university of cambridge international … levels/pakistan studies (2059)/2059... · general...
TRANSCRIPT
This document consists of 22 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.
DC (LEO/SW) 49147/7© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
*1267792964*
PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02
Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan October/November 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Insert
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer any three questions.The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 1.The Insert is not required by the Examiner.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
Answer any three questions.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows mineral extraction in 2008 in Pakistan.
0
chro
mite
limes
tone
gyps
um
barit
e
rock
sal
t200
400
600
800
1000
1200extraction(thousandtonnes)
mineral
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fig. 1
(i) Name two minerals shown on Fig. 1 that are used to make cement.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State two uses of rock salt.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State the amount of gypsum extracted.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
3
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(b) Study Fig. 2 which shows chromite extraction in Pakistan.
80
100
120
60
40
extraction(thousandtonnes)
year
20
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2002
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2000
Fig. 2
(i) Describe the changes in extraction from 1992 to 2008.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
4
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
(ii) Suggest why the extraction of minerals, such as chromite, varies from year to year.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows a quarry in Pakistan.
(i) Use the photograph and your own knowledge to describe the environmental problems that can be caused by mineral extraction.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
5
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(ii) How can these problems be reduced?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to increase development in Pakistan?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 25]
6
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows the climate of Karachi.
0
20
40
rainfall(mm)
temperature(°C)
60
80
0
10
20
30
40
0
20
40
60
80
0
10
20
30
40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
month
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fig. 3
(i) By how much does the temperature rise from January to May?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe the pattern of rainfall during the winter season from October to March.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
7
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 only, describe the climate of the months from June to September.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) Explain the causes of the monsoon at Karachi.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) (i) Name the violent storms that form over the sea and that may affect Karachi.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) In which months may these occur?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
8
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
(iii) Explain how storms such as these may affect industry and communications in urban areas.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [6]
9
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(d) Read the article below.
The continuing power cuts and load shedding in the expanding commercial city of Karachi must be addressed. The port city lies on the shores of the Arabian Sea, and has a windy and sunny climate.
The huge population and many industries generate a huge amount of waste that needs to be disposed of.
Assess the possibilities and problems for electricity generation other than by fossil fuels at Karachi.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 25]
10
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
3 (a) Study Fig. 4 which shows an irrigation system.
shafts
tunnel
solid rock
Key:
loose rocksand sediment
water table
Fig. 4
(i) Name the irrigation system shown in Fig. 4.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Name an area of Pakistan where it is used.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain how this system provides water for agriculture in this area.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(iv) Name a fruit crop grown in this area.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
11
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(b) Study Fig. 5 which shows the results of a land-use survey in Pakistan in 2008.
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
90 %
notcultivated
forestwaste
cultivated
Fig. 5
(i) What percentage of land is cultivated?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What percentage of land is waste?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain how soils are damaged by waterlogging and salinity.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
12
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
(iv) Explain three reasons, other than by waterlogging and salinity, why over half the land was not cultivated when the survey was made.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [6]
13
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(c) To what extent could government action increase agricultural production in Pakistan?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 25]
14
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
4 (a) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution of the cotton textile industry in Pakistan.
river
Key:
disputedinternationalboundary
internationalboundary
Arabian Seacotton textileindustry
0km
400
N
AC
B
Fig. 6
(i) Name the main centres of the cotton textile industry A, B and C.
A ...............................................................................................................................
B ...............................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................... [3]
15
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(ii) Describe the distribution of the cotton textile industry.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
16
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
(b) Study Fig. 7 which shows the output of yarn and cloth between 1999 and 2008.
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1000
yarn output(million
kg)
cloth output(millionsq. m)
2000
3000
0
1000
2000
3000
year
cloth
yarn
Fig. 7
(i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008 shown on Fig. 7.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth, and explain your answer.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
17
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(c) (i) Give an example of a job in each of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the cotton industry.
Primary .....................................................................................................................
Secondary ................................................................................................................
Tertiary ................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) How is the proportion of workers employed in each of these sectors changing?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(iii) Explain why the changes you have stated in (c)(ii) may lead to unemployment.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
18
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
(d) To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and urban people of Pakistan?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 25]
19
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
5 (a) Study Fig. 8 which shows birth and death rates in Pakistan from 1990 to 2005.
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
20
10
births / deathsper
thousandpopulation
birth rate
death rate
year
40
30
Fig. 8
(i) State the birth rate and death rate in the year 2005.
Birth rate ...................................................................................................................
Death rate ............................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) By how much has each decreased since 1990?
Birth rate ...................................................................................................................
Death rate ............................................................................................................. [2]
20
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
(iii) Explain why both the birth and death rates have fallen in Pakistan.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [6]
21
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
ForExaminer’s
Use
(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows birth and death rates of a country.
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
20
40
60
10
30
50
year
births / deathsper
thousandpopulation
birth rate
death rate
Fig. 9
(i) Describe the main changes in birth rate from 1941 to 2000.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii) Complete the following:
NATURAL INCREASE
= ................................................ minus ................................................ [2]
(iii) Study Fig. 9 again. Circle the year (below) in which the natural population increase was greatest.
1941 1972 1981 2000 [1]
22
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
ForExaminer’s
Use
(c) (i) Explain the difference between emigration and immigration.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of international emigration for the people of Pakistan.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [6]
[Total: 25]
23
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
BLANK PAGE
24
2059/02/O/N/12© UCLES 2012
BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 © www.statpak.gov.pkFigures 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9 © www.statpak.gov.pkQuestion 1 Photograph A Julia Grover © UCLES
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.