faitrade) procurement in University retail outlet

• Explore ethical and organic food in catering outlets across the campus

• Host a Green Week to engage staff and students. Ideas for events include:

• On campus farmer’s market

• Screening of environmental films (e.g. “An Inconvenient Truth”)

• Provide lectures in a variety of themes (e.g. for example the Energy Savings Trust

presenting on energy saving opportunities on campus)

• Host a transport fair to explore alternative options for commuting to University

(bike/walking routes mapped out)

Longer term options

• Employ a full or part time member of staff for assisting in the implementation of

carbon reduction interventions.

• Explore opportunities for sustainable projects that student’s can coordinate. Options

include:

• Create a “Transition University”: http://peopleandplanet.org/goinggreener

• Provide areas for students to grown their own food

• Create green roof gardens for staff and students to enjoy


27

• Discuss with relevant faculties, the potential for the introduction of degrees and

modules that focus on the environment, sustainability, climate change and carbon

management.


28

9: CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme

Requirements from the University

9.1 Under current UK legislation, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) across England, Scotland,

Wales and Northern Ireland are required to participate to some extent in the Carbon

Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRCEES). The following diagram

outlines the process all HEIs must go through to determine the level of participation they will

be required to take in the scheme.

Figure 9-1: CRCEES conditions for participation

Source: EAUC (2010)


29

Risks to University of Hull

9.2 As requested SQW have assessed the risk in relation to CRCEES for Hull.

Table 9-1: Identified risks as listed in CRCEES User Guide

Phase of CRCEES Identified Risk

Registering Period • Failure to register £5,000 (immediate) + £500 (per working day up to 80 days)

• £500 per undisclosed Half Hourly Meter under qualifying threshold (6,000MWh electricity supply combined HHMs in 2008)

• £500 per unregistered Half Hourly Meter

• Publication of non-compliance

Reporting Phases • Failure to report £5,000 per annual report + £500 (per working day up to 40 days, daily rate doubled after 40 days)

• Failure to keep a complete evidence pack -£40 per tCO2 in the most recent compliance year

• Transfer of allowances blocked

• Bottom league table ranking

• Incorrect reporting of emissions £40 per tCO2 (margin of error >5%)

• Inaccurate reporting information that does not affect total emissions £5,000

• Inaccurate reporting that affects league table position results in fine double that of financial gain achieved from given position in league


Record keeping • Failing to maintain records £40 per tCO2 of emissions in most recent year


Audit and regulation • Incorrect reporting of information £40 per tCO2 incorrectly reported (margin of error >5%)

• Incorrect information in reports, fixed fine of £5, 000 where the information does not affect the emissions totals

• Incorrect information affecting position on league table, an additional fine of double the amount of any financial gain achieved

• Inadequate records in evidence pack £40 per tCO2 of total emissions reported


Surrendering of Allowances • Failure to submit allowance £40/tCO2 per allowance

• Clearance of outstanding allowance balance will result in withholding of recycle payment

• Outstanding allowance after end of compliance year will be added to requirements for the following year

• Transfer of allowances blocked


Source: SQW


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Risk Mitigation

Table 9-2: Risk Mitigation

Year Action

2010 - 2011 • Ensure timely registration

• Disclose all half hourly meters

• Maintain appropriate records

Phase 1 Footprint

2011 - 2012 Report and provide evidence – submit Phase 1 & 2 Footprint

2012 - 2013 Report and provide evidence

2013 – 2014 Report and provide evidence

2014 - 2015 Report and provide evidence

Source: SQW

Timeline

Phase I

April 2010 – March 2011 – Phase I footprint

31st July 2011 – Deadline for submitting Phase I footprint

October 2011 – Recycling of CRCEES fund

Phase II

April 2011 – March 2012 – Phase II footprint

31st July 2012 – Deadline for submitting Phase II footprint

October 2012 – Recycling of CRCEES fund

Key Documents

Environment Agency “CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme: Guidance on the CRC Energy

Efficiency Scheme Footprint Reports”

Environment Agency (2010) “CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme: User Guide”

EAUC (2009) “Carbon Reduction Commitment: Does it apply to you? A Guidance Note on

Obligations for Universities and Colleges”


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10: Summary and Recommendations

Introduction

10.1 The University of Hull wish to put in place a revised CMP to provide a framework for

achieving the HEFCE target. Essentially this will be done by minimising energy use and

carbon emissions through the maximisation of building energy and process efficiency and

identifying the measures necessary to provide this energy in the most carbon-efficient

manner.

10.2 The revised CMP has provided:

• An extensive list of energy saving opportunities through site surveys and existing

ideas to achieve 34% reduction by 2020 from 1990 levels

• An assessment of the potential for on-site renewables

• Documented assessment of the “Risks” of the Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC)

and a strategy for dealing with this for the next 5 years

• An assessment of the status of People and Planet and some recommendations on

taking this forward.

Summary

10.3 The University of Hull revised CMP has brought this in line with HEFCE guidance and CRC

compliance. Targets have been set as follows:

2015/16 Targets



2019/20 Targets



10.6 There is a long list of energy saving initiatives to be considered and an implementation plan

to be developed. There are sufficient energy saving ideas to meet the targets but these require

to be assessed in more detail (costs and CO2 savings) in order to plan resourcing and

implementation.

10.7 In addition for initiatives involving renewables a feasibility study should be undertaken to

allow specific costs and benefits to be assessed.


32

Recommendations

10.8 It is recommended that the implementation plan is developed as soon as possible. It is

suggested that this includes:

• A combination of behavioural and technical interventions

• Identified roles and responsibilities for taking delivering the CMP

• A communication strategy and plan

• A monitoring and reporting strategy


A-1

Annex A: Conversion Factors

A.1 This Carbon Management Plan uses the latest DEFRA conversion factors (2010)13.

A.2 In previous Estate Management Statistics and for other calculating purposes there have been

alternative conversion factors used, including CRC figures and EMS (DEFRA 2009). The

conversion factors for both CRC and EMS are provided below.

Table A-1: CRC Conversion Factors

Source: DECC 2010

13 http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/100805-guidelines-ghg-conversion-factors.pdf


A-2

Figure A-1: EMS Conversion Factors

Source: DEFRA 2009


B-1

Annex B: Recording procedure for carbon reduction projects

Example

Carbon Reduction Project CRP005

Originator R. Skinner Emission Factor (kgCO2/kWh) 0.541

Date 01/07/10 Annual Energy Savings (kWh/yr) 65,700

Building Wilberforce Annual Carbon Savings (tCO2/yr) 35.54

Fuel Electricity Annual Cost Savings (£/yr) 4,949

Tariff (p/kWh) 6.981 Capital Costs (£,000) (E-Est) 17,231

CCL (p/kWh) 0.47 Simple Payback (yr) 3.5

Carbon Price (£/tCO2) - Salix Persistence Factor 15.84

VAT (%) 17.5 Salix Compliance (£/tCO2 LT) 30.60

Total (p/kWh) 7.533 Salix Compliant (Y/N) Yes

Description/Schematic/Metering;

WILBERFORCE REPLACEMENT BOILER SHUNT PUMPS Annual energy savings based on old pump duty of 15 kW against the duty of new pumps with a duty of 7.5 kW running for 365 days per year for 24 hours per day;

Capital costs inc VAT are;

Savings can be verified by sub metering.

Capital Cost (£,000) See tender Supplier 1



Supplier Selected Np HIRE Ltd

J-Req: Budget Code: Order No:

Implementation Robert Skinner Calculation:

Date Installed Approved:

Post Installation Notes (Savings Verified);


C-1

Annex C: Wind turbine application


D-1

Annex D: Air Conditioning Inspection process map

Figure D-1: Air Conditioning Inspection process map

What function is the cooling

providing?

Protecting Equipment e.g. x-ray

machine, aquariums etc.

Providing Comfort Cooling

to Occupants

Cooling of perishable

goods food, drinks etc.

Is the temperature setting too

low? Is the on-time periods

excessive?

Energy Manager liaises with

equipment owner to discuss

Modify existing controls or install

new controls to control time

and/or temperature

Reduce internal gains and ensure space

to be conditioned is not too large and

adequately sealed

Is there any way of reducing internal

heat gains to minimise cooling load

END

YES

NO

Changes possible?YES

Do the settings conform to the

space heating code of practice?

NO

YES YES

NO