university libraries consortia development as a purchase method of ematerials

University Libraries Consortia development

as a purchase method of eMaterials

Yoshiro　 KATO

Chief Executive

International Center

Keio University

Introduction

• Currently, university libraries are purchasing eMaterials to answer the needs of their users. This task is difficult for a single library. However, by forming a consortium among libraries, it becomes possible to purchase information in stabilized and reasonable prices.

• Today, I would like report about consortia based on the method of marketing analysis of commercial companies. At the same time, I would like to consider the development of the Consortia Life Cycle with good efficiency.

Necessity of MarketingThe marketing style difference between Commercial Companies and Libraries

Commercial Companies Libraries

Concept sales exchange

Target consumer user

Strategy competition cooperation

Marketing Mix 4P•Product•Price•Place•Promotion

•service•time saving•comfortable environment•communication

Strategic Marketing

Commercial Companies Libraries

Brand Competition Brand Cooperation

Concept Competitions among companies targeting common customers

Cooperation among libraries targeting common users

Example Tyota & HondaKirin & Asahi Beer

Strategic Marketing

Commercial Companies

Libraries

industrial Competition industrial Cooperation

Concept industrial Competition targeting common products

Global Cooperation among libraries targeting common service

Example Tyota & HondaKirin & Asahi Beer

Cooperation between RLG and Keio University

Strategic Marketing


Libraries

Formation of Competition Formation of Cooperation

Concept Brand Competition of PET bottles

Cooperation among libraries of a same kind

Example Styles of Competition between PET bottles industries and tea leaf merchants.

•University Libraries

•Public Libraries

Strategic Marketing


Libraries

Competition in general Cooperation in general

Concept Competition to target money in the wallet of consumer.

Cooperation by outsourcing

Example Competition to have consumers spend bonus money on whether taking trips or purchasing electric products

•Cooperation between incorporated University institution and University Libraries

•Cooperation between local government and Public Libraries

Brand ResearchPQ: Perception Quotient

questionnaire surveys


Libraries

Target ConsumersEmployees

UsersLibrarians

Characters 1. Originality2. Premium3. Recommendation

1. Characteristic services

2. Evaluation of collections of books

3. Comfortable service

Common Topics:

Brand Research


Libraries

Questionnaires

to consumers:their needs

to users:their value

to employees:use for their task

to librarians:motivation to accomplish their task

The Life Cycle of commodity (merchandise)

at commercial companies• Strong Needs of introducing new products for Marketing

• Early development↓

• Development↓

• Maturation↓

• Disbanding↓

• Early development (introduction)

Library Services Life Cycle

• Philip Kotler 1969 Proposal of Marketing for nonprofit organization

• Life Cycle of Library Services in Japan

Early development

Google, e-book, digitalization

Development E-journal, OPAC

Maturation ILL, Open stack

Disbanding Cataloging with cards and booklets

Library Consortia Life Cycle

• Shachaf’s theory of Consortia Life Cycle in 2003

• The Life Cycle Model

• Potter’s 6 standards1. The number of participating libraries

2. Core programs

3. Ground of the constitute

4. Financial source

5. Participation of major Universities

6. The management & administration organization


country The Name of Consortium Established yearNo. of

participating University Libraries

UK JISC DNER/NESLI (Joint Information System Committee, Distributed National Electronic Resources/National Electronic Site Licensing)

1996 175

Spain REBIUN (Committee of the Conference of Spanish University Principals)

1996 47

Israel MALMAD (Israel Center for Digital Information Systems)

1997 8

Library Consortia Life Cyclecountry The Name of Consortium Established

year

No. of participating University Libraries

Austria CAUL CEIRC (Council of Australian University Libraries Electronic Information Resources Committee)

1998 70

China CALIS (China Academic Library and

Information System)

1998 70

Italy INFER (Italia National Forum on

Electronic Information Resources)

1999 15


country The Name of Consortium

Established year

No. of participating University Libraries

Micronesia FSM (Federated State of Micronesia Library Service Plan 1999-2000)

1999 all Libraries of the

country

Brazil ANSF (Academic Network of Sao Paulo)

2000 6

Methodology of development stages

《 The Embryonic Stage》

• Pre-establishment stage toward the later established consortium.

Characters1. Informal, Voluntary Networking Activities2. Interlibrary Loans

Requirement for Establishing Formal Mechanisms1. Governmental Funding and Approval2. Strong Internal Leadership in Consortia


《 Early Development》

• Gradually, Achieving the Primary Goals of Its Charter• Demonstrating Benefits That Will Reach Fruition in the Development Stage• The Bibliographic Network and Interlibrary Loan Services are Taking Root.• Starting ‘Full Text Databases’ Subscriptions• Establishment of Unique Identity of Consortium• Cultivating Outside Relationships


《 Development》• Seeking funds from external sources• suggestion of internal membership commitment• Growth of subscriptions shared between consortia

members• This stage lasts up to five years• Focusing on the consortium’s effectiveness and

efficiency


《 Maturation 》• Guarantee for the access to electronic resources through s

hared subscriptions, union catalogues and interlibrary loan• Support for Internet connections and Pprovision of hardw

are for that purpose• Extension of participation beyond academic libraries• Financial independence by being self supported organizati

on with membership fee and service fee• Becoming an important negotiation agent for electronic lic

ensing subscription• Improving services by collaborating with other consortia


1. Disbanding or Termination• Lack of Consortia viability

2. MetaConsortia• Consortium of consortia, founded on

the basis of cooperation among several consortia

Classification of the Consortia by Stage of Development

Stage Nationwide Consortia

1. Embryonic Italy, Micronesia, Spain

2. Early Development Brazil

3. Development China, Israel, UK

4. Maturation Australia U.S.A (Statewide)

5. a. Disbanding

b. MetaConsortia

Farmington Plan, CISTI(Canada)

ICOLC, eIFL

Japanese University Libraries Consortia

The Embryonic Stage (1998 – 2000)

• Joint use of Intranet style electronic journal

• IDEAL Consortia by Academic Press

• IDEAL open consortia (JIOC/NU) by 6 Universities of Japan Association of National University Libraries (JANUL)

↓Disbanding in 2002


Early Development (2000 – 2002)• Establishment of the task force for electronic

journal by Japan Association of National University Libraries

• University of Tokyo Library took the major role

• April, 2002, signing up for the contract of a consortium with Elsevier and other 4 publishers.

Japanese University Libraries ConsortiaDevelopment (2002 – 2003)• Contract with 13 publisher for electronic journal

• 3,800 titles of electronic journals became available

• Due to introducing electronic journals, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) provide budget for National University Libraries.

• Cooperative work with National Institute of Informatics to establish guarantee of on going access to online publications

• Establishment of Private University Libraries Consortium (PULC)


Development (2002 – 2003)• Subsidy from Ministry of Education, Culture,

Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to introduce electronic journals at Private Universities

• Development into self supportive organization

• Japan Coalition of Library Consortia (JCOLC)

• Planning for the establishment of JCOLC

Conclusion• Current consortia are only for purchasing Electron

ic Journals. The same strategy must be used for purchasing eBooks.

• For further development of the method of Schacaf, we must correct newest data and continue quantitative researches

• We are aiming to increase the purchase of electronic information resources by establishing an unique consortium which fit for the environment of Japanese Libraries

university libraries consortia development as a purchase method of ematerials

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