university of greenwich stockwell street school of architecture & … · 2018-03-28 · 4.0...

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University of Greenwich Stockwell Street School of Architecture & Construction / Library

Technology Strategy Board

Climate Change Adaptation Design for Future Climate

Final Report

June 2011/EM/15/20160 Page 1 of 69 Uni of Greenwich Stockwell Street_Hoare Lea_D4FC_Main Report_D-15052012

35a Great Clarendon Street Oxford

OX2 6AT Tel: +44 (0) 1865 339908

Audit Sheet

Rev. Description Prepared and checked by Reviewed by Date

- Final Issue Eimear Moloney Nick Cullen / Keith Horsley 07/11/2011

A Revised Final Issue Nick Cullen Nick Cullen 17/02/2012

B Revised Final Issue Nick Cullen Nick Cullen 17/04/2012

This report is provided for the stated purposes and for the sole use of the named Client. It will be confidential to the Client and the client’s professional advisers. Hoare Lea accepts responsibility to the Client alone that the report has been prepared with the skill, care and diligence of a competent engineer, but accepts no responsibility whatsoever to any parties other than the Client. Any such parties rely upon the report at their own risk. Neither the whole nor any part of the report nor reference to it may be included in any published document, circular or statement nor published in any way without Hoare Lea’s written approval of the form and content in which it may appear.

University of Greenwich Stockwell Street – School of Architecture & Construction / Library

Technology Strategy Board Design for Future Climate Adaptation Strategy Report


CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

1.0 BUILDING PROFILE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10

1.1 Description of the building .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10

1.2 Structural ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14

1.3 Below Ground Drainage ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

2.0 CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

2.2 Deriving the Weather Data ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

2.3 Selection of the Medium Emissions Scenarios .................................................................................................................................................................. 18

2.4 Greenwich TRYs: Control, 2020, 2040 & 2080 Medium Emissions .................................................................................................................................. 18

2.5 Observations ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

2.6 Stage C Costing Plan ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

2.7 Other features significant to the adaptation strategy developed ........................................................................................................................................ 27

3.0 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGY ............................................................................................................................................................................. 28

3.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

3.2 Key Design Issues ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

3.3 Analysis .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32

3.4 Design Analysis .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36

3.5 Summary of Adaptation measures ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

3.6 The Adaptation Implementation Strategy ........................................................................................................................................................................... 53

3.7 Triggers for investment ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56




4.0 LEARNING FORM WORK ON THIS CONTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................................... 60

4.1 What is the best way to conduct adaptation work? ............................................................................................................................................................ 60

5.0 EXTENDING ADAPTATION TO OTHER BUILDINGS .................................................................................................................................................................... 64

5.1 Strategic Considerations .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64

5.2 Limitations of applying, and suitability of, strategy to other buildings ................................................................................................................................ 64

5.3 Specific Adaptations ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66

5.4 Further Needs to Provide Adaptation Services .................................................................................................................................................................. 68

6.0 INDEX OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

7.0 INDEX OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 69

8.0 INDEX OF CHARTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70




EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report describes the findings of the Climate Change Adaptation design team working on the Greenwich University new School of Architecture & Construction and Library. The adaptation team was identical to the main design team but the project was managed separately and in parallel with the main project. The building under review began collaborative design in 2009 and at the time of writing had reached RIBA stage F. The adaptation project commenced in October 2010,coinciding with the start of stage D of the main project. The building itself is located in the centre of Greenwich within the World Heritage site of approximately 0.65 hectares. The new building is located on Stockwell Street in Greenwich. The outline design provides a Gross Internal Area (GIA) of approximately 15,267m

2 with

a Gross External area of 16,237m2. The Building will be the home of

the School of Architecture and Construction and the Library. .A public exhibition space, cafe and retail units create a link between the University facilities and the Town. The building is designed to achieve a BREEAM Excellent environmental rating and a 40% improvement on Building Regulations Part L 2006 compliance standard. This study is based on an analysis using UKCIP09 weather for three periods, 2020, 2040, 2080. These time periods represent significant future building milestones; first (2020s) and second (2040s) refits, and 60 year design life (2080). The report outlines the:

1. Development of the design criteria and UKCIP09 weather derived design criteria and associated building analysis weather files and,

2. The design team climate change adaptation process and analysis of the building and their development of a strategic adaptation plan.

3. Draws general conclusions with regards to the adaptation of other buildings

The analysis of the UKCIP09 weather shows that for the particular 5km

2 grid within which the site is located shows the following:

1. The CIBSE Winter & Summer Design thermal criteria used for

the dimensioning of heating and cooling mechanical systems increases progressively over time:

a. +2.20C in 2020

b. +3.30C in 2040 and

c. +5.80C in 2080

2. The peak summer design temperature criteria increases at a greater rate than the decrease in the winter design criteria.

3. The design moisture content increases significantly by 2.5g/kg dry air by 2080.

4. The Solar duration increases as does the direct solar intensity. The diffuse solar intensity remains unchanged

5. Rainfall intensity was investigated but it was concluded that the UKCIP09 data was not suitable for using to derive peak storm water intensity design data.

6. The wind data is regarded by UKCIP as being unreliable and no future data was available.

The building analysis based on derived Design Summer Year (DSY) Test Reference Year (TRY) concluded the following:

1. Overheating within the naturally cooled space becomes increasingly frequent and in excess of design levels of acceptability from 2020. Passive measures in each case were fully implemented.

2. The chiller load increases at an average rate of 2.72% per year.

3. Behavioural change both in terms of vacating the building at times of peak thermal stress are regarded as low cost future options but this would impact upon employment contracts.




4. The boiler plant capacity will be larger than required by 2010 leading to a decrease in heating and hot water system efficiency.

5. The size of the cooling coils in the air handling units will need to be increased by 2080

6. The energy used in heating falls progressively in line with the milder winters

7. The energy used for cooling increases progressively The impact of the anticipated increase in rainfall intensity could not be numerically analysed but the design consequences were considered, in particular:

1. The risk of localised flooding 2. The impact of flooding on the electrical supply 3. The impact off increased storm intensity 4. A decrease in annual rainfall

The study has uncovered that the building as currently designed already has some design features that allow it to mitigate and adapt to future climate. For instance the structure is heavyweight dense concrete and in most spaces this concrete is exposed allowing the maximum benefits from heat absorption. Also the structure has been designed as a piled solution which means that it is resistive to changes in ground conditions. The study also highlights that increase in cooling demand could be limited by behavioural change by:

1. Recognising the adaptive comfort model and allowing temperatures to rise in line with ambient conditions. The modelling indicates that over time the difference between the ambient and internal condition of naturally cooled spaces narrows.

2. Changing the operational/usage patterns and introducing longer periods of inactivity coinciding with the hottest parts of the day. The 24 hour usage of the building compromises the

potential for maximising the benefit of the thermal inertia through night cooling.

3. The provision of outdoor spaces by providing access to shaded spaces on roof

Further adaptation such as the provision of glazing system that enables the future installation of automated openable windows could also reduce the need for cooling. In general, although the capacity of the chillers / cooling coils look to be under sized as early as 2020, the method by which these systems are selected means that the installed component is likely to be slightly oversized due to the use of standardized manufacturers components which when examined provide sufficient capacity until at least 2040. Other interesting findings include:

1. The demand for heating declines progressively whilst demand for cooling increases leading to a reduced annual gas demand but higher electricity demand. This assumes equipment selections and operational efficiencies remain unchanged and constant

2. The solar gains have no significant predicted increase limiting the amount that can be achieved through solar control glazing

3. The adaptive comfort method should be investigated in more detail as it could mean that uncomfortable conditions are reached although spaces officially comply

4. A significant amount of energy could be saved by introducing a ‘siesta’, a period when the building is not used coinciding with the hottest part of the day

5. Statutory bodies dealing with gas and electricity supplies do not have a pro-active approach in dealing with an increase risk of future flooding and seem to be adopting a reactive approach instead

The adaptation measures identified by the design team responded to changes in climatic conditions over time and as such would only need




to be introduced over that extended period except where measures would be difficult to retrospectively incorporate into the building. The analysis considered the climate at intervals that would generally correspond to a first and second refit (2020s and 2040s) and a final longer term perspective (2080s). In a generic sense the following principles evolved during the project:

1. Measures that required structural alteration were recommended to be undertaken immediately irrespective of their actual required implementation time.

2. Measures that required changes to system or component capacity were only to be implemented when required but consequential structural and space planning issues were implemented (as 1)

3. Each measure was considered in terms of its impact on the current design and modifications immediately introduced to facilitate a future retrofit.

4. Those measures that were identified but for which the UKCIP09 weather data provided no firm direction were assessed on their merits and measures introduced on a risk management basis. This particularly applied to the risk of flooding.

The work undertaken as part of this adaptation project was undertaken by the project team that worked on the principle design commission and included the client. In this respect the process closely resembles the situation that design teams would face if adaptation were considered part of the design process. The adaptation work was conducted in open forum in a series dedicated workshops and included all members of the design team. The workshops moved progressively form considering the broader issues of climate change impacts through a detail consideration of the building impacts and climate related risks and the clients’ priorities. The only aspect that would be considered exceptional was the presence of expert advice and input from Manchester University on the use and manipulation of the UKCIP09 weather generator data. The University provided the weather files for the overheating (DSY) and energy analysis (TRY)

and the statistically derived design conditions. Without that support it would not have been possible to undertake the analysis.

The project identified 25 adaptation measures and of these, seven were agreed by the client and incorporated into the project design at an initial extra over cost from the pre-adaptation design of £169,000 an uplift of 0.4%. The total cost of implementing all 25 adaptation measures at current prices was estimated to be £1.11 million. The thermal adaptation measures are applicable to all buildings, the typology not being the determining factor. Naturally cooled buildings can have their performance improved by incorporating night cooling but only if building mass is available, security concerns are addressed and the building does not operate throughout the night. The installation or extension of a mechanical cooling system is limited by the capability of the building to accommodate the addition plant and riser space and the on floor equipment. In particular the installation of roof plant may be limited. In a similar manner an increase in plant capacity would need to be consider in terms of structure and plant space. Inevitably the decision to increase project costs in order to address a long term issue such as climate change needs to be considered carefully by design teams and their clients. The costs identified in the project were less than 5% of the initial project value. Those that addressed issues relating to providing additional future capability were less that 0.5%.




Number Adaptation Measure Agreed for Implementation by Client

1.0 Alter the current glazing system to allow for openable windows to be easily installed in future No

2.0 Install additional chillers on the roof Partly – the roof designed has been upgraded to allow for the installation of future plant

3.0 Replace boilers with a number of smaller sized units No

4.0 Introduce adaptive comfort measures No

5.0 Introduce a ‘siesta’ No

6.0 Allow all building users to access the roof areas No

7.0 Introduce shading to external spaces No

8.0 Introduce external water features No

9.0 Allow for an increase in plant and riser space No

10.0 Add access control to the standby generator Yes

11.0 Include for an back-up form of heating (GSHP) No

12.0 Increase the cold water storage No

13.0 Increase hot water storage No

14.0 Increase size of Attenuation tank No

15.0 Increase capacity of rainwater pipes & drainage No

16.0 Increase roof capacity to store rainwater No

17.0 Permanent flood protection to basement areas Yes

18.0 Include adaptable door frames for door dams Yes

19.0 Connect drainage System to the BMS Yes

20.0 Increase the height of the retaining walls No

21.0 Provide adequate build-up above the attenuation tank to avoid flotation Yes

22.0 Introduce waterless urinals No

23.0 Add a rainwater recycling system No

24.0 Upgrade facade systems with recyclable materials No

25.0 An increase to the number of bike storage spaces Yes

Table 1- Adaptation Measures




INTRODUCTION

This report outlines the findings of the work undertaken as part of the Technology Strategy Board (TSB) Climate Change Adaptation project. The project documents the work undertaken by a design team to develop an adaptation strategy in response to the effects of future climate on the University of Greenwich Stockwell Street development. The development is intended to house the school of Architecture and Construction and the Humanities and CMS departments are provided, forming a creative hub for the University. The site in centre of Greenwich will provide an important link with the local community a link encouraged by the provision of a public exhibition space, cafe and retail units. Since the start of the adaptation project since the building has achieved full planning permission and work began on site in autumn 2011. The analysis into climate change adaptation was undertaken between RIBA Stages C & D. At the time of appointment by the TSB the design of the building was at RIBA Stage C. A full design team including the Architect, Structural Engineers, Mechanical, Electrical, Environmental Engineers, Quantity Surveyor and the Client took part in the study through a series of sequenced workshops. The team identified, analysed and discussed the impacts and the necessary design response before prioritizing the adaptation measures. The high priority measures, in particular those that had the greatest detrimental risk were incorporated into the main design contract. The project was managed by Hoare Lea & Partners independently of the on-going principle design process. The adaptation project used a

series of workshops to gain an understanding of the issues and to develop the design response to the detailed analysis. The adaptation work although independent of the principle contract involved the same personnel enabling informed decisions and practical solutions to be incorporated into the design. This report is supported by a number of appendices giving more detailed information beyond the scope of the main report: a. Appendix 1 -A description of the building, its design and its

environmental control systems b. Appendix 2 -A report of the derivation of the future weather data c. Appendix 3 -Costs, Updated drawings and sketches, building

control changes and valuation d. Appendix 4 -Team members biographies e. Appendix 5 -Thermal model assumptions f. Appendix 6 –TSB Checklist




Figure 1– Site Image




1.0 BUILDING PROFILE

1.1 Description of the building

A detailed description of the building, its design principles and environmental engineering is given in Appendix no.1

1.1.1 Site The new building is located on Stockwell Street in Greenwich within the World Heritage site. The outline design provides a Gross Internal Area (GIA) of approximately 15,267m

2 with a Gross External Area of

16,237m2. The Building will be the home of the School of Architecture

and Construction (SoAC) and the Library. Additional spaces for the Humanities and CMS departments are provided, forming a creative hub for the University. A public exhibition space, cafe and retail units create an interface between the University facilities and the Town. The building is aiming to achieve a BREEAM Excellent environmental rating. At the time of writing the team were confident of achieving the Excellent rating. The site is in the centre of Greenwich and is bounded by Nevada Street to the south, King William Walk to the east and the 6m deep railway cutting to the north. To allow approximately 16,000m

2 of accommodation on a 6,482m

2 site,

the building is compactly organised. The development plan and other policies for the University can be found on their website (http://www2.gre.ac.uk/about/policy).

Figure 2 – Aerial View

Figure 3 – Image of the building

http://www2.gre.ac.uk/about/policy




1.1.2 Building Systems The new Stockwell Street development has been designed as low energy, with targets set out for energy usage. This includes a circa 40% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions above and beyond the requirements stipulated in Part L (2006) of the Building Regulations and will be achieved through the application of good practice design and the use of roof mounted photovoltaic and solar thermal panels.

1.1.3 Mechanical and Public Health Design Criteria

1.1.3.1 External Design Conditions All air handling plant and heating/cooling terminal equipment is sized to meet the stated internal design conditions based on the external deign ambient temperatures shown in the table on the right. The method used to select external conditions for sizing the cooling and heating installations were agreed with the University of Greenwich and were derived from the CIBSE Guide A for the 99.96 percentile for summer and the 0.15 percentile for winter. A margin was then added to these figures to size the equipment working conditions. Internal room environmental requirements are shown in Appendix 1. An explanation into how this was adapted for future climate and how it relates to future weather is discussed in chapter 0.

1.1.3.2 Mechanical Services The heating loads for the new development will be met by centralised heating plant located within a dedicated plant-room in the basement of the SoAC. A centralised cooling plant will be provided at roof level of the SoAC generated by a roof mounted air-cooled chiller. A variable refrigerant volume fan coil system will be provided to rooms requiring additional local cooling. It is proposed the Library will have a mixed mode strategy, using mechanical ventilation during peak external conditions, and cooling only during the summer months to meet the

summertime overheating criteria. Services will be strategically metered so as to allocate energy use and provide feedback to assist in improved operation.

Summer Winter

For sizing cooling installations (Fabric & Infiltration)

29°C dry bulb 20°C wet bulb

For sizing AHU cooling coils 31°C dry bulb 22°C wet bulb

For sizing of air cooled chiller/condenser plant

35°C dry bulb

For sizing heating installations -5°C dry bulb

100% saturation

For sizing protective installations (e.g. trace heating, anti-freeze concentrations etc)

-15°C dry bulb 100% saturation

Air frost protection coils -10°C dry bulb 100% saturation

Table 2 – External Design Conditions

1.1.4 Utilities Connections The following images show the location of the new substation, gas connection and water supply.




Figure 4– Location of Substation




Figure 5 – Location of Gas Connection Figure 6 – Location of Water Supply




1.2 Structural

1.2.1 The Site The site was originally occupied by several buildings some of which were demolished as part of an Enabling Works contract. There are a substantial number of underground obstructions in the form of old foundations and basements across the site. It is probable that there are foundations remaining from pre-war buildings that have been demolished as well as from the existing buildings, and this means that obstructions are likely almost anywhere on the site.

1.2.2 Geology The ground conditions generally comprise (working from the surface down):

� Made Ground � Head deposits � River Terrace deposits � Lambeth Group � Thanet Sands � Chalk.

Beneath the Terrace Deposits water is present within the Thanet sands formation - classed as a minor aquifer (approximately 20m below ground level) and the underlying chalk - classed as a major aquifer (approximately 25m below ground level).

1.2.3 Existing Underground Drainage

The existing foul, surface water and combined drains leave the site via six sewers, three of which run to Stockwell Street, one to King William Walk and two to Nevada St. Drains run into the site from the rear of the buildings to Nevada Street prior to running to the sewer in Nevada Street.

1.2.4 Superstructure The proposed superstructure to the buildings comprise a reinforced concrete frame with floors formed as flat slabs which will generally provide a flat soffit with no downstand beams except for the high level transfer beams over the main lecture theatre and TV studios. The concrete frame is to be exposed throughout the building which will provide an important contribution to the general aesthetic and architectural quality of the internal spaces. The concrete will also provide thermal mass which will assist in controlling the heating and cooling of the building, thereby reducing the energy demand. Services will generally be distributed at high level and will be suspended from the soffit of the slabs. There will be a raised floor at most levels which will assist with the ventilation system for the building as well as allowing services distribution. The buildings are set out on a grid with columns generally at 7.2m in an east-west direction. In a north-south direction the columns centres vary to suit the architectural layout which comprises a series of fingers containing the main accommodation spaces varying from 7.2m to 12m in width. Between the fingers are services, access and external areas comprising risers, staircases, lift cores, courtyards and light wells which vary between 3.6m and 5.4m in width. The courtyards and light wells allow daylight to penetrate into the internal parts of the building and assist the natural ventilation. The west end of the fingers face onto Stockwell Street and form the main building façade. The east façade is stepped at higher levels to reduce the visual and environmental impact of the building to the rear of the existing properties on King William Walk.

1.2.5 Substructure There is a single storey basement over the whole footprint of the building except for the small area in the south west corner. The basement to the rear facing the King William Walk properties does not




follow the building profile and runs parallel to the boundary line. Parts of the area over the ground floor slab along this edge are external. The basement wall is located immediately adjacent to the boundary along Stockwell Street and to a section of the rear of the existing buildings to Nevada Street. Various forms of basement construction have been discussed with the contractor including open excavation with battered slopes, king post with infill panels, sheet piling or a reinforced concrete contiguous piled wall. Due to the proximity of existing buildings to the basement the use of an open excavation is not feasible. The use of sheet piling in this ground could require pre-auguring of each sheet to loosen the gravel material sufficiently to drive the sheets. Alternatively high pressure water jets attached to the base of sheet piles is another way of installing them in granular materials. However, this second method is not likely to be sensible adjacent to the Network Rail boundary. Similar issues are relevant to the installation of a king post system. There are also concerns over the potential for voids to form behind the infill panels in granular materials which can lead to localised ground settlement. It is therefore proposed to use a contiguous piled wall around the perimeter of the basement.

1.3 Below Ground Drainage

The site is 100% hard paved, and generally drains via several connections to the combined Thames Water sewers that run down Stockwell Street, Nevada Street and King William Walk. The existing drains to the rear of the properties on Nevada Street appear to drain into a manhole located on the site. It is proposed to redirect this drain so that it remains on the adjoining property. The design approach for the surface water drainage needs to meet the planning requirements in relation to sustainable construction and the mitigation of flood risk of the drainage system in the future. In particular, the guidance set out in the London Plan (the Mayors Spatial Development Strategy) is generally now applicable to all new developments.

The London Plan is the overall strategic plan for London, and sets out a fully integrated economic, environmental, transport and social framework for the development of the capital to 2031. It forms part of the development plan for Greater London. London boroughs’ local plans need to be in general conformity with the London Plan, and its policies guide decisions on planning applications by councils and the Mayor. The foul water drainage is directed towards the northwest corner of the site where it combines with the surface water and runs out to the existing sewer in a new low level drain which will be constructed using a tunnel heading. We are currently awaiting feedback from Thames Water on the proposals.

1.3.1 Flood Risk The potential risks associated with flooding are summarised below. The appraisal of flood risk has been determined in accordance with Planning Policy Statement 25 (PPS25) which refers to five sources of flooding – tidal, fluvial, groundwater, surface water and sewer surcharge. Tidal and fluvial flood risk has been assessed using flood levels and mapping provided by the Environmental Agency. This map indicates the extent of the natural flood plain of the river for a 1 in 1000 year flood event. However, this part of the Thames is now protected by the Thames barrier and raised river banks which provide flood protection for a 1 in 1000 year event. This area is therefore protected for at least this level of flood event. The EA have also undertaken flood modelling to estimate the projected levels in the river channel taking into account the effects of climate change up to 2107. The site is at a level of 7.1m AOD which is approximately 1m above the natural flood plain. The building is therefore in an area of low fluvial and tidal flood risk as defined by PPS25.The ground water level on the site is significantly below the basement level. As the basement level is at 3.3m AOD it is below the 1 in 1000 year flood




level. The surface water runoff from the site is being attenuated in accordance with the requirements of the London Plan. The potential for flooding from the sewers has also been reviewed. Thames Water

has confirmed that they have no records of the sewers in the vicinity backing up and flooding. The attenuation storage which will be provided will reduce the flood risk associated with the sewers.




2.0 CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS

2.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the work that was undertaken in conjunction with the University of Manchester in order to extract suitable weather files from the UKCP09 data that could be used in the future climate implications on the Stockwell Street building. The chapter describes how the files were extracted from the UKCP09, which emissions scenarios were used and why and the nature of the UKCP09 data. A more detailed discussion is given in appendix no.2. The chapter will then describe the initial findings of the extracted weather data and what can be deduced from these findings including analysis into peak temperatures, rainfall, solar gains, humidity, etc. Chart no. 1 on the right shows the results of a separate indoor temperature analysis undertaken using the UKCP09 data for a location in London (not related to this project). This highlights the significant impact climate change adaptation measures can have on maintaining a comfortable internal environment.

Chart 1– Sample likely range of peak occupied temperatures

For July DSY High Emissions – from CIBSE report “Using UKCP09 to measure adaptation measures”




2.2 Deriving the Weather Data

The University of Manchester’s School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering produced probabilistic weather data based on UKCP09. They produced two sets of figures for each year control, 2020, 2040 and 2080:

• A Test Reference Year (TRY)

• A Design Summer Year (TRY)

2.3 Selection of the Medium Emissions Scenarios

The CP09 weather data is generated by UKCP to represent a set of plausible weather conditions at a location, time period and emissions scenario chosen by the user. There is one historical time period (1970s) and seven future time periods (2020s to 2080s). There are three levels of pollution emission scenarios (High, Medium and Low) used by the climate models. Each scenario represents three equally likely (or unlikely) situations. For planning purposes, it seems reasonable to take the middle estimate of the emissions’ range, so as to avoid unjustifiable over-design or under-design, but also to be aware of how results would typically differ if the upper and lower emissions were used. For this study, therefore, the medium emissions scenarios have been used for all time periods.

2.4 Greenwich TRYs: Control, 2020, 2040 & 2080 Medium Emissions

Four TRYs were produced for the Greenwich site from data obtained from the UKCP09 for the 5km: grid reference square 5400180. The relevant time slices were

� Control 1961-1990 � 2020M scenario 2010-2039 � 2040M scenario 2030-2059 � 2080M scenario 2070-2099

The time intervals were selected to coincide with potential first and second refits and for a longer term view the 2080 time period was selected. The Control represents the current climatic condition..

2.5 Observations

2.5.1 Peak Temperatures The most significant observation relating to temperature is the rise in annual mean temperature. Chart No. 4 shows the monthly mean temperature for the TRY for each scenario. This is distributed fairly evenly through the year (although January, February, June and December deviate slightly from this). Significantly, the change in annual mean temperature from the control period to 2080 is predicted to be 3.8

0C, but if we look at July only this rises to 4.8

0C.

While the annual mean temperature is an interesting observation, from a building design point of view it is less significant than the higher rise in summer time temperatures. Currently many buildings have problems with summertime overheating, and the outcome of the weather analysis is showing that this is only going to become more of a problem as each year passes. Table 5 gives the predicted change in the average annual temperatures for the four TRYs, and also the seasonal values.




Chart 1 – Mean external dry bulb temperatures, medium emissions, TRY

Winter (DJF) - K

Spring (MAM) - K

Summer (JJA) - K

Autumn (SON) - K

Annual - K

Control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

From Control to 2020M

2.0 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.6


2.1 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.2


3.7 3.3 4.4 3.8 3.8

Table 3 – Seasonal change in external TRY temperatures

A reinforcement of this point can be seen on chart 5 which shows the distribution of hourly temperatures through the year (8760 hours) for the four periods analysed in one degree intervals. The future distributions shift right and are warmer compared to the control data, and the 2080s show a marked increase of 4-5°C at the more extreme end of the distribution. At the cooler end, this shift is about 3-4°C. Again we can say that winters will get warmer, but not to the same degree that the summers get hotter. If we then investigate the trend in the changes in temperature we can see from chart 6 that the overall trend is approximately linear at 0.35K per decade. What we can conclude from these figures and results is that the annual external temperatures are increasing year on year, but that summer temperatures will increase significantly more than winter temperatures. This will lead to the conclusion that we must focus on the summertime internal overheating conditions when analysing the building for adaptability to future climate.




Chart 2 – distribution of hourly temperatures at 10⁰C intervals –

TRY Medium Emissions

Chart 3 – Change in average external dry bulb temperatures, TRY, medium emissions

2.5.2 Rainfall The next step was to analyse the rainfall. In a similar method for producing the temperature graphs if we do the same for rainfall (chart 7) we can see there is no clear trend towards an increase or decrease in average rainfall in the future. In fact the monthly average rainfall per year for the Control year is 0.07mm/hr, and in 2080 this remains at 0.07mm/hr. Chart No.8 shows the difference in these annual averages for each weather scenario.

Chart 4 – Mean rainfall for TRY, medium emissions However, while this seems to indicate that the amount of rain that will fall on Greenwich will not significantly change, it is worth noting that the most significant values for rainfall are not available from the UKCP09 data. Rainwater and storm water systems are sized under ‘storm’ conditions. Storm conditions are commonly stated in terms of




mm/min and not mm/hr as provided by UKCP09. We have investigated whether it could be obtained by a simple conversion, but it would not be a true indication of any storm conditions and it would only indicate the average rainfall per minute. Unfortunately the conclusion that can be drawn from this is that it is not possible to use the UKCP09 to predict future rainfall intensity under storm conditions and hence it is not possible to test the performance of the current storm and rainwater system However, the client and team were keen to investigate the implications of a failure of the storm water system and so these were investigated regardless.

Chart 5 – Annual average rainfall, TRY, medium emissions

2.5.3 Relative Humidity The average monthly relative humidity values from the UKCP09 data for medium emissions are shown in table 6 below. The data indicates that there is a steady decrease in relative humidity values in the summer months. There is no obvious change in relative humidity

during the winter months; the indication is that the winter RH conditions will remain similar to current levels.

Control 2020 2040 2080

DJF 82% 80% 79% 81%

MAM 69% 69% 67% 67%

JJA 65% 64% 62% 60%

SON 77% 76% 75% 75%

Table 4 – Relative humidity seasonal average Plotting the control and 2080 summer design condition on a psychrometric chart (figure 20) shows the impact in terms of moisture content, an increase of approximately 2.5 g of moisture / kg of dry air.

Chart 6 – Mean relative humidity for TRY, medium emissions




Figure 7 – Psychrometric chart plotting average TRY summer external DB temperatures and Relative Humidity




2.5.4 Sunshine Levels Sunshine levels are measures in hours per hour and gives a measure of the proportion of the day lit hours in which there is direct sunshine to the ground. The mean values were taken for each month for the TRY and these were plotted (chart No. 10). This indicates an increase in the levels of sunshine during the summer months in future weather scenarios. The winter conditions show a similar increase but of a lesser magnitude. This reinforces the importance of checking overheating conditions for future climate. The external ambient temperature increase coupled with an increase in the amount of direct sun hitting the building will only exacerbate the risk of overheating.

Chart 7 – Mean sunshine levels for TRY, medium emissions

2.5.5 Solar Radiation In addition to the duration of sunshine two further aspects of solar radiation were investigated – both diffuse and direct. Looking at the

mean monthly figures for the diffuse radiation intensity shows a slight increase in early summer (chart No. 11) however the direct radiation figures (chart No.12) indicates a more pronounced increase in direct solar radiation intensity in the summer months in the future. The solar irradiance data used on this project comes from the output from the original UKCIP weather generator (pre February 2011). This was the data being provided by UKCIP at the time the models were run on the UKCIP web site. Research undertaken by Napier university in Edinburgh has shown that the solar data from UKCP (at several sites in the UK) showed a marked increase in the occurrence of clearer skies in future years, in fact dramatically clearer. UKCIP were alerted to this and following further work a revised algorithm for generating the solar data was incorporated into a new weather generator issued in February. This produces data that does not indicate a significant future clearing of the atmosphere. Existing projections, particularly for later scenarios in the 2080s, are therefore likely to overestimate the solar gain and could lead to an unnecessarily high allowance being made for overheating control, or over optimistic renewable device output, e.g. PV or solar water heating.




Chart 8 – Diffuse Solar Radiation, TRY, medium emissions

Chart 9 – Direct Solar Radiation, TRY, medium emissions

2.5.6 Peak design weather data As described in previously the current cooling load design is based on using the 99.94 percentile of external dry bulb temperature and 99.62 percentile of external wet bulb temperature and the heating loads are based on the 0.15 percentile dry bulb at 100% saturation for winter. These percentiles were applied for each different weather scenario in order to generate similar design criteria for 2020, 2040 and 2080. This data is shown in graphical format in charts 13 & 14. The charts show a steady increase in peak temperatures across all percentiles but a steeper rise occurs at the higher temperatures. We can see from the chart that the rise in lower dry bulb temperatures between the control year and 2080 is 2.54K while the rise in higher temperatures is more than double this at 6.4K. The data indicates that the current design temperatures will not be sufficient to account for future changes in climate. The impact of these changes on building performance and resilience is investigated further. The new thermal design criteria for the future weather years can therefore be summarised as follows:

Control 2020M 2040M 2080M

For sizing cooling installations

29°C DB 20°C WB

31.5°C DB 21.3°C WB

32.9°C DB 21.9°C WB

36.3°C DB 23.4°C WB

For sizing heating installations

-5°C DB 100%

saturation

-3.85°C DB 100%

saturation

-3.16°C DB 100%

saturation

-2.46°C DB 100%

saturation

Table 5 – Design criteria for future weather years The next step was to incorporate this into climate change adaptation design



Sept 2011/EM/15/20160 Uni of Greenwich Stockwell Street_Hoare Lea_D4FC_Main Report_D-15052012 Page 25 of 69

Chart 10 – Change in Annual Wet Bulb Temperature

Chart 11 – Change in Annual Dry Bulb Temperature




2.6 Stage C Costing Plan

Element Total (£) % Risk(£) Total (£) Cost per area

(£/m2)

%

Substructures including ground floor slab & "remediation" 4,871,000 5.0 243,550 5,114,550 335 12.0%

Frame & Upper Floors (inc roof slabs) 3,063,000 2.5 76,575 3,139,575 206 7.4%

Roofs 1,564,000 2.5 39,100 1,603,100 105 3.8%

Staircases & balustrading 947,000 5.0 47,445 994,445 65 2.3%

External facades including atria & rooflights 7,203,000 5.0 360,150 7,563,150 495 17.8%

External Doors 122,000 2.5 3,050 125,050 8 0.3%

Internal Walls (non r.c) 944,000 2.5 23,600 967,600 63 2.3%

Internal Doors 680,000 2.5 17,000 697,000 46 1.6%

Wall Finishes 673,000 2.5 16,825 689,825 45 1.6%

Floor Finishes 1,371,000 2.5 34,275 1,405,275 92 3.3%

Ceiling Finishes 667,000 2.5 16,675 683,675 45 1.6%

Fixtures and Fittings 979,000 5.0 48,950 1,027,950 67 2.4%

Sanitary Fittings 182,000 2.5 4,550 186,550 12 0.4%

Mechanical Installation 5,766,000 5.0 288,300 6,054,300 397 14.2%

Electrical Installation 5,881,000 5.0 294,050 6,175,050 404 14.5%

Lift Installation 453,000 1.5 6,795 459,795 30 1.1%

External Works 913,000 5.0 45,650 958,650 63 2.3%

Incoming Services & builders work (excl "Stats") 63,000 2.5 1,575 64,575 4 0.2%

Drainage (below ground level) 253,000 5.0 12,650 265,650 17 0.6%

SUB TOTAL £ 36,595,000 1,580,765 38,175,765 2,501 89.7%

Preliminaries 3,500,000 1.5 52,500 3,552,500 233 8.3%

SUB TOTAL £ 40,095,000 1,633,265 41,728,265 2,733 98.0%

Main Contractors Profit & Overheads @ 2.00 % 802,000 32,665 834,565 55 2.0%

ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COST £ 40,900,000 1,670,000 42,560,000 2,788 100.0%

Construction Contingency 1,670,000

Estimated Construction Cost incl. Contingency £ 42,570,000 £ 42,560,000 2,788 100.0%

Table 6– Stage C Costing Plan Prior to CCA study




2.7 Other features significant to the adaptation strategy developed

The University of Greenwich is a successful University with an extensive portfolio of buildings. They own and manage their buildings and have an interest in ensuring that their long tern useability and therefore adaptability is maximised. This longer term perspective influenced the identification of risks and the adaptations considered.




3.0 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGY

3.1 Methodology

The team adopted a three stage approach. The first step was to create a long list of design issues under each of the eight principle design areas:

� Internal comfort & Building Façade � External comfort � Structural stability � Infrastructure � Water supply � Drainage & Flooding � Landscaping � Construction Process

The second step focussed on the available weather data and analysis associated with the performance of the buildings. Due to the limitations of the weather data, specifically the unreliable wind data and the lack of appropriate data for rainfall, only the thermal aspects could be reliably analysed (see appendix no 2 for a more detailed discussion of the weather data). Four specific questions were addressed over the 3 future weather periods:

� Question 1: -Would the Rooms Overheat in future? � Question 2: -What is the impact on the annual energy loads? � Question 3 -Could the chillers cope with the increase in load? � Question 4 -How do the solar gains to the spaces change in

the future?

Each of the aspects was analysed in relation to the current design and in relation to the future weather in order to evaluate the impact of climate change.

The final step involved a detailed analysis of each design issue identified in the long list and in relation to the analysis conducted in the second step. Each item was discussed by the design team and client with individual design disciplines providing analysis based upon the weather data for each of future time periods.




3.2 Key Design Issues

In order to ascertain which design issues would be affected by this change in climate the team discussed a list of possibilities and identified areas which were applicable to the project. A full list of items discussed, and reasons for their selection or exclusion can be found in appendix 3. The results of these discussions formed questions which in turn formed the basis for the adaptation strategy This chapter explores the various adaptation measures identified in previous chapters and how they could be incorporated into the Stockwell Street scheme. As explained previously, Table 8 below lists and summaries the adaptation measures investigated. Each item is discussed in more details in subsequent paragraphs. Reference was made to the ‘Design for Future Climate Report Opportunities for Adaptation in the Built Environment’ report.

Items Discussed Questions Raised Item

Internal Comfort

Glass technologies What is the current glazing spec? 1.1

Film technologies Could this be improved? 1.2

Conflict between maximising daylight and overheating (mitigation vs. adaptation)

In order to reduce the impact of solar gains the glazing could be more reflective, what impact would this have on the lighting loads?

1.3

Interrelationship with noise & air pollution Does an increase in openable facades have a negative impact in relation to noise and pollution ingress?

1.4

Energy efficient/ renewable powered cooling systems

What are the various options for cooling systems? 1.5

Increased population What are the impacts on internal comfort if the occupancy of the building increases? 1.6

Enhanced control systems - peak lopping Should heating systems become more modularised? 1.7

Maximum temperature legislation Should the current temperature limitations be extended? Should adaptive comfort conditions be used as an alternative?

1.8

Occupant behaviour If the University were to change the way the building is used could this impact internal comfort?

1.9

External Comfort

Access to external space -overheating relief Are there many external spaces that can be used by the occupiers? Could these be increased?

2.1

Manufactured shading Could the landscaping design be improved to include for any external shading? 2.2

Interrelationship with renewables Could any external renewables ‘double-up’ as shading? 2.3

Role of water - landscape/ swimming pools Are there any external water features that could be enhanced / extended to improve external comfort?

2.4

Table 7 – Summary of Adaptations Design Issues and key Questions





Building Loads

Boiler size What is the impact on boiler loads under future weather conditions? 3.1

Chiller size What is the impact on chilller loads under future weather conditions? 3.2

Plant space Will these changes affect the plant room spaces? 3.3

Infrastructure supply How vulnerable is the infrastructure supply? What are the impacts if it fails? 3.4

Heating appliance design for minimal heating - hot water load as design driver

As the heating load is predicted to fall, the hot water load becomes more dominant. How does this affect the boiler sizes? Should they be more modular?

3.5

Drainage

Drain design Does the drain design take into account future climate change? 4.1

SUDS design Does the SUDs design take into account future climate change? 4.2

Drainage

Gutter/ roof/ upstand design How is the current rainwater system affected by future climate? 4.3

Environment Agency guidance -location, infrastructure

Have the EA been contacted about likely sources of future flooding? 4.4

Combination effects -wind + rain + sea level rise

Would all of these combinations cause the drainage system to fail? 4.5

Flood defence – permanent Would any future permanent flood defences be likely? 4.6

Flood defence - temporary -products etc Would any future temporary flood defences be likely? 4.7

Evacuation/ self sufficiency If a flood occurred, how would the occupants escape safely? 4.8

Post-flood recovery measures If a flood occurred how long would it take to drain the spaces? 4.9

Table 8 – Summary of Adaptations Design Issues and key Questions (Continued)





Structural Stability

Retaining wall and slope stability Are there any retaining walls on site? Are these vulnerable to changes in soil conditions? 5.1

Lateral stability -wind loading standards If wind loading standards change would this have an impact on the structural design? 5.2

Fixing standards - walls, roofs Are fixing details sufficient to cope with changes in wind conditions? 5.3

Detail design for extremes - wind - 3 step approach

Has a wind analysis been completed? How will the building cope with changes in wind conditions?

5.4

Tanking/ underground tanks in relation to water table- contamination, buoyancy, pressure

Are there underground tanks as part of the design? Could these cope with a change in the water table?

5.6

Low water use fittings Would low water use fittings assist in future adaptability? 6.1

Water Conservation

Grey water storage Would a grey water system protect the building from breaks in the water supply? 6.2

Rain water storage Would a rain water system protect the building from breaks in the water supply? 6.3

Water intensive construction processes Could water intensive construction processes be avoided in future? 6.4

Construction

Temperature limitations for building processes What are building processes likely to be in the future? Could the site cope with these changes?

7.1

Inclement winter weather -rain (reduced freezing?)

Is there in fact a positive to the change in climate for construction processes in that there is likely to be less freezing conditions?

7.2

Working conditions -Site accommodation How would site accommodation adapt? 7.3

Working conditions - internal conditions in incomplete/ unserviced buildings (overlap with robustness in use)

Would second fix installers be able to work inside unconditioned buildings? 7.4

Building Waste How could building waste be minimised in future? How could the current design change such that any major refurbishment minimises waste?

7.5

Landscape Design

Plant selection - drought resistance vs cooling effect of transpiration

Is the plant selection adaptable to future climate changes in terms of drought resistance and transpiration benefits?

8.1

Table 8 – Summary of Adaptations Design Issues and key Questions (Continued)




3.3 Analysis

3.3.1 Question 1: Would the Rooms Overheat?

The results show that from as early as 2020, the design internal comfort levels are exceeded and that measures will have to be taken in order to ensure that comfort levels are maintain and because the building is designed to be utilised all year round, the peaks occur throughout the summer.

The building currently maximises the use of exposed concrete and there is a limit on the availability of natural ventilation due to the proximity of the railway line. The most likely method to overcome these future overheating issues would be to install additional cooling plant or in vacate the space during periods of overheating.

This does not take into account adaptive comfort – refer to section 0 for a discussion on adaptive comfort.

The analysis was based on a set of sample rooms; refer to Appendix 2 for more results graphs and layouts highlighting which rooms were selected.

Chart 12 – Hours above stated Temperature




3.3.2 Question 2: What is the impact on the annual energy loads?

An analysis of the predicted future energy use and carbon emissions was undertaken. No design changes were implemented over time. Chart 19 shows heating (gas) energy demand reducing while electrical energy use increases although, even up until 2080, gas remains the predominant load. However, if this is expressed in carbon emissions terms (the second graph below) from as early as 2020 the predominant CO2 emitter is electricity.

Chart 19 shows that the reduction in heating energy use (gas) is greater than the increase in electrical emissions which seems to contradict the observations on temperature which indicate that the summer temperatures get warmer at a faster rate than the winter temperatures. What these graphs clearly indicate is that the demand on the electrical grid is going to increase steadily and that buildings will become more dependent on the electrical grid and less dependent on the gas network.

Chart 13 – Predicted change in energy use

Chart 14 – Predicted change in CO2




3.3.3 Question 3 - Could the chillers cope with the increase in load?

We have found that the boiler loads decrease by an estimated overall average of 0.74% per year, and the cooling loads increase by an overall average of 2.72% per year. In graphical format, these changes show a much higher increase in cooling loads throughout the year, than there is a decrease in boiler loads during the same period. (full tabulated results are shown in Appendix 2) The current chiller capacity dimensioned according to current best practice is likely to be undersized within a short period of time. This will inevitably lead to periods when the mechanical systems will not meet their imposed loads leading to a rise in the thermal conditions over and above the design conditions. Conversely the boiler capacity will steadily become relatively oversized for the demands being placed upon it. This is described in more detail later. It should be noted that we investigated the reasons for such a high change in October, more so than other months and it seems that this is due to the external temperature increase which ranges from a max of 22.5

0C in the control year to 30.6

0C in 2080.

Chart 15 – Average Annual Percentage Change in Loads




3.3.4 Question 4 – How do the solar gains to the spaces change in the future?

In order to analyse the change in solar gains throughout the different weather scenarios, some of the perimeter rooms with high levels of glazing were selected for a detailed analysis. The rooms selected were either on the railway facade (as this contains the most glazing but is north facing) or on the south facade. Chart No. 19 shows how the solar gain peak in each room changes through the different weather scenarios in W/m

2.

There is no clear trend for either an increase or decrease in solar gains in the future from this data, however there does appear to be a slight decrease on the southern faced in 2020 with a rising trend thereafter, which leads to the conclusion that the solar control measures included today would be sufficient for future conditions. The times of the peak solar conditions can be seen in appendix 2.

Chart 16 – Predicted Peak Solar Gains in Sample Rooms using DSY Weather files




3.4 Design Analysis

3.4.1 Indoor comfort

3.4.1.1 Items 1.1/1.2 Glass and Film Technologies: What is the current glazing spec? Could this be improved? Our results indicated that the increase in overheating risk to the building in future years is not down to the solar gains but can mainly be attributed to the rise in external temperatures not the glazing specifications.

NO ADAPTATION MEASURE PROPOSED

3.4.1.2 Item 1.3 In order to reduce the impact of solar gains the glazing could be more reflective, what impact would this have on the lighting loads? As described before, the increase in internal temperatures in not down to the increase in solar gain so increasing the glazing specification would not be a benefit based on the weather data received. In this case, the glazing remains as it is and there is no impact on the lighting loads.


3.4.1.3 Item 1.4: Does an increase in openable facades have a negative impact in relation to noise and pollution ingress? As part of the current design there is only one facade that remains closed for acoustic reasons – the railway facade. If this facade was opened the resulting noise from the railway, even taking into account attenuation measures, would be unacceptable in the library and offices. However, there is a possibility that the railway cutting might be covered at some point in the future. If this were to happen, the windows could be allowed to be opened. The current design does not include for openable windows so in this situation the window panes would have to be changed. The current glazing system does not allow

for this change to be made simply so an adaptation measure is proposed to alter the current glazing system to allow for future openable windows to be installed. To investigate the impact of this night cooling, a sample room was selected and the temperatures analysed assuming a night cooling strategy was adopted. Such a dramatic drop in temperatures would indicate that this is an area that the University should investigate as soon as possible, and although the building is 24 hour and may not be suitable for night cooling in all rooms, it might be worth investigating the logistics of only opening certain sections of the building overnight, in order to obtain the benefits of night cooling in other areas.

Adaptation Measure 1 Alter the current glazing system to allow

for openable windows to be easily installed in future




3.4.1.4 Item 1.5: What are the various options for cooling systems? The building will be cooled using a variety of different approaches including natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation with a distributed chilled water system fed from air cooled chillers on the roof. The analysis has indicated that each of these approaches will be impacted upon by climate change. a) Naturally Cooled Spaces The building already makes use of passive design techniques solar control, exposed thermal mass and could incorporate night cooling in the future. Where overheating is indicated and where behavioural change cannot be implemented there is little option but to increase the capacity of the chillers. b) Mechanically Cooled spaces The majority of mechanically cooled spaces adopt a mixed-mode approach which uses mechanical ventilation whenever possible, but is topped up by mechanical cooling for the peak times. In some spaces this is provided by a central air handling unit. In order to achieve the same off-coil temperature throughout the coils would have to be replaced with a larger capacity coil as early as 2020. We have deduced that, although the kW rating of the coil will increase as the years go by, the coil product selected will be sufficient until at least 2040. So if we can say that the cooling coil size will be sufficient, this then leads to the discussion as to where the chillers go and whether the structure support additional weight. It was confirmed that the structure can take the additional plant weight, but there would need to be the inclusion of acoustic louvres and a new roofing membrane.

3.4.1.5 Item 1.7: Should heating systems become more modularised? As the heating load is predicted to decrease, the hot water load becomes a more dominant load. In this situation it would be beneficial to have a modularised boiler system whereby the boilers are not sized on the largest load, but are sized on a number of smaller loads. This would lead to the situation whereby a single boiler could become redundant and could be switched off altogether. However, the life span of a boiler is only typically 25-30 years, so at this stage the boilers would need to be replaced regardless. Although it is worth noting that the tendency for a maintenance regime is to replace an existing boiler with a new version, but of the same size. In this case it is worth recommending to the client to replace the boilers with, not a smaller sized system, but a more modularised system. Instead of replacing the boilers at 2 @ 60%, they could be replaced with 4 @ 30%

3.4.1.6 Item 1.8: Should the temperature limitations be extended? Should adaptive comfort conditions be used as an alternative? The naturally cooled spaces within the building have been designed to CIBSE overheating standards. These standards make no allowance for behavioural adaptation of the building occupants. An alternative approach is the adaptive comfort model which has been developed from field studies based on occupant observations on occupant behaviour. The approach is outlined in CIBSE Guide A (2006). The approach recognises two essential behavioural traits, firstly that occupants become comfortable with familiar thermal

Adaptation Measure 3 Replace boilers with more modularised

units

Adaptation Measure 2 Install additional chillers on the roof




environments and secondly that those thermal conditions drift over time as the ambient temperature changes. This is due to changes in occupant behaviour, in particular changes in clothing. Dress codes in many organisations have relaxed in recent years allowing some buildings to exceed accepted thermal norms. CIBSE provide guidance on office and domestic temperatures which is applicable in some areas of the building. However given that the building is an educational establishment, one option would be to adopt the guidance from schools, extracted from the Department for Education Building Bulletin 101 (BB101): Ventilation of school buildings.

“The average internal to external temperature difference should not exceed 5°C (i.e. the internal air temperature should be no more than 5°C above the external air temperature on average)” By investigating this option we have shown that the change in temperature (inside to outside) ranges from 8.33K to 4.47K. So by using the adaptive comfort model, the room is more likely to ‘pass’ comfort criteria in the future, eventhough the rooms get hotter. Further analysis and details are shown in appendix 3.

3.4.1.7 Item 1.7: If the University were to change the way the building is used could this impact internal comfort? In the previous example, the room taken has a mixed mode system to combat excessive temperatures during the day. The simulations have shown that this mechanical ventilation typically gets switched on from 11am until 5pm (this varies day to day depending on the external conditions). If the University were to introduce a ‘siesta’

type regime whereby the facilities were closed for three hours per day (say between 3pm to 5pm), and the day extended then the energy used could be significantly reduced. In fact during the month of July 2080 alone – if this method was adopted the savings are estimated to be in the region of 10,000kWh. Charts of these results are shown in appendix 3. There is an additional benefit to this solution in that it is likely to reduce the amount of occupied hours that the internal temperature reaches unacceptable levels. As can be seen from the following chart, without the siesta CIBSE comfort levels are exceeded by 2020, whereas with the siesta this is delayed to sometime between 2020 and 2040. The use of this approach would need to be considered by the building management and user community prior to its introduction and whilst it could clearly overcome the problem related to overheating as a design strategy it would compromise the usability of the building for future generations.

Adaptation Measure 5

Behavioural change: the ‘siesta’


Future thermal design modifications could be based on an

Adaptive Comfort Model




3.4.2 EXTERNAL COMFORT

3.4.2.1 Item 2.1: Are there many external spaces that can be used by the

occupiers? Could these be increased? A strategy that could enable the University to continue to operate during periods when rooms would be too hot would be to make greater use of external spaces. Currently the main outdoor spaces are on the roof. These spaces will be used as teaching spaces primarily but could be made available so all building users could access them. The spaces would need to satisfy health and safety requirements such as fire escape & danger from falling and access to mechanical plant room areas would need to be secured.

3.4.2.2 Item 2.2: Could the landscaping design be improved to include for any external shading? A number of options exist for providing additional outdoor shading on the roofscapes. Planting is limited due to limited soil depths, so plant canopy / large planting shading is excluded. It should be noted that there would be planning implications and possible impacts upon neighbours in relations to intrusive shading. A sketch of how this would be incorporated is shown in appendix 3. It should be noted that in the courtyards are shaded by the building itself for the majority of the day. The studio spaces are the most likely spaces to be occupied by students for blocks longer than 1 or 2 hours, as such, the courtyards could provide l shaded relief spaces.

Adaptation Measure 6 Allow building users to access the roof

areas

Adaptation Measure 7 Introduce shading to external spaces




3.4.2.3 Item 2.3: Could any external renewables ‘double-up’ as shading? The current scheme includes for roof mounted photo-voltaic panels. These could be raised and used for shading; however there are planning restraints that would result in this option being rejected.


3.4.2.4 Item 2.4: Are there any external water features that could be enhanced / extended to improve external comfort? Water features are often used in warm climates to provide cooling through evaporation. There are no water features as part of the current design. However these could be included and located on some of the room sections. The sketch in appendix 3 indicates the locations of these water features and the supplies provided to them.

3.4.3 BUILDING LOADS

3.4.3.1 Item 3.1: What is the impact on boiler loads under future weather

conditions? The design boiler capacity reduces from a peak of 908kW in the control year to 672kW in 2080 Refer to appendix 3 for more details).

However it is not recommended to change the sizing of the boilers yet because by the time it’s efficient for them to be changed to multiple units they will be coming towards the end of their useful life and are likely to nee d replacing regardless. As they are designed they will work efficiently until they need replacement The impact of this on the building relates to the number of hours each boiler is on and as described previously it may be the case that in 2080 the three boilers at 40% of the load are replaced with four boilers at 30% of the load.


3.4.3.2 Item 3.2: What is the impact on chiller loads under future weather conditions? The increase in design peak cooling load in each of the future time periods suggests that the current as designed chiller will be too small for future demands. The current design however has additional capacity included within to provide additional system resilience (maintenance and failure) and to improve operational efficiency. We have discovered that although there is additional capacity in the chillers, it is still not sufficient to meet the peak load in 2020.



Introduce external water features




3.4.3.3 Item 3.3: Will these changes affect the plant room spaces? There are two ways in which future climate could have an impact on the plant space. The first is as described previously and includes additional chiller plant on the roof. As an alternative to this, capacity could be increase through the inclusion of a possible future energy storage system (an ice store for example). If additional plant is required then the plant space needs to be identified. There are some rooms in the basement that are planned for use as archive stores for the library. However Greenwich University are planning that the majority of documents will be stored electronically within a number of years and that no paper copies will be stored on site. This being the case, these rooms could then be used for plant. In order to make this change as least disruptive as possible the walls between the plant rooms and the archive stores could be constructed as easily demountable. The sketch in appendix no 3 shows how this would be incorporated.


Allow for an increase in plant and riser space




3.4.3.4 Item 3.4: How vulnerable is the infrastructure supply? What are the impacts if it fails? Buildings rely upon the infrastructure that serves them. Climate change will lead to periods of more extreme weather which will put this infrastructure under greater pressure and more likely to fail. The interconnected nature of infrastructure means that failure of one part of the system can have knock on impacts upon the whole system. The failure need not be local to the building, nor does it necessarily respect international borders. A recent report by DEFRA has highlighted the interconnected nature of infrastructure.

Figure 8 – Flooding of a major electricity substation at Tewksbury (BBC 2007) The reliability of entire networks is obviously not an issue for this report nor is it possible for design teams to consider such matters on individual projects. However an examination of the process and particularly the ease of investigation were considered valuable exercises.

Contact with the statutory utilities is usually undertaken as a standard part of the initial enquiries but questions relating to future vulnerabilities are not common. There are four main connections to the infrastructure

� Electricity � Natural Gas � Water � Drainage

Figure 9 - Environment Agency Flood risk Map

Flooding from rivers or sea without defences Extent of FlAreas benefiting from flood defences




3.4.4 INFRASTRUCTURE

3.4.4.1 Electricity

A new substation is planned to serve the new development and this is located in the basement, an issue that was discussed at length during the adaptation meetings. In order to understand the vulnerability of the network Hoare Lea approached UK Power Networks with specific questions about the likelihood of flooding. The high voltage substation that will serve the Stockwell Street site, also serves a number of other sites throughout London. Currently, very few of EDFs / UKPNs substations are located above the flood plan which puts them at risk of flooding. Our investigation uncovered that there does not seem to be any plan to relocate these substations and that they are likely to be raised / protected only if/when flooding occurs. This reactive, rather than proactive approach puts the Stockwell Street development and many other sites in the locality at a high risk of power outages if flooding were to increase. It seems, from discussions with some suppliers that the only way this is likely to change would be through government inspired initiatives. From these investigations it was deemed that the power supply to the Stockwell Street substation would be at risk if flooding were to increase. The impact that this would have on the running of the University was discussed with the team. As part of the current scheme there is a standby generator which will allow all life-safety equipment to continue to function during a power outage. The University decided that, in order for the building to still function during a power outage the access control system should also be powered by the standby generator.

Figure 10 - Proposed Location of new substation


Add access control to the standby generator




3.4.4.2 Gas

A similar exercise was undertaken in relation to the gas supply. We spoke with Squire Energy Gas Connections and Services and our investigations uncovered that they have not had any major issue with flooding of either their pressure reducing stations or their storage plants previously and because of this they do not have a contingency plan in place to ensure all supplies are flood proof. It seems that the process is a more reactive one than a proactive one and until they have clear evidence that flooding is going to be an issues, then there is little that is likely to be done. If the hypothetical situation were analysed where by flooding caused an increased level of disruption to the gas supply a conclusion that could be drawn is that electricity could become the preferred method of providing heat and hot water to a building. This was discussed in relation to the Stockwell Street project and the possibilities analysed. One possibility is the inclusion of a ground source heat pump system. while it is unlikely that a ground source heat pump system would be able to match the peak boiler load (the footprint of the building is too small) it would certainly provide a level of resilience against gas supply interruptions and would likely provide sufficient heating on all but the coldest of days.

3.4.4.3 Water There is no alternative to fresh water, so the only way to mitigate the impacts of an interruption to the supply would be to reduce the amount of water used in the building (refer to section on Water measures) or to increase the level of storage. Cold water storage is currently based on 10l/s/occupant for the SOAC, and 6l/s/occupant for the Library. This is as per the guidelines set out in The Institute of Public Health Engineers, and is based over a 24 hour period. This results in a tank footprint of 4m x 3m. If this is considered over a 48 hour period, it would then be sized at 20l/s/occupant for the SOAC and 12l/s/occupant for the Library. This will result in a tank footprint of 6m x 4m. The room size storing the tank will therefore need to increase from 6m x 9m to 10m x 8m (including provision for irrigation tank and booster sets etc). However there is an associated risk factor relating to an oversized tank and this is to do with the reduced turn-over rate and the risk of stagnant water.


Include for an electrical back-up form of

heating (GSHP)


Increase the cold water storage




3.4.4.4 Item 3.5: Heating appliance design for minimal heating -hot water load as design driver Refer to section on modularisation of boilers for details of how this would impact the scheme. Another option would be to increase the size of the hot water storage. The result of this would be to allow the hot water heating plant to activate less frequently and would also allow additional resilience for any temporary interruptions in supply because of the increase in the amount of stored hot water. In this situation, increased storage of hot water would be preferable to an increase in the boiler modularisation as it would allow additional resilience for breaks in the supply.

3.4.5 DRAINAGE

3.4.5.1 Item 4.1: Does the drain design take into account future climate change? As part of the original design a Flood Risk Assessment was prepared for the current scheme. The appraisal took into account their projections for the effects of climate change and global warming up to 2107. This is over and above the most onerous 2080 scenario which was required to be considered as part of this climate change adaptation study. With regards to ground water flooding the proposed basement level is below the predicted 1 in 1000 year flood level. However, the basement will be designed to resist ground water levels above this in accordance with the requirements of the British Standards.

The strategy also includes an allowance for 30% increase in the rainfall intensity in order to take into account the effects of climate change in line with Planning Policy Statement 25. This 30% increase is more onerous than the increase in rainfall intensity indicated in the CP09 precipitation data provided by The University of Manchester for this study.


3.4.5.2 Item 4.2: Does the SUDs design take into account future climate change? The surface water drainage strategy 'includes an allowance for 30% increase in the rainfall intensity in order to take into account the effects of climate change in line with Planning Policy Statement 25. This 30% increase is more onerous than the increase in rainfall intensity indicated in the CP09 precipitation data provided by The University of Manchester for this study


3.4.5.3 Item 4.3: How is the current rainwater system affected by future climate? An assessment of the potential for flooding of the new buildings due to sewers backing up was also undertaken as part of the Flood Risk Assessment. During the workshops for this study it came to light that new maps showing the extent of possible surface water due to backing up of the local sewer system had been produced. Unfortunately these maps are currently being reviewed by the local authorities prior to issue to the general public and therefore an appraisal of this information cannot be included within this study. Despite this the flow of surface water if the sewers were to back up was considered and it was concluded that from the levels around the

Adaptation Measure 13 Increase hot water storage




site that any backed up water from gulleys in the surrounding roads would flow down the roads and then northwards towards the river rather than into the building.

NO ADAPTATION MEASURE PROPOSED 3.4.5.4 Item 4.4: Have the EA been contacted about likely sources of

future flooding? Thames Water confirmed that they have no records to date of the existing sewer system backing up and flooding the area around the site. However there is no way to measure what is likely to be developed upstream of the Stockwell Street and although there is no risk highlighted currently, if development of London continues at its current pace then there is the real possibility that a development further up-river of Stockwell Street could cause a failure of the drainage system. To mitigate this, the current size of attenuation tank should be increased.

3.4.5.5 Item 4.5: Would all of these combinations cause the foul drainage system to fail? In the event that the main sewer in Stockwell Street is backed up consideration also needs to be given to foul water which will be prevented from outflowing into the main sewer. There will be an inherent storage capacity within the foul water system in itself however it is considered most appropriate if an early warning system is linked to the BMS in the event that the Stockwell Street sewer

becomes full to warn the building users that toilet and foul water facilities should not be used. As it is not possible to extract storm frequency information from the UKCP09 data, it is impossible to tell if they predict an increase. However, if this were the case the adaptation measure would be to increase the capacity of the rainwater system.

Another way to increase the capacity of the rainwater system would be to allow rainwater to be stored on the roof – thus using the roof as an additional attenuation measure. This would have to allow for an increase in the number of weirs to take into account the possibility that the rainwater overflowed.

Adaptation Measure 16 Increase roof capacity to store rainwater

Adaptation Measure 15 Increase capacity of rainwater pipes &

drainage

Adaptation Measure 14 Increase size of Attenuation tank




3.4.5.6 Item 4.6: Would any future permanent flood defences be likely? The area identified for possible permanent flood defences is the basement leading into the substation. However, the levels and drainage has been designed for a 2107 storm as described previously. Although if the weather data showed an increase in storms of beyond this level the likelihood is that the basement areas leading from the ramp would be most prone to flooding. To protect the equipment inside, permanent flood devises could be installed such as water proof seals, up-stands and waterproofing any floor penetrations.

3.4.5.7 Item 4.7: Would any future temporary flood defences be likely? If the extent of water in Nevada Street due to backed up gulleys was large it was discussed that water may flow down the ramp from Nevada Street into the site. There is a remote possibility that the substation therefore may be at risk from surface water. As UK Power Networks require level access to the substation it was decided that in this event that demountable barriers in the door rebates. Due to its location at the lowest level of the site the drainage channels as specified by ABA are designed to accommodate all rainwater. However should the drainage fail, a failsafe fully sealed door should be investigated to model workshop. This could include the addition of a slot within the door frame to accommodate a door-dam (as inclement weather such as heavy monsoon style storms can mostly be forewarned) – i.e. if there is a possibility of storm conditions, use door-dams)

Upon speaking about these issues with the client team, it really brought home to them the importance of the drainage system. This was seen as a vital system that, if it failed, would cause a large financial burden to the college. The possibility of including a drainage monitoring system connected to the building management / automatic controls system (BMS) was discussed.

3.4.5.8 Item 4.8: If a flood occurred, how would the occupants escape safely? The main entrance to the building is on an elevated ground level to a street that slopes away from the main entrance, therefore there is not deemed to be any risk to the occupants over escaping during a flood situation.


Adaptation Measure 19 Connect drainage monitoring system to

the BMS

Adaptation Measure 18 Include adaptable door frames for door

dams

Adaptation Measure 17 Permanent flood protection measures to

basement




3.4.5.9 Item 4.9: If a flood occurred how long would it take to drain the spaces? There is a strategy within the current drainage scheme which reduces the risk of flooding of the service yard in the event that the main sewer in King William Walk backing up. The strategy includes an overflow in the proposed external manhole housing the hydrobreak which restricts the flow of water from the external attenuation tank and pipes. The overflow will therefore prevent surface water flooding the service yard in the event that the sewer in King William walk backs up. Levels will be detailed so that backed up water discharged via this overflow will flow along the walkway adjacent to the cutting into Stockwell Street.


3.4.6 STRUCTURES

3.4.6.1 Item 5.1: Are there any retaining walls on site?

In the current scheme the retaining walls to the boundaries will be designed so that water does not accumulated behind the walls. Any increase in rainfall intensity is unlikely therefore not have an impact on these retaining walls. However, with the increase in storm activity unknown this still remains a risk.

3.4.6.2 Item 5.2: If wind loading standards change would this have an impact on the structural design? Item 5.3: Are fixing details sufficient to cope with changes in wind conditions? The current scheme includes numerous concrete walls within the building which will act as shear walls to resist wind loading and provide stability to the building. Due to the number of walls we do not envisage to that an increase in wind loading will have any significant effect on the current design; however it may mean a slight increase in the quantities of reinforcement required in the shear walls.


3.4.6.3 Item 5.5: Are there underground tanks as part of the design? Could these cope with a change in the water table? It was decided that this would be reviewed as part of this study. In the event of a flooding it has been calculated that there would be a net uplift of the external attenuation tank assuming that there is no water in the tank itself in this event and that the water level is taken at existing ground level. It is likely that a slab in the order of 250mm thick may need to be fixed to the tank in order to avoid flotation.

Adaptation Measure 21 Provide adequate build-up above the

tank to avoid flotation

Adaptation Measure 20 Increase the height of the retaining

walls




3.4.7 WATER CONSERVATION

3.4.7.1 Item 6.1: Would low water use fittings assist in future

adaptability? Water is a valuable resource. There is no evidence from the UKCP09 data that the amount of rainfall is going to reduce in future. However if the general trend and predictions are accepted summer rainfall will decrease reducing flow in rivers and lakes. This leads to the conclusion that water management may become a more significant in all buildings. One of the ways that the water consumption of the Stockwell Street development could be reduced would be to introduce waterless urinals. These could be installed in all male WCs and as long as the maintenance regime is suitable, they would have no negative impact on the buildings use.

3.4.7.2 Item 6.2: Would a grey water system protect the building from breaks in the water supply? In theory a grey-water system would be capable of providing a back-up supply of water if there was an interruption to the mains supply. however the water load in the building, for its size, is relatively low and the cost implications of installing a grey-water system far outweigh the benefits of installing it.


3.4.7.3 Item 6.3: Would a rain water system protect the building from interruptions in the water supply? A rainwater recycling system could be provided to supply non-potable water for WC and urinal flushing. Rainwater is collected and stored within an underground attenuation/harvesting tank (by the civil/structural engineer) and transferred via pumps to a packaged break tank and booster set located within the tank room. Prior to distribution to the WCs and urinals the water will be passed through a UV treatment system. The break tank will be provided with a secondary mains water supply for those periods when harvested rainwater is unavailable. Depending on the cleanliness of the rainwater, storage for 20 days or more is possible. a sketch of a rainwater system is shown in appendix no.3.

3.4.7.4 Item 6.4: Could water intensive construction processes be avoided in future? It is likely that there will a significant move to offsite fabrication on new-build projects with site works restricted to the final fixings of finished assemblies-In fact the current scheme will include offsite/modular construction of primary services. The Stockwell street site being a particularly congested site is ideally suited to this.



Add a rainwater recycling system

Adaptation Measure 22 Introduce waterless urinals




3.4.8 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

3.4.8.1 Item 7.1: What are building processes likely to be in the future?

Could the site cope with these changes? Operative productivity on construction sites is reduced as temperature rise and become hot. It should be remembered that comfort temperatures are related to the level of physical activity, the higher the activity rate the lower the comfort temperature.


3.4.8.2 Item 7.2: Is there in fact a positive to the change in climate for construction processes in that there is likely to be less freezing conditions? How would site accommodation adapt? Site cabins could be constructed to contain both heating and cooling / ventilation. The heating load is likely to decrease, however as discussed earlier the cooling requirements will increase to a greater extent. There will be fewer stops to working because of freezing conditions / snow; however stops due to storms or overheating may increase. It is likely that a stronger emphasis will have to be placed on providing sufficient drinking water for the site workers.


3.4.8.3 Item 7.3: Would second fix installers be able to work inside unconditioned buildings? Due to the cost of air-conditioning-especially to unfinished areas on building sites it is unlikely that there would be the need air conditioning for 2

nd Fix works, good ventilation would probably be the

norm. A more likely effect of climate change would be a change in the working hours with a more Southern European working day with a midday break.


3.4.8.4 Item 7.4 How could building waste be minimised in future? How could the current design change such that any major refurbishment minimises waste? Although not directly an affect of climate change, waste generation is an important factor to consider. In order to minimise the waste generated by future major refurbishments of the building, materials specified now should be recycled. The most likely item that has been identified for a major upgrade is the facade system.

3.4.9 LANDSCAPE DESIGN

3.4.9.1 Item 8.1: Is the plant selection adaptable to future climate

changes in terms of drought resistance and transpiration benefits? Will the increase in temperatures mean that the green roof would need to be irrigated? If so, what could we include now to avoid future major works? The current specification for the green roof elements will include a water point as this area will be used for educational purposes also and therefore the change in plant type may occur.



Upgrade Facade Systems with Recyclable Materials Adaptation Measure 25




3.4.10 ADDITIONAL ITEM – BIKE USE

This is an additional item that, although it does not appear on the main TSB list, it was felt was one of importance. The discussion focused around the usage of bikes at the site from a climate perspective, if the transport system is less resilient, and with the increased focus from the government on reducing vehicles on the roads it is likely that the number of cyclists will increase – particularly in inner city areas. This has already proven to be the case because of the introductions of schemes such as the cycle to work scheme and the London bike hire scheme. As more of these schemes get developed, more bike users will emerge. Currently the number of bike stores has been selected based on BREEAM requirements. However it is thought that this may not be sufficient. There are already issues with insufficient storage spaces at some of the University buildings and this is likely to get worse. It was agreed that some sort of adaptation measure should be included. A sketch of how this would be incorporated is shown in appendix 3.


Increase the number of cycle storage spaces




3.5 Summary of Adaptation measures

The table below lists the risks identified and the associated adaptation / mitigation measures. Reference should be made to appendix 6 for the features incorporated as compared against the TSB checklist

Adaptation Number Risk Identified Adaptation / Mitigation Measure

1 Overheating Alter the current glazing system to allow for openable windows to be easily installed in future

2 Overheating Install additional chillers on the roof

3 Reduced heating load Replaced boilers with an increased number of smaller sized units

4 Overheating Future thermal design modifications should be based on an adaptive comfort model

5 Overheating and energy use Introduce a ‘siesta’

6 Insufficient comfortable external areas Allow all building users to access the roof areas

7 Insufficient comfortable external areas Introduce shading to external spaces

8 Insufficient comfortable external areas Introduce external water features

9 Increase in cooling load Allow for an increase in plant and riser space

10 Infrastructure failure (electric) Add access control to the standby generator

11 Infrastructure failure (gas) Include for an electric back-up form of heating (GSHP)

12 Infrastructure failure (water) Increase the cold water storage

13 Infrastructure failure (gas) Increase hot water storage

14 Infrastructure failure (drainage) Increase size of Attenuation tank

15 Increase in storm activity Increase capacity of rainwater pipes & drainage

16 Increase in storm activity Increase roof capacity to store rainwater

17 Increase in storm activity Permanent flood protection measures to basement areas

18 Increase in storm activity Include adaptable door frames for door dams

19 Failure of drainage system Connect drainage System to the BMS

20 Increase in storm activity Increase the height of the retaining walls

21 Increase in groundwater level Provide adequate build-up above the tank to avoid flotation

22 Increase in water costs Introduce waterless urinals

23 Increase in water costs Add a rainwater recycling system

24 Waste from refurbishments Upgrade Facade Systems with Recyclable Materials

25 Insufficient cycle storage spaces Increase the cycle store capacity

Table 8 – Summary of adaptation / mitigation measures




3.6 The Adaptation Implementation Strategy

3.6.1 Strategy & Timescales

Following on from this analysis and the discussions and workshops with the project team twenty-five adaptation measures were agreed. The following pages contain the list of these adaptation measures and those years to which they are applicable.

Item Adaptation Measure Proposed Applicable Years Basis for year selection

2020 2040 2080

1 Alter the current glazing system to allow for openable windows to be easily installed in future

x � � The driver for this will be if / when the railway cutting gets covered over. This is unlikely to occur as soon as 2020

2 Install additional chillers on the roof � � � The loading analysis showed that the chillers are unlikely to be sufficient to serve the building from as soon as 2020

3 Replaced boilers with an increased number of smaller sized units

x � � This would ideally happen when the boilers need replacing which would be approximately 20 years after installation

4 Future thermal design modifications should be based on an adaptive comfort model

� � � This is a management issue and could be introduced as soon as the building is occupied.

5 Introduce a ‘siesta’ � � � As above, this is a management issue. The energy savings available make this a very attractive option.

6 Allow all building users to access the roof areas

x x � Greenwich Park is next to the site, the main reason for extending the use of the roof to building users would be if the Park were ever developed. This is unlikely to occur until at least 2080 – if ever

7 Introduce shading to external spaces � � � This could be introduced as soon as the building is occupied because there are current situation of heat waves, even in todays climate and so a comfortable external conditions would be desirable

8 Introduce external water features � � � As above, these could be included from day one.

9 Allow for an increase in plant and riser space � � � The dramatic increase in temperatures that occurs has indicated that in some rooms, overheating is likely to occur as soon as 2020 which, for this adaptation measure, would require additional riser space for services.

10 Add access control to the standby generator � � � The basis for this adaptation measure is for situations whereby the electrical supply is unreliable. And although blackouts are uncommon in London, this could become more frequent as soon as 2040.

Table 9 – Strategy & Timescales




Item Adaptation Measure Proposed Applicable Years Basis for year selection

2020 2040 2080

11 Include for an electric back-up form of heating (GSHP)

x � � A back-up form of heating could be useful as soon as 2040, if the UKs supply of natural gas is diminished.

12 Increase the cold water storage x � �

It is unknown if or when the fresh water supply to the building is going to become unreliable. But is safe to say that 24 hours restriction

13 Increase hot water storage x � �

An increased resilience for the hot water could be useful as soon as 2040, if the UKs supply of natural gas is diminished.

14 Increase size of Attenuation tank x x �

The current drainage design includes for future climate up until 2107 (according to other data – not UKCP09), so it is unlikely that the attenuation tank would be required before at least 2080

15 Increase capacity of rainwater pipes & drainage x x �

The current rainwater design includes for future climate up until 2107 (according to other data – not UKCP09), so it is unlikely that an increase to the capacity of the rainwater system would be required before at least 2080

16 Increase roof capacity to store rainwater x x � As above

17 Permanent flood protection measures to basement areas

� � �

There is no statistical evidence that storm conditions are going to get worse; however an extreme storm could occur any day. The impact of this on the basement plant would be financially devastating so it is recommended that this is implemented as soon as possible.

18 Include adaptable door frames for door dams � � �

As above, the impact would be devastating so it is recommended that this is implemented as soon as possible.

19 Connect drainage System to the BMS � � �

As previously stated, the seriousness of a failure would lead to an recommendation of immediate implementation

20 Increase the height of the retaining walls � � �

As above, although the risk level is unknown the impact would be severe so it is recommended that this is implemented as soon as possible.

21 Provide adequate build-up above the tank to avoid flotation

� � � As 20.0 above

22 Introduce waterless urinals x � �

23 Add a rainwater recycling system x � �

As above, this would ideally be installed as soon as possible. However, space in the basement is limited until such time as the archive store gets brought online and the extra space is available for additional plant.

24 Upgrade facade systems with recyclable materials

� � � To avoid excessive waste in future refurbishments this change should be included as part of the current building design.

25.0 An increase to the number of bike storage spaces

� � � The University of Greenwich already have an issue with insufficient cycle storage spaces on some sites. This is recommended for immediate implementation.

Table 8 – Strategy & Timescales (cont.)




3.6.2 Cost benefits and risk mitigation

No. Adaptation Measure

Costs (2nd quarter 2011 rates)

(£ thousands) Comments and risk mitigation

Now 2020 2040 2080

1 Alter the current glazing system to allow for openable windows to be easily installed in future

0 40 Increases building resilience, facilitates natural cooling, and night cooling

2 Install additional chillers on the roof 165 To mitigate overheating. Includes the removal of planted areas; new roofing membrane and new acoustic louvres

3 Replace boilers with a number of smaller sized units

100 Improves overall energy efficiency in response to reduction in heating demand

4 Introduce adaptive comfort measures 0 Consider at first refit as part of feasibility study

5 Introduce a ‘siesta’ 0 Consider at first refit as part of feasibility study

6 Allow all building users to access the roof areas

0 Enable future accessibility to external spaces

7 Introduce shading to external spaces 200 Enhance usability of external spaces; Retractable lightweight frame with solar control fabric

8 Introduce external water features 35 Enhance usability of external spaces; Based on 4 Nr -all self-contained tanks

9 Allow for an increase in plant and riser space

7 100

Allows for additional mechanical cooling within the building and additional plant space. Includes 10 duct & flanged holes and waterproof flanges. Demountable walls and openings now, services later

10 Add access control to the standby generator

20 Health, safety and security improvement in the event of power failure

11 Include for an back-up form of heating (GSHP)

Improved resilience in response to failure of electrical supply

12 Increase the cold water storage 27 Improved resilience in response to failure of water supply

13 Increase hot water storage 20 Improved resilience in response to failure of water supply and improvement in energy efficiency in response to decreasing heat demand

14 Increase size of Attenuation tank 60 Improved resilience to flash flooding reducing load on local drainage infrastructure

15 Increase capacity of rainwater pipes & drainage

15 Improved resilience to flash flooding




No. Adaptation Measure Costs (2

nd quarter 2011 rates)

(£ thousands) Comments and risk mitigation

16 Increase roof capacity to store rainwater 15 Improved resilience to flash flooding reducing load on local drainage infrastructure

17 Permanent flood protection to basement areas

90 Improved resilience to flooding and protection of substation

18 Include adaptable door frames for door dams

2 Improved resilience to flash flooding

19 Connect drainage System to the BMS 2 Improved resilience to flash flooding enabling earlier response

20 Increase the height of the retaining walls 15 Improved resilience to flash flooding

21 Build-up above the attenuation tank to avoid flotation

5 Avoidance of damage due to rising water table

22 Introduce waterless urinals 20 Reduction in water demand; Cost of cartridges £150/urinal/year not included

23 Add a rainwater recycling system 100 Reduction in water demand from utility

24 Upgrade facade systems with recyclable materials

50

25 An increase to the number of bike storage spaces 23 Greater resilience to transport infrastructure failure; 100 demountable stands-not covered and lighting

Totals 169 515 322 105 Overall total of £1.11M

Table 10 – Cost Benefits and Risk Mitigation

The current cost plan is £42.5M. The total cost of the entire adaptation measures amount to £1.11M which is 2.6%. However, only £149,000 of these changes is recommended to be implemented under the current build contract. The amounts to an uplift of 0.4% of total project cost. The adaptation measures were discussed with the client and it has been agreed to implement the following:

• Permanent flood protection to basement areas

• Add access control to the standby generator

• Include adaptable door frames for door dams

• Connect drainage System to the BMS

• Build-up above the attenuation tank to avoid flotation

• An increase to the number of bike storage spaces

• Allow for an increase in plant and riser space

This equates to a cost uplift of the original cost plant of £149,000 from £42,570,000 to a new total of £42,719,000.

3.7 Triggers for investment

The adaptation measures identified by the design team responded to changes in climatic conditions over time and as such would only need to be introduced over that extended period except where measures would be difficult to retrospectively incorporate into the building. The analysis considered the climate at intervals that would generally




correspond to a first and second refit (2020s and 2040s) and a final longer term perspective (2080s). The triggers for implementation were essentially based upon a balance between the risk implied by the adaptation requirement, the cost of implementation and point at which the risk demands a response. The majority of the adaptations identified for implementation immediately were those relating to flooding either locally in the vicinity of the building or in areas that impacted upon the infrastructure, particularly the electrical supply to the building.

The main adaptations required for immediate implementation were identified as: 1. The basement flood protection in order to protect the substation

located within. Whilst it was not possible to quantify the risk the general guidance that more extreme climate events and wetter winters could be expected was enough to highlight the risk associated with a basement substation.

2. The addition of the access control system to the maintained supply from the standby generator was in response to the potential threat of a less reliable electrical infrastructure supplying the building.

3. The risk of flooding as a result of the drainage blocking up or backfilling or simply being overwhelmed was considered to be a risk with high potential cost implication. It was therefore considered important that the drainage system be monitored to provide alarm warning of impending problems.

4. The introduction of waterless urinals was introduced as am and of responding to the warmer drier summers and the consequent added pressure of water supplies within the south east in particular.

5. The inclusion of adaptable door frames to protect from flooding were included as doors were seen as a long tern vulnerability which would in all probability need to be flood protected within their lifespan and it was considered that it was more cost effective to immediately rather than retrofit at a later stage.

6. The attenuation tank if empty would, in the event of a flood or rising water table, be at risk of pushing through the slab and causing damage. The slab thickness was increased in to guard against this.

The other adaptations that were required immediately were those relating to the structure and which would be more difficult and expensive to delay. The longer term need for additional cooling within the building was identified as a becoming important in the 2020s and might be required by the time of the first refit. To ease the refitting of additional capacity extra plant space was identified and larger riser space provided immediately.

The final immediate adaptation was for the extension of the bicycle storage capacity a related to the perception that transport particularly in London could be adversely affected by an extreme climate event resulting in an extended period of reduced service. To this end an increase in alternative transport capability would be of value to the buildings occupants. In a generic sense the following principles evolved during the project:

1. Measures that required structural alteration were recommended to be undertaken immediately irrespective of their actual required implementation time.

2. Measures that required changes to system or component capacity were only to be implemented when required but consequential structural and space planning issues were implemented (as 1)

3. Each measure was considered in terms of its impact on the current design and modifications immediately introduced to facilitate a future retrofit.

4. Those measures that were identified but for which the UKCIP09 weather data provided no firm direction were assessed on their merits and measures introduced on a risk management basis. This particularly applied to the risk of flooding.




Adaptation measures for future years were triggered by the crossing of key thresholds such as thermal capacities of plant, indoor & external design criteria temperature criteria.

3.7.1 Barriers to implementation

There does remain a large degree of uncertainty surrounding the design basis and the context in which the impacts of climate change can be assessed. The availability of future weather data is fundamental to an analytical assessment of the impacts and the unreliability or nonexistence of specific data relating to key risk factors such as rainfall and wind data reduce the confidence in the analysis. As a result clients are less likely to commit to added expenditure in response to potential risks. The client has been very open to any suggested changes and engaged in the adaptation process throughout. The final decisions as to which recommendations to implement have been based on a combination of financial considerations and the perceived risk.

3.7.2 Regulation

Building Regulation have been used in the UK to guard against Health and Safety risks and as a means of encouraging decisions that will be of benefit over the long term but which are not necessarily of immediate significance. The issue is complex though and spans across Planning and Building Regulation. Climate change adaptation would seem to be an issue that would fit that model and require Regulation. However professional Engineers and Architects will already consider climate change through the use of guidance issued by their professional Institutions, Government Agencies or contained in British Standards Buildings being built and refurbished now will have to operate in a significantly different climate and whilst many of the professional Institutions design guidance has allowances for climate change this is

based on relatively old data and takes no account of the greater resolution of UKCIP09.

The main impacts that could be considered for Regulation would be:

3.7.3 Overheating

A requirement to design to limit overheating has been removed form Part L on the basis that the primary legislation only allows regulation of energy and not temperature and unless this is changed the Regulators are limited to controlling energy flow across facades. The introduction of the Fabric Energy Efficiency Standards (FEES) which uses an energy metric is indicative of this change but currently will only apply to domestic property. A requirement to describe a strategy for incremental adaptation to a warmer climate in which passive measures and eventually mechanical systems are described and designed for would ensure the building was capable of long term adaptation. However whether this is a possible under current legislation

3.7.4 Flooding (local) and SUDS

Flooding is dealt with under planning and subject to local circumstances and guidance from the Environment agency. It would be reasonable to assume that local planning requirements will respond to climate change over the near term.

3.7.5 Resilience

The reliability of the energy or water supply to a building is an issue that lies beyond the scope of the property industry but consideration should be given to the consequences of failure. The provision of standby power generation, alternative fuel supply or added storage are all matters for the client and design team. However a Regulation that requires facades to provide some openable windows to allow for continued use of the building in the event of power failure could have merit.




The greatest benefit that Building Regulations could do would be to encourage the developer to consider the future need of the buildings under a warmer climate and to demonstrate this through a formal risk assessment although we pass no comment as to the mechanism for achieving this change or how this would sit with regards to wider Government policy of reducing regulatory burden on business.

3.7.6 Maintenance

Whilst there was no evidence presented at the workshops with regards to maintenance intervals it would be reasonable to assume that more extreme weather conditions would increase the general wear and tear on the buildings and perhaps lead to an decrease in the lifespan of seals. Likewise the increase use of mechanical plant such as the chillers would tend to increase maintenance requirements.




4.0 LEARNING FORM WORK ON THIS CONTRACT

4.1 What is the best way to conduct adaptation work?

4.1.1 Our approach

Our approach was to involve the team that was working on the scheme through their appointment by Greenwich University Estates Department. A full design team including the Architect, Structural Engineers, Mechanical, Electrical, Environmental Engineers, Quantity Surveyor and the Client took part in the study. The majority of the team were involved with the main design work which helped with the in depth understanding of a large complex building.

The project was managed by Hoare Lea & Partners independently of the on-going main design process. The adaptation project used a series of workshops to gain an understanding of the issues of climate change and to develop the design response to the detailed analysis. The adaptation work was conducted independently of the main design team with separate workshops dedicated solely to climate change adaptation. In this way the two contracts were able to operate in parallel but independently. The project involved the same personnel enabling informed decisions and practical solutions to be incorporated into the design. This enabled the team to focus on the specific issues of adaptation without the need to spend time understanding the building. Adaptation team workshops were held at monthly intervals over the duration of the project where each item on the TSB CCA list (Table 1 of D4FC) was discussed at length. Each workshop also focused on a certain aspect of the calculations including weather data, building loads and overheating. A sample of one of the agenda pages is shown in Figure 12.

In addition to the design team, climate experts from Manchester University joined the group. The team from Manchester provided the weather data and design criteria data.

Our approach to obtaining the weather files from the UKCP09 data was to appoint a research associate from the University of Manchester’s School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering. They produced software that was capable of converting the UKCP09 data into usable weather files, compatible with IES. These weather files were then used by Hoare Lea to conduct the thermal analysis including load and overheating calculations based on each of the three weather scenarios: 2020, 2040 and 2080 plus a control year.




Figure 11 – Sample agenda page

4.1.2 Team members The team comprised the following members:

a. Project Partner – Nick Cullen (Hoare Lea & Partners) b. Project Manager – Eimear Moloney (Hoare Lea & Partners) c. Client – University of Greenwich (Adele Brooks and Nigel

Heugh) d. Weather Analyser – Dr. Richard Watkins (University of

Manchester) e. Thermal Modeller – Craig Bowden (Hoare Lea & Partners)

f. Architect – Robert Salmon (Heneghan Peng) g. Environmental Consultant – Nicola Lyons (Hoare Lea &

Partners ) h. Cost Consultant – Mike Sturgis (Fanshawe) i. Structural Engineer – Rebekah Hardman (Alan Baxter)

The team was led by Eimear Moloney from Hoare Lea & Partners acting as project managers for the study. She was responsible for overseeing the designers input and collating the details for inclusion into the main report.

4.1.3 Initial plan and how it changed The original plan as outlined in 5.1.1 changed very little. There was a slight delay at the beginning of the project, but this was soon made up. We also originally intended to complete certain chapters of the report at various stages, however it soon became evident that this was not the most efficient way of completion and that each area of analysis was best analysed and discussed concurrently. The scope and detail of the analysis with regards to rainfall, drainage and wind was not as detailed as expected due to the limitations of the data from UKCIP09. Developing the weather criteria required for thermal design required more time than anticipated.

4.1.4 Resources and tools The University of Manchester created a software tool for analysing the UKCIP09 data and converting into useable data to enable thermal analysis of the building and the creation of design criteria. Appendix No.2 provided a description of the work under by the University of




Manchester. The tool developed was bespoke and based on work undertaken by the University. The University team were able to provide data in the specific format required for the overheating analysis (DSY files), for the energy analysis (TRY frills) and for system design capacity sizing (statistical analysis based on percentile limits in line with CIBSE guidance. The principle weakness with this approach is that it is bespoke and the tool itself is not available for subsequent use for other projects. The weather data was generated in a format to enable the analysis if the building using thermal modelling software enabling the calculation of overheating, energy flows and annual use. This is widely used in the design of buildings and the strengths and weaknesses of the software were unaffected by the use of UKCIP derived weather data.

4.1.5 Recommendations arising from the project

The issues faced by the design team related to design issues which are routinely dealt with by project teams, overheating, structural stability and drainage. The issue of building resilience, whilst considered in some projects became a significant part of the teams considerations, not least because of the fact that the client would go on to use the building. In many ways the building, prior to the adaptation design process, had features that made it resilient to the effects of climate change. This was particularly the case with regards to the piled foundation design. Whilst the building was designed with many sustainable features such as good solar control & exposed thermal mass, the design threshold conditions were reached as soon as the 2020s for those areas relying on natural cooling through openable windows. The introduction of a night cooling strategy extended the period when these limits were reached until the 2040s. Thereafter mechanical cooling was likely to be required increasing the necessary chiller capacity. Alternatives were considered such as changes to the building use and occupant

behaviour, both in terms of vacating the building at peak times when conditions became intolerable and making greater use of external spaces. However these would be matters best decided by the building operators at the time and it was thought prudent to plan for the worst case which was the continued use of the building within acceptable thermal conditions.

Those spaces where overheating was likely or where mechanical ventilation was installed due to occupancy, were designed to operate in a mixed mode. These spaces were able to maintain operational performance through to the 2020s and if needed could operate satisfactorily through into the 2040s. This was mainly due to the inherent oversizing of the coils due to selection of standard coil sizes. There would however be a need to upgrade the central chiller plant and associated pumps. The increase in the chiller requirement could be considered as early as the first refit so it was considered prudent to plan for this eventuality by allowing for additional riser space, and plant space (and weight). Flooding was a major consideration and one that was not considered prior to the project other than as part of planning. Although there was no design data available from the UKCIP09 weather generator a ‘what if’ approach was adopted. The principle concern was the location of a substation within the curtilage of the building and located below ground level in a basement. In hindsight, whilst understandable, this was not the best location for the substation and would be vulnerable in the event of local flooding by whatever means. A line of thinking developed on from the consideration of the substation to the vulnerability of the infrastructure in a broader sense, in particular a consideration of how the building would continue to function safely, even for a short time, in the event of either a failure of electrical or gas supply. The team sought to appraise the risk though approaches to the utilities but suitable information was not forthcoming. A more in depth study of the supply vulnerabilities through a tracing of routes and vulnerabilities was considered beyond the scope of the project.




A related but different adaptation related to the long-term availability of water for use within the building. Given that demand was being addressed through the use of low water use fittings as part of the main project consideration was given to the collection and storage and the use of a rainwater harvesting system which needed design consideration sooner rather than later as part of a refurbishment. In summary the adaptation project highlighted the need to consider, particularly during a new build where the opportunity exists to pre-plan, those aspects which impact on structure, space planning and load distribution and the building resilience. Building designed with good solar control and passive cooling techniques would more likely to be resilient to climate change over time.




5.0 EXTENDING ADAPTATION TO OTHER BUILDINGS

5.1 Strategic Considerations

5.1.1 The approach adopted by the team relied upon developing design

data and weather files at intervals corresponding to the likely refit periods eg ever 20 years with a longer term look at 2080. This approach made use of the work being undertaken by the University of Manchester and enabled the output from the UKCIP09 weather generator to be used. The perceived advantage of this was that the data, being at a higher resolution would be more representative of the local conditions of the site.

5.1.2 The fact that the weather generator data required significant manipulation makes it unusable by the mainstream industry which will have to wait for the CIBSE to publish up to date guidance and possibly weather files on the use of the latest UKCIP09 weather data. It would be unrealistic to assume that this would be published at the same high resolution

5.1.3 Based on the experience of the team the following design strategy

could be adopted for other buildings:

a. Design with good solar control & openable windows b. Include the capability to facilitate night cooling and with sufficient

planned riser & plant space to accommodate a future mechanical cooling system

c. Consider the resilience of the building to interruptions to energy supply

d. Ensure all windows are openable even with mechanically ventilated building to enhance resilience

e. Avoid the use of internal rainwater drainage and consider design detailing for protection against intense rainfall

f. Avoid locating mechanical & electrical equipment in vulnerable to flooding

g. Consider the impact of changes to ground water conditions on foundations and buried tanks

5.2 Limitations of applying, and suitability of, strategy to other buildings

5.2.1 The solutions developed by the design team are specific to the

context of the project. The context includes: a. the physical’ in terms of location relating to both building

orientation, proximity of noise sources (railway and roads) b. the financial in terms of the overall project budget c. the ‘pre-adapted’ building incorporated many passive

design features and mechanical cooling systems d. the project ownership in that the client was to take

ownership and operate the building. As such the client had an interest in the long term consequences of climate change

e. the building was outside the fluvial flood risk area of the Thames

5.2.2 The incremental approach adopted to cope with increasing overheating is a logical approach which was relatively simple to incorporate into the exiting scheme given the presence of roof plant and risers which simply had to be extended. This may not be the case in a building designed specifically to operate win a natural cooling mode.

5.2.3 The additional costs of adaptation, whilst relatively small were accepted by the client team on the basis of the long term benefit to the University. This longer perspective is unlikely to be the case for non-owner occupied buildings.



Sept 2011/EM/15/20160 Page 65 of 69 Uni of Greenwich Stockwell Street_Hoare Lea_D4FC_Main Report_D-15052012

5.2.4 The adaptations relating to rainwater drainage and flooding were based upon limited data and the general assumption based on UKCIP data that extreme events, including rainfall related flooding, is likely to increase. In this general context the adaptations could apply to most buildings and whilst not all building will incorporate a sub-station it is worth considering the vulnerability of the electrical supply to the building.

5.2.5 The ground water conditions will be specific to the project location but consideration of the impact of changing water tables in the context of foundation design and the siting of storage tanks should be considered at an early stage.

5.2.6 The thermal overheating adaptation strategy will have a wide

application to other types of buildings, the significant factor being the mode of thermal control rather than type. Buildings that are currently either naturally cooled or mechanically cooled could all benefit from the incremental approach to cooling. The specific step from naturally cooled to naturally cooled with night cooling does depend upon the possibility of using the buildings mass, successfully dealing with the security concerns and upon the building not being required to operate on a continuous 24 hour a day basis. Retrospectively installing mechanical cooling system, extending a system or increasing the system capacity all require additional plant or riser space which may not be available or possible due to structural or physical limitations.




5.3 Specific Adaptations

Of the 25 specific adaptation measures, all of them could be applicable to any large building and most of them are applicable to any building.

Number Adaptation Measure Applicability to other buildings

1.0 Alter the current glazing system to allow for openable windows to be easily installed in future

This is one of the few site specific items. However it is still applicable to any building whereby external noise is an issue. Careful window design at the early stages is essential so that if noise is no longer an issue natural ventilation could be maximised

2.0 Install additional chillers on the roof While the inclusion of additional plant is not recommended from day one, the design team should always consider where it would go and how it would be supported and serviced if it was required in the future.

3.0 Replace boilers with a number of smaller sized units Refers to any building with a heating system

4.0 Introduce adaptive comfort measures This applies to any building that has a non-close controlled environment. Certain lab spaces would not be able to adapt to this measure.

5.0 Introduce a ‘siesta’ Would apply to most buildings with the exception of 24 hour manufacturing facilities and hospitals

6.0 Allow all building users to access the roof areas This is quite specific and yet is worth discussing at early project stages. Can the roof be accessed? If so, make it a usable space.

7.0 Introduce shading to external spaces While not typically seen as an essential requirement in the UK, this would allow people to protect themselves from over exposure to the sun as temperatures increase.

8.0 Introduce external water features Could be applicable to any building with available external space

9.0 Allow for an increase in plant and riser space All new buildings and major refurbishments should consider the location of possible future plant. this could be an increase in ventilation plant, cooling plant or thermal storage

10.0 Add access control to the standby generator While access control specifically refers to the requirement for the University of Greenwich development, we would recommend that any building considers carefully the impacts to its usage of an increased level of temporary power outages.

Table 11 – Applicability of adaptation measures to other buildings




Number Adaptation Measure Applicability to other buildings

11.0 Include for an back-up form of heating (GSHP) For buildings with a predominantly gas fed heating system it is worth considering the impacts if this supply were too unreliable to be utilised.

12.0 Increase the cold water storage How long could the building last without a water supply? Is there any storage? If so, should it be increased?

13.0 Increase hot water storage Similarly to item 11.0 above, if a building hot water supply is fed from one source, what are the impacts if this one source fails?

14.0 Increase size of Attenuation tank Generally, the guidelines for rainwater attenuation design take into account future climate but it is worth considering the impact of a particularly extreme storm

15.0 Increase capacity of rainwater pipes & drainage As above, if the rain water downpipes failed what would be the impact to the building?

16.0 Increase roof capacity to store rainwater The question should be asked is whether or not there is anywhere else that rainwater could be stored.

17.0 Permanent flood protection to basement areas This applies to any building with a basement. Regardless of the assumptions made in the drainage design, if a flood did occur the impacts could be devastating and protective measures should be implemented

18.0 Include adaptable door frames for door dams As above, small simple measures could save thousands of pounds worth of damage to any flood risk area

19.0 Connect drainage System to the BMS An early warning system could help any building with a significant drainage system

20.0 Increase the height of the retaining walls If retaining walls are present, they should be looked at carefully to ensure that they are the correct height and that any increase in water table does not affect them

21.0 Provide adequate build-up above the attenuation tank to avoid flotation

This applies to sites with high water tables and those with tanks located in basements

22.0 Introduce waterless urinals All water saving devices should be investigated in any building. BREEAM guidelines could be used as an effective check, regardless of whether or not a BREEAM assessment is going to be completed.

23.0 Add a rainwater recycling system These are becoming more and more popular and the costs will soon stack up on building with high water consumption

24.0 Upgrade facade systems with recyclable materials When specifying any new materials, consideration should be given to what is likely to happen to it at the end of its useful life. It should be recyclable where possible.

25.0 An increase to the number of bike storage spaces While difficult to predict, bike use is likely to increase particularly in city centre areas. In buildings in city centres it should be considered, if there were insufficient bike stores, where would people lock their bikes? Any railings or gates are likely targets.

Table 12 (cont.) – Applicability of adaptation measures to other buildings




5.4 Resources, Tools and Materials Developed

The main tool developed is as described previously, the adaptation of the design challenges list provided by the Technology Strategy Board. This list could be used for any project, either new build or refurbishment, office or other building type.

The University of Manchester also developed a software tool for analysing the UKCP09 data and converting into the format required for use by building thermal modellers. This could be used to analyse any information from UKCP to convert it to useable weather files.

5.4 Further Needs to Provide Adaptation Services

As an organisation Hoare Lea & Partners will be conducting a nationwide road show to improve the understanding and raise awareness of Climate Change Adaptation and its implications for building. In addition client focussed presentations and private briefings will be undertaken. Ideally we will be recommending that all major projects include at least one workshop at RIBA Stage C to discuss the various issues

that arose as part of the study into changes in climate using the list of design challenges as a basis for this workshop.

Figure 5– Another Sample list of design challenges




6.0 INDEX OF TABLES

Table 1- Adaptation Measures .........................................................................................................................................................................................................7

Table 2 – External Design Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Table 3 – Seasonal change in external TRY temperatures .......................................................................................................................................................... 19

Table 4 – Relative humidity seasonal average ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Table 5 – Design criteria for future weather years ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24

Table 4– Stage C Costing Plan Prior to CCA study ................................................................................................................................................................. 26

Table 6 – Summary of Adaptations Design Issues and key Questions ........................................................................................................................................ 29

Table 7 – Summary of adaptation / mitigation measures ............................................................................................................................................................. 52

Table 8 – Strategy & Timescales .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 53

Table 9 – Cost Benefits and Risk Mitigation ................................................................................................................................................................................. 56

Table 10 – Applicability of adaptation measures to other buildings ............................................................................................................................................. 66

7.0 INDEX OF FIGURES

Figure 1– Site Image....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Figure 2 – Aerial View ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 3 – Image of the building ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 4– Location of Substation .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Figure 5 – Location of Gas Connection Figure 6 – Location of Water Supply ........................................................................................................................ 13

Figure 7 – Psychrometric chart plotting average TRY summer external DB temperatures and Relative Humidity ..................................................................... 22

Figure 8 – Flooding of a major electricity substation at Tewksbury (BBC 2007) .......................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 9 - Environment Agency Flood risk Map ........................................................................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 10 - Proposed Location of new substation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43

Figure 11 – Sample agenda page ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 61




8.0 INDEX OF CHARTS

Chart 1 – Mean external dry bulb temperatures, medium emissions, TRY .................................................................................................................................. 19

Chart 2 – distribution of hourly temperatures at 10⁰C intervals – TRY Medium Emissions ......................................................................................................... 20

Chart 3 – Change in average external dry bulb temperatures, TRY, medium emissions ............................................................................................................ 20

Chart 4 – Mean rainfall for TRY, medium emissions .................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Chart 5 – Annual average rainfall, TRY, medium emissions ........................................................................................................................................................ 21

Chart 6 – Mean relative humidity for TRY, medium emissions .................................................................................................................................................... 21

Chart 7 – Mean sunshine levels for TRY, medium emissions ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

Chart 8 – Diffuse Solar Radiation, TRY, medium emissions ........................................................................................................................................................ 24

Chart 9 – Direct Solar Radiation, TRY, medium emissions .......................................................................................................................................................... 24

Chart 10 – Change in Annual Wet Bulb Temperature .................................................................................................................................................................. 25

Chart 11 – Change in Annual Dry Bulb Temperature ................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Chart 12 – Hours above stated Temperature ............................................................................................................................................................................... 32

Chart 13 – Predicted change in energy use ................................................................................................................................................................................. 33

Chart 14 – Predicted change in CO2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 33

Chart 15 – Average Annual Percentage Change in Loads........................................................................................................................................................... 34

Chart 16 – Predicted Peak Solar Gains in Sample Rooms using DSY Weather files .................................................................................................................. 35

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