university of copenhagen, 5/3/2019

© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche

Maria Papadopoulou & Christophe Roche

Equipe CondillacUniversité Savoie Mont-Blanc (France)

www.condillac.org

KETRCUniversity of Liaocheng (China)

www.ketrc.com

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Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019University of Copenhagen, 5/3/2019

Twinning Classics and A.I.: Building the new generation of ontology-based

lexicographical tools and resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web


5. Recommendations for good practice

2. Problem

2

Twinning Classics and A.I.:

Building the new generation of ontology-based lexicographical tools and

resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web

chlamys

1. Teaming up

4. The collaboration experience

3. Solution - Results

theoretical assumptions

resources

methodology: ontology-based terminology building for Humanists

tool and use case


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1. Teaming up: the Classicist and the A.I. expert

MSCA Chlamys (Copenhagen)

Condillac Research Group (Savoie)

KETRC (China)


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MSCA Chlamys (Copenhagen) May 2016-April 2017


www.condillac.org

Equipe Condillac, Laboratoire Listic, Université Savoie-Mont Blanc)

Etienne Bonnot de Condillac

(1714 – 1780) French Philosopher

Because words are the signs of our

ideas, the system inherent in natural

language must be based on the

system inherent in our knowledge.

Grammaire 1775: 27


TOTh Conferences (2007 - …)


www.ketrc.com

KETRCLiaocheng University

China


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2. Problem statement:

How to name things in the domain of Greek Dress?

How to define objects consistently?


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i) The need for consistent terminology (names for objects in the domain):

“Research into dress history, whether the approach is founded in history, art or archaeology, incorporates terminology, one way or another.” Dahl in Andersson-Strand et al. 2010

“Studies of garment-terms in historical societies tend to be hampered by a lack of understanding of the specific vocabulary of dress.” Llewellyn-Jones 2003.

“…it would help if we could work out a list of standard vessel shapes, clearly defined and illustrated, and a set of terms for them.” Kim 1970.

ii) The need to clearly define the objects of the domain:

« le flou terminologique ... dans les études consacrées au costume ... une cause de difficultés decommunication entre chercheurs » Delaporte 1981

“terminological vagueness….in the studies dedicated to dress….hampers communicationamong experts” Delaporte 1981



« Naming Things »

Identify the Terms Identify the Objects

1’1

Textual Sources & Resources :

- primary texts, dictionaries

- thesauri, ontologies

Object Conceptualisation

- description of objects

- organisation

WORDS and TEXTS

Textual expert:Papyrologist, Epigraphist,

Philologist, Lexicographer

OBJECTS and IMAGES

Material & visual culture expert:Archaeologist, Art Historian

Abstract the Concepts

from Objects

Get the Terms

from Texts

Put into relation

Terms and Concepts

2 2’3


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3. Solution - Results:

theoretical assumptions

resources

a tool assisted method & workflow

for ontology-based terminology building for Humanists

tool & use case


Theoretical Assumptions

Object: anything perceivable or conceivable- variable, token, instance of a class- real world entity, i.e. chair, computer mouse

There exist knowledge primes (primitives)

In epistemology, primitive knowledge or belief knowledge is immediate,self-evident experience, which does not need the support of any outside evidence.

The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, 2004, s.v. primitive knowledge

chiton

himation

Concept : set of « knowledge primitives » stable enough to carry a name in language- knowledge based on a plurality of things- is extralinguistic- belongs to the ontology of the domain

Term : “verbal designation of a concept” (ISO 1087-1)• belongs to the terminology of a domain• exists within language


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Example : Chlamys

A.short mantle, worn by horsemen; borrowed with the πέτασος from Thessaly; but said to be Macedonian; worn by Hermes, Luc.Tim.30

chlamys (definition in LSJ)

Terracotta lekythos (oil flask)Attributed to the Tithonos painterc. 480–470 B.C. New York: The Met, 25.78.2. Fletcher Fund, 1925.


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Example : Chlamys

A.short mantle, worn by horsemen; borrowed with the πέτασος from Thessaly; but said to be Macedonian; worn by Hermes, Luc.Tim.30

chlamys (definition in LSJ)

Terracotta lekythos (oil flask)Attributed to the Tithonos painterc. 480–470 B.C. New York: The Met, 25.78.2. Fletcher Fund, 1925.

1 point of attachment

What is it worn with?

What is a chlamys?

attached

Who wears it?

One-piece garment

10 differences (with or without sleeves?) suffice to

end up with a Porphyry tree of 1024 (210) concepts


Ancient Greek vases

Volute-krater definition in the Beazley Archive

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Source: https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/tools/pottery/shapes/volute.htm


Objet - Concept - Term

concept unit of thought knowledge based on a plurality of things belongs to the ontology of a knowledge domain is extralinguistic

(individual) object

material immaterial

Semiotic Triangle

term


Theory of concept

nature of things

« knowledge primitives » : essential characteristicsdescriptive characteristics : type of fibre, colour, etc.

formal langage* for defining the ontology?*language whose rules are explicitly established before its use

Example: OWL (Web Ontology Language) – OWL 2 (2012)

chlamys

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concept?

Language of representation?


himationTerminology

Linguistic Conceptual

« There is no term without concept »

Ontoterminology :

a terminology whose conceptual system is a formal ontology

Ontology (KE*) :

machine-comprehensible definition of a conceptual system in a formal language *KE = Knowledge Engineering

Ontology - Terminology - Ontoterminology

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Terminology :

the discipline which studies terms, i.e. verbal designations of concepts (ISO 1087-1).


Resources

✔ corpus of reference (ancient Greek texts) Perseus Hopper

✔ dictionaries of ancient Greek

✔ metadata (thesauri)

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✔ digital collections of Greek cultural heritage objects


OWL (Web Ontology Language) - Protégé

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OWL ontologies consist of o individuals or instanceso concepts or classes* lump together sets of individualso properties or roles or slots or relations, i.e. binary relations between individuals

“The key idea is that a class of individuals is describedor defined by the relationships that these individualsparticipate in. In OWL we can define such classes byusing restrictions.

Horridge 2011

Horridge, M. 2011 A Practical Guide To Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 4 and CO-ODE Tools Edition 1.3

*concept and class are taken to be equivalent

Protégé is an editor for building OWL ontologies

“Classes are a concrete representation of concepts.”(Horridge 2011)


Why not Protégé?

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Using Protégé requires writing role restrictions and formulas in descriptionlogics and supports OWL (Web Ontology Language).

Asking humanists to work with Protégé means asking them to think, reasonand analyze with the principles (DLs) underlying these computer languages(OWL) (because we think according to the language we use).

Rather than imposing the use of these languages, we propose to respect theexpert's way of thinking, then translate into a W3C language.

“As the group that developed Protégé, the most widely used ontology editor, we are keenly aware of how difficult the users perceive this task to be. ”

Horridge et al. 2013


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Definition in NL

Formal definition

Hierarchy of concepts


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www.ontoterminology.com


Shared Ontology

Multilingual

Terminologies

Concept editor

Term editorTerm Editor

Object editor

Pro

per

nam

es

edit

or

Tedi : ontoTerminology editor

Editor of multilingual ontoterminologies

- multilingualism

- linguistic diversity

- operationalisation

Pro

per

nam

es

edit

or

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alignment


Exomis: Term editor generation of a pattern of definition in NL

terminological equivalents

terminological synonyms

statusPOS

gender

notescontexts

denoted concept

terminologicalhypernyms

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Exomis: Concept editorgeneric concepts

inferred (Tedi reasoner)and declared (user)

essential characteristics inherited (Tedi reasoner)

and declared (user)

terms

explicit concept name

descriptive characteristics

inherited (Tedi reasoner)and declared

(user)

relations

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Exomis : Putting into relation « term » - <Concept>

a term denotes a set of essential characteristics « stable » enough to carry a name in language

list of possible essential characteristics (compatibility, dependency)

list of concepts possessing the selected characteristics

list of terms denoting the selected concept 27

term

Putting into relation


2

3

5

1

4

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Definitions of exomis : Tedi (en, fr) - LSJ

exomis : Short and non-pleated garment for man, usually worn around the bodydirectly on the skin, this sleeveless garment consists of two pieces ofcloth sewn together along the sides, attached on the left shoulderleaving the right shoulder and part of the chest naked.

exomide : Vêtement de corps pour homme, court, non-plissé et sans manches.Composé de deux pièces cousues le long des côtés, attaché sur l’épaulegauche laissant l’épaule droite et une partie de la poitrine nues, il estgénéralement porté directement sur la peau.

exomis : tunic with one sleeve (LSJ)

« L’adjectif amphimaschalos attribué au chiton grec n’implique en rien l’idée de manches,mais seulement, de par son étymologie même, celle des deux aisselles » (Losfeld 1991,100),« (…) c’est abusivement, à mon sens, que nos traducteurs ou nos lexicographes parlent detunique "à manches" alors qu’il s’agit de tunique à deux emmanchures. » (ibid. 102).


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For an excerpt from the Greek Dress Ontoterminology please visit:

http://ontoterminology.com/e-dictionaries


Why this approach?

Added value for Humanists

Consistent terminology for communicating domain knowledge

Term definitions can be checked for consistency and completeness

Ease-of-use

Intuitive concept theory

Term complexity is successfully managed

Data is finely structured

Interoperability (W3C)

Improved search options: on concepts and characteristics

Multilinguality & multimodality

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4. The collaboration experience


The good stuff:

- fostering mutual understanding of the research through frequent meetings

- taking initiatives to strengthen the collaboration

- constant discussing and negotiating

The challenging stuff:

- own way of thinking and working constantly challenged

- Humanist: building skills in concept modelling

- A.I. expert: adjusting to the particularities and irregularities of knowledge when working with past

cultures


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5. Lessons learnt and Recommendations for good practice


• team work is mutually enriching and empowering

• the more one practices interdisciplinary research, the better one becomes at it

• a digital solution offered to Humanists should cater to their discipline’s specific needs

Think like a Humanist:

A Humanist seeks to understand and analyze how humanity manifests itself in different

periods, cultures, media

Think like a Computer scientist:

A Computer scientist develops digital tools and media for real-life problem solving

Getting to understand each other’s way of thinking raises awareness and

improves not only the product, but also the process of the collaboration.


Maria Papadopoulou & Christophe Roche

Equipe CondillacUniversité Savoie Mont-Blanc (France)

www.condillac.org

KETRCUniversity of Liaocheng (China)

www.ketrc.com

35


Twinning Classics and A.I.: Building the new generation of ontology-based

lexicographical tools and resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web

Thank you!


The End

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university of copenhagen, 5/3/2019

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