university of nigeria economic analysis of fourteen.pdfuniversity of nigeria, nsukka. abstract water...
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University of Nigeria Virtual Library
Serial No
Author 1 OPARAKU, O. U.
Author 2
Author 3
Title Technology- Economic Analysis Of Fourteen Diesel- Generator Operated Water Pumping
Stations In Rural Nigeria
Keywords
Description Technology- Economic Analysis Of Fourteen Diesel- Generator Operated Water Pumping
Stations In Rural Nigeria Category
N. C. E.R. D.
Publisher National Center For Energy Research
Publication Date 2002
Signature
Ilcar 0. I!. Opasaku,
TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FOURTEEN DIESEL- GENERATOR OPERATED WATER PUMPING STATIONS IN
RURAL NIGERIA
O.U. Oparaku National Centre for Energy Research and Development
University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
ABSTRACT
Water production and downtime periods of fourteen (14) diesel-generator - operated
pumping stations where collected for ten (1 0) years (1 984-1 993) and analyzed. The total
per capita production within the population served by the various stations varied fiom a
minimum of 0.71 litres to maximum of 28.44. The production fiom most of the stations
were below the WHO recommended minimum for developing countries. The rainy-
season and dry season per capita figures for the communities served by the 14 stations t
and for the region are also presented. The low per capita figures are partly attributable to
the downtime periods due to breakdown of the generator and other equipment and also
shortage of fieVoil etc. which are presented. A group maintenance programme and a
central stocking policy are recommended for the fourteen stations.
Keywords: Water, Diesel Generator, pumping, downtime, per capita.
INTRODUCTION
Nigeria has a land area of 924,000 square kilometers, and a population of 88.5 million,
according to the 1991 census figures. About 65% of the population reside in rural
communities(Wor1d Bank, 1992193). The population growth rate is put at 2.9%
(Hodd,1991). The hydroelectric resource potential of the country is estimated at 40,000
G W y e a r with an installed capacity (in 1989) of 1.9 GW and a generation capacity in the
same year of 2,210GWh. The major hydroelectricity stations in the country are those
located at Kainji, Shiroro and Mambilla Plateau. Some thermal stations located at Oji,
Egbin and Sapele complement the power generated by the hydroelectric stations giving a
total electricity production (1991) of 11.2 billion kwh. The annual growtfi rates of energy
production and consumption deduced from 1980 - 1990 figures are 0.2% and 4.8%
respectively while the per capital energy consumption is 138 (in kg of oil equivalent). The
low per capita energy consumption gives an indication of the low level of development of
Nigeria (per capita energy consumption of Sweden is 6347 kg of oil equivalent), with an
annual growth rate of 0.1 % (World Bank,, 1992).
The electricity produced is consumed mainly in the urban towns. Most inhabitants of rural
areas do not have access to grid electricity and have to rely on kerosene and palm oil
lanterns for lighting and on shallow-well water for washing, cookingldrinking. These
sources of unclean water pose a threat to human health as a result of environmental
deterioration. This threat was dramatically evident in 1991 when several Latin American
and Afiican Countries were struck by Cholera epidemic, claiming many lives. This disease
which is transmitted primarily through contaminated water and food is still a menace to the
rural poor. Recognizing the need for electricity in the rural areas for lighting, water
pumping and other economic, social and educational activities, the Federal Government
established the Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure, an organ charged with
addressing issues of rural development, including the extension of grid "electricity and the
installation of diesel generators. The activities of this government organ is being hindered
by the huge financial costs of extending the grid over long distances and through rough
terrain.
In order to complement the efforts of the Federal Government, the State Governments
instituted Rural Electrification Boards and Water Corporations to serve the needs of the
rural populace. The Enugu State Water Corporation has 19 water pumping stations in the
Nsukka Zone. The water production and downtime data of 14 stations which are powered
by diesel were analyzed to obtained the per capita production by year and period for the
communities served by each station. The regional figures are also presented. The
technicaYsocia1 factors responsible for non-production of water were classified into seven
groups. The extent to which generator. submerisible pump and electrically related factors
influenced the downtime were analyzed and are reported. The study shows that the per
capita water production can be enhanced if more reliable power supply is utilized.
METHODOLOGY -
Each pumping station has senior craftsman pumper and his assistants who maintain a daily
record of the operation of the station. The data which are kept in their log book include the
volume of water produced, number of hours of operation, number of days of operation, i
dieseVEngine oil consumption and remarks relating to why the station is non-fbnctional.
The logged data are returned to the Zonal Headquarters at Nsukka on a monthly basis. It is
fiom the Headquarters that the Author obtained all the data for the 10-year period.
Information on the population of the communities and the diesel generators serving their
pumping stations are provided in Table 1.
TABLE 1: POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES AND CAPACITIES OF GENERATORS SERVICING THEM
ALOR-AGU AMACHALA
CAPACITY KVA
EI-IALUMONA ETTE
MODEL COMM./STATION
5938 5897
IB AG WA-AN1 IKPAMODO LEJJA
40943 24 186
OBOLLO-AFOR OHODO
1984 POP
7680 7628
16693 2 168 22680
ONITSHA-ENUGU OPI
The 1993 population figures were extrapolated fiom the 1984 figures using the 2.9%
annual population growth rate(Hodd, 1992). The parameters deduced fiom the data and the
formulae for obtaining their values are as follows:
52956 3 1282
203 53 19730
OVOKO UMACHI UMAGAMA
P, = Per capita water production per year.
1993 POP
Petbow 1 125R90 Petbow 1 125-0
21332 2805 29335
37893
PC, = Per capita water production over the period (1984 - 1993).
ENGINE NAME
156 156
Rolls Royce Rolls Royce
26347 255 19
20849 3080 4236
P,, = Per capita water production in the region covered by the 14 stations.
49012
EW100 EW100
156 156 156
Petbow Rolls Royce Petbow Rolls Royce Rolls Rovce
30750 39773 26967 3984 5778
100 100
125R90 ER/l56/E 125R90
Rolls Royce
EW250E EW125
Rolls Royce Rolls Royce Rolls Royce Rolls Royce
250 125
ER/156/E 156 EW125/E ER1156 ERI 100 ER/156/E
125 156 100 156
P, = Total water produced (m3) x 1000 litersl 365 (days) x population
PCP = Total water produced (m3) x 1000 literst 3653 (days) x population (Average)
P, = Total water produced in the region(m3) in the year x 1000 litrest365 x population
Of the region in the year.
PC, = Total water produced in the region over the period x 1000 litersl 3653 x (days) x
Average population over the period.
The average population over the period is deduced by summing the yearly multiplication
factors for deriving the population each year (fiom the base year - 1984) and dividing by
ten. The value is multiplied by the 1984 population to obtain the average population in
the period. The per capita figures in the two climatic seasons (Dry and Rainy Seasons)
were calculated by using the total number of days (by year and by period) in each of the
seasons in the equations for P,,P, and PC, above. The dry season months are
November, December, January, February and March while the rainy season months are
April to October, totaling 151 and 214 days respectively, except in the leap years when
the dry season total is 152 days.
The downtime periods (in days) when no water was pumped as a result of technical and
other reasons were also obtained fiom the available data at the Zonal Office. The
faults/reasons responsible for the downtime are, for the purposes of this study, classified
as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2: CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS I REASONS CAUSING DOWNTIME
I TYPE OF FAULT I ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS I t ~ e n . Set
I I Generating Set, Starter, Alternator 1 I I
Battery I Battery 1 I I I Fuel I Diesel Fuel, Engine Oil. 1 I I
tpipeline I Leakage on rising main, burst pipe
Pump
Booster
Others
Submersible pump, Borehole
Booster Pump, Booster Starter
No tanker sales, Non-payment of bii Community
Disagreement
The downtime periods by year and by period (1984- 1993) were obtained for each
category of fault and for each station. However, downtime contributed by gen-set,
battery, fie1 and sumo-related faults/reasons are reported in their numerical values (in
days) and also as percentage of the total downtime (days). These made more significant
contributions to the total downtime than the other categories of faultdreasons. Downtime
due to non-availability of diesel fuel may be on the increase. Extension of a reliable grid
electricity to the communities to power the pumps is the only option that could take care
of the diesel-gen-set related downtime. Solar-photovoltaics is not cost-effective because
the water table in the Nsukka zone is about 180 meters deep, on the average. The more
than 300% recent increase in water t a s m a y result to an improvement in operational and
maintenance services of systems but force the rural poor to reduce their consumption.
This will be detrimental to their health.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The per capita water production for all the stations are preseni
The average per capita over ten-year period shows that Ette has - a. # s* ~m . .. * . t . F A H A m.. J 1
ted annually in Table 3.
the lowest per capita of
u. / htters/day wnue 1KpQmOCio nas tne mgnest or m.r mers~day. Nine (representing
64%) out of the 14 stations have a per capita figure lower than 5 litredday whilst 11
stations(representing 78%) produced less than 10 literslday. These figures are much
below the value of 40 litres/dav recommended bv the World Health Organization for
devek
period 01 lU3V days (see table /) the per caplta hgure or u. I mers/aay ror arre mpues
very uncomfortable situation for the community in terms of water supply. The stations
and years in which the per capita values are remarkably low correspond to those in which
the downtime and idle period were very high as indicated in Table 7.
Table 4 shows the dry season water production as a percentage of the total production.
Most of the cases show a production higher than 50% because the communities demand
more water during the dry season. The years in which the dry
lower than 50% are those in which the downtime during the
significant. Those with the production at 100% represent the years m wmcn water was
not pumped during the rainy season as a result of faults in the system,
: entire period, the dry and rainy seasons, are presented in Table 5. . . .* . .. m. 0 * . .* -.
The summarv of the total ~roduction between 1984 and 1993 and the uer capita figures
for tht The critical
parameter is tne ary season per capita. lne values ror Amacnaua, lkpamodo mcl
Umuagama indicate a relatively good water supply at such a time when rain water is not
available. Ette, Eha-Alumom, Ibagwa-Ani, Lejja, Alor-Agu, Obollo-Mor, Onitsha-
Enugu and Opi have dry season per capita figures lower than 10 herdday. The poor
sanitary conditions and hence the health PI tt
poor water supply can be imagined. The remonal Der capita hmre is sh~htlv above 1~
literdday. This is an indication that th I
best in t e r n of per capita figures, as can tx seen wom tne tame.
iese communities as a result of . ,. . a , . . . 2 ,' - - - .
e stations with the lowest populations performe€ ,. .. . . .
The values showing the performance of the entire region embracing the 14 stations are - - -
given in Table 6. The total annual water production during the period and specifically
during the dry season are given, with the calculated per capita values for the two seasons.
In no year did the regional per capita water production (total dry season or rainy season)
exceed 1 fl literddav. This imnlies that the rel~tivelv hioh Rer canifa in the commilrrities -.----- ------. J ---- --- - - - - - - - - -a - - - - -- - - . - - J
r-- --r'-- -- ----
with low population are, under regional consideration, outweighed by the lower figures of
communities with high population figures. Table 7 gives a breakdown of total number of
days in which water was pumped in the carnmunities within the period and the total
number of ( P
failures in the generaror r ~ , g e n e r a ~ o r ~ ~ a ~ ~ e r y ~ r u e ~ ~ G B F m u me S -.--- , -..., - .. - -
lays in which technicaVsoc ial reasons prevented 1 - - -~ * - ~ n L - . . n - - & A r l . - l T? ---J .I.-
rmping of water due tc
ilmn mrmn F.
These are expressed as a percentage of FT. The idle period of the stations is also given as
the no-pump-days.
The station which pumped for the highest number of days is Opi with a total of 2384
days, representing 65% of the period. Ette, with the Iowest per capita water production
pumped for the lowest number of days representing 32% of the period, while Ikparnodo
with the highest per capita pumped for 56% of the period and did not experience a gen-
set fault. The gen-set serving Ette ranks fourth, after Ikpamodo, Lejja and Umachi. The
downtime period of the station was primarily due to battery failure and secondarily to
sumo breakdown. Onitsha-Enugu has the highest frequency of generator failure,
representing 24% of the period. The ineffective period for the station is hereby defined
as the sum of the total fault days and the no-pump days. The percentage values for all the
stations starting with AIor-Agu are 44, 40, 50,68, 59,44, 437, 40 and 36 respectively. A
group maintenance vrommme and a central stocking policy are therefore recommended
for the o
Officing CLUUL), vnwuazo (~rrtr) anu 3Ule and h n n o n \IY IY). wnat E reqUlred here is
to setup a central workshop and maintenance team that will cater for all the pumping
stations. The maintenance team will be based in Nsukka andl can be called by any of the
stations to come for maintenance. This team in addition to this will carry out routine and
preventive maintenance of the pumping stations. There are a lot of work on central
stocking see Offiong (2001), Brothroyd and Tomlinson (1963) and Mitehell (1962).
What is required here is to set up a central store that will contain aU the spares required
for the fourteen stations. The store which will be based in Nsukka should be accessible
to the maintenance team. The establishment of a group maintenance management
programme and a central store of these stations requires further research.
A - fourteen stations. There are a number ,an"-. , .--A. . - . . w -
-. f works on grouped maintenance, see
,.a #.-.-&, .." 7 - ..
CONCLUSION
All the communities served by the diesel-generator-powered pumping stations had per
capita water supply figures lower than the WHO recommendation of 40 literdday. The
low 5gures are due to a combination of technical, social and economic factors. The
technical factors include the breakdown of the generator, submersible pump, battery,
booster, pipeline and the lack of dieseI fuel and engine oil. The social and economic
factors included community disagreements, no sale by water tankers and the non-
payment of water bill.
Long downtime due to technical faults exist because the spare parts for effecting repairs
are not readily available as a result of a remarkably low stocking of spares. There could
be better services if stnrkino nf snap nmtc iq imnrnved hut the Mannu~rwnt nf t h ~ w2tc-r
Corporation in
improvement i
the willingness to pay txcause they consist or tne rural poor. I nls expram wny m some
cases and periods, there are no sales by the water tankers even when the pumping stations
are filly operational. In view of the recent increase in the price of diesel &el to , the cost Of walAw :o L w a - I ' t- :-,---"A n + J + G o m n t r FA-,-r., tha - t w o 1 ,snmmrmA+;no tn mArwrra +ha:-
sist that the financial returns to the corporation are not adequate to enhance
n services. Although the communities desire improved services, they lack 1 . . n . . m. . . . . .
.el 13 WUIIU cv U I ~ I ~ L W ~ CUN C L U ~ I I I ~ J L V I ~ C I L L I ~ I ulal ~ V I I U I I U I U L L ~ ~ LV I ~ U U ~ L . C I K U
consumption bringing with it the attendant health hazards. A group maintenance " . . " . . . . . . - . . . .
water
philosophy wrll demtely lead to a more emcient power system am mprovea water
supply services.
9
REFERENCES
Adeoti, O., Oyewole, B.A. and Agun, B.J. (2001). Rural water suppIy in Nigeia: Engineering Design and Economic Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic Powered Watel Pumning Pmiect- Niaerian h~ournal o f Enrrineerino Manarrement. Vnl 3. Nn 4. P a w s 1-6
Brothroyd, H. and Tomlinson, R.C. (1963). The stock control of Engineering spares. A case study. Operational Research Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3 ,3 17-333.
Hodd M.(1991), in "The Economics of a i c a Dart Publishing Coy. Ltd., England, Page 250.
McNelis B.(1989), "Photovoltaics for DeveIoping countries", in Applications of Phtovoltaics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.
Mitchell, G.H. (1962). Problems of controlling slow-moving Engineering Spares. Operational Research Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. l,23-39.
Offiong, A. (2001). An inventory management programme for slow moving spares in industries, African Journal of Business and Economic Research, Vol. 2, No. 1 and 2, 123- 131.
Offiong, A. (2002). Development of a maintenance scheduling model for a group of machines, Global Journal of Engineering Research, VoI. 1, No. 2, Pages 107- 1 18.
Onwauzo, C.J. (1989). Design and simulation of a small scale industries in an urban area. Masters Thesis. Deoartment of Mechanical Engineering. Universitv of Nigeria, Nsukka.
ated maintenance :ute of Industrial
World Bank(1 W2), WorId Development Report : Development and the Environment - P. 266-7, Ozcford University Pess.
World Bank(1992/93), World Resources : Land cover and SettIements. Page 264.
TABLE 3: PER CAPITA WATER STATION 1 1984 1 1985 1 1986
I I I ALOR-AGU 1 4.45 ( 12.41 1 5.49
ETTE 0.48 1.46 1.38
I I
LEJJA 2.41 4.15 3.59
ENUGL L I I
OVOKO 1 5.45 1 10.26 [ 7.3 1
I I I
UMAGAMA 1 12.46 1 27.83 1 20.54
'RODUCTION (Litres) 1987 1 1988 1 1989 1 1990
LEJJA 67 50 63 45 54
3BOLLO-AFOR 58 50 49 53 65
DNITSHA-ENUGU 74 59 48 5 8 69
OPI 59 51 5 7 54 90 I I I I I
OVOKO 1 55 1 75 ) 72 ( 60 1 76
UMACHI 83 75 52 53 49
W G A M A 59 76 72 63 72
TABLE 4: PER DRY SEASON PRODUCTION AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL
- 1 -
-
- t -
t
- 4
- 72 58
-
ALOR-AGU
TABLE 5: SUMMARY OF TOTAL (PERIOD) PRODUCTION AND PER
CAPITA BY SEASONS
-- AMACHALA
STATION I DRY SEASON I TOTAL I (PdP,) I
ETTE
- TOTAL I DRY I W I AVERAGE
IBAG WA-AN1
IKPaMODO
LEJJA
OBOLLO-
AFOR
OHODO
ENUGU
OPI
OVOKO
UMACHI
W G A M A
REGION
TOTAL
PRODUCTION PRODUCTION x 100% pD (X 1 03) pT (X 1 03)
55607 98969
2255 10 30 1096
114335 - 45590
74494 175915 43
157800 256764 6 1
PER CAPITA
4.0
12.2
2.02
0.71
2.56
28.44
3.0
4.24
4.35
4.25
4.36
6.85
8.29
27.44
4.39
147126
195032
262679
4191 12
372854
436795
7008 1
336274
291 3688
SEASON PER CAPITA 5.42
22.14
1.62
1 .W
2.63
42-14
3.76
5.54
7.7
6.4 1
7.03
12.13
13.17
45.76
10.05
2834 14 1 359514
357257
670890
558357
5948 13
106402
848633
4662874
52
54
74
62
67
73
66
69
62
SEASON PER CAPITA 2.9
5.24
2.29
0.43
2.5 1
18.68
2.45
3.3 1
1.96
2.72
2.47
3.1
4.8
14.27
2.8
POPULATION
6776
6729
46726
27598
18820
2474
25880
23225
225 14
43239
35089
2379 1
35 15
4856
291226
TABLE 6: REGIONAL POPULATION, TOTAL PRODUCTION BY YEARS A'
YEAR
POPULATION
WATER PRODUC'nON (LTRS)X :A) DRY SEASON PRODUCTION :I3 (BIA) X 100%
TOTAL PER CAPITA DRY SEASON PER CAPITA RAINY SEASON PER CAPITA
D PER 1984
FIGU 1986
TABLE 7: DOWN TIME (DAYS) DUE TO GENERATOR, BATTERY, FUEL AND SUMO PUMP
EHALUMONA 1 1834 1 806 E l T E 11154 11466
STATION
LEJJA 1 I859 1122 OBOLLO- 1 2065 ) 1064 AFOR OHODC) 1 2301 1 417
PUMP DAYS
FAULT DAYS
-. - - -
OPL OVOKO
GEN. SET FAWT F,
2384 1 577 2045 [ 1068
FdFr x 100%
EGBF ' FGBF/Ff x 100%
SUMO FAWT F;
FJFT x 100%
NO PUMP
% OF PERIOD