universiti putra malaysia effects of sugar cane …ciri-ciri fizik dan kimia pada tanah bris,...
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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
EFFECTS OF SUGAR CANE FILTER CAKE COMPOST ON SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIS SOILS AND GROWTH OF MAIZE
YOSSIF SALAMA MOHAMED OMAR FP 2009 4
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EFFECTS OF SUGAR CANE FILTER CAKE COMPOST ON SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIS SOILS AND GROWTH OF MAIZE
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By
YOSSIF SALAMA MOHAMED OMAR
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Thesis submitted to the school of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science
July 2009
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DEDICATION
To
My LOVELY WIFE
AND
DAUGHTERS
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
EFFECTS OF SUGAR CANE FILTER CAKE COMPOST ON SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIS SOILS AND GROWTH OF MAIZE
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By
YOSSIF SALAMA MOHAMED OMAR
July 2009
Chairman: Anuar Abd Rahim, PhD
Faculty: Agriculture
Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) soil usually poses a great challenge for
water and nutrients management due to the relatively low water holding and nutrient
retention capacities. Besides, high hydraulic conductivity, such soils can also contribute
to high leaching. Addition of organic wastes to BRIS soil has beneficial effects upon soil
structure and properties related to it. Incubation study and field lysimeter experiments
were conducted to investigate the effect of sugar cane filter cake compost on selected
physical, chemical and biological properties of BRIS soil and its effect on growth and
yield of maize. In both incubation and field experiments, the BRIS soil was amended
with 0, 3, 6, 8, 12 tonnes ha-1 of filter cake compost, arranged in completely randomized
and lattice square designs, respectively.
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The amounts of OC, N, P, K, Ca and Mg in filter cake compost were 13.60%, 1.10%,
1.00%, 0.20%, 7.00%, 0.80%, respectively. The incubation study showed that the
release of different nutrients varied according to treatments and the mean range of
nutrients released at the end of incubation period were; 0.012-0.035 % N, 0.42-0.55 %
OC, 33.80-60.20 ppm NO-3, 20.40-66.97 ppm NH4
+ , 0.06-3.19 cmol kg-1 Ca and 0.03-
0.08 cmol kg-1 Mg. Addition of 12 ton ha-1 of the filter cake compost significantly
increased the total N and NH4+contents of the soil compared with unamended control.
The soil OC content responded as y = 0.42+0.01x (P = 0.036, R2 = 0.96). The soil OC
showed linear increase with increasing rates of filter cake compost. Field study
conducted for two consecutive seasons showed that the addition of the filter cake
compost yielded no significant impact on the soil pH for the first season, but in the
second season a significantly higher soil pH was obtained with addition of 12 t ha-1 of
filter cake compost compared to the control and 3 t ha-1 treatments. Soil pH responded as
quadratic relationship where y = 7.13 + 0.19x - 0.008x2 (P = 0.0144, R2=0.99). The
available soil water responded as y = 2.08 - 0.17x + 0.03x2 (P = 0.00436, R2 = 0.96) in
the first season and y = 2.5+ 0.12x (P = 0.0254, R2 = 0.85) in the second season. In the
first season, soil N responded as linear relationship, where y = 0.022 +0.004x
(P=0.0449, R2=0.78) up to 12 t ha-1, while in the second season, it responded as linear
relationship, where y = 0.04 + 0.0003x (P=0.0452, R2=0.78) with the increment rate of
filter cake compost up to 12 t ha-1. The soil Ca responded as y = 0.013 + 0.03x – 0.001x2
(P = 0.0148, R2 = 0.98) and y = 0.04 x – 0.002x2 (P = 0.0009, R2 = 0.99) during first and
second season, respectively. Maximum Ca content was attained at 0.13 cmol kg-1 in the
first season and 0.21 cmol kg-1 for season two due to filter cake compost rates at 10.50
and 10 t ha-1, respectively. There was no significant increase in microbial activity due to
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low fresh carbon sources in the compost. Although applying filter cake compost
increases the physical and chemical condition of BRIS soil, further investigation on the
economic implication of such organic amendment should be conducted.
Keywords: Sugar canes filter cake compost, sandy soils, soil amendment, and plant
growth.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia bagi memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah Master Sains.
KESAN KOMPOS SISA TEBU TERHADAP CIRI-CIRI TERPILIH TANAH BRIS DAN PERTUMBUHAN JAGUNG
Oleh
YOSSIF SALAMA MOHAMED OMAR
Julai 2009
Pengerusi: Anuar Abdul Rahim, PhD
Fakulti: Pertanian
Tanah BRIS (Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swale) menghadapi cabaran yang besar
dalam pengurusan air dan nutrien disebabkan oleh daya pegangan air dan penyimpanan
nutrient yang lemah. Selain daripada itu daya hidrolik yang tinggi juga menyumbang
kepada jumlah larut lesap yang tinggi. Penambahan sisa organik ke atas tanah pasir
memberikan kesan yang baik ke atas struktur dan ciri-ciri tanah. Kajian pengeraman dan
eksperimen lysimeter di ladang dijalankan bagi mengetahui kesan kompos sisa gula tebu
(Sugar Cane Filter Cake Compost, FCC) terhadap ciri-ciri fizik, kimia dan biologi
terpilih tanah BRIS dan kesannya terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil jagung. Pada kedua-
dua eksperimen, lapangan dan lysimeter tanah BRIS telah ditambah dengan 0, 3, 6, 8
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dan 12 tan ha-1 FCC, masing-masing disusun dalam rekabentuk rawak lengkap dan
segiempat latin. Jumlah karbon organik (OC), N, P, K, Ca dan Mg yang terkandung
dalam FCC adalah masing-masing 13.60%, 1.10%, 1.00%, 0.20%, 7.00% dan 0.80%.
Kajian pengeraman menunjukkan pembebasan nutrien yang berbeza mengikut rawatan
dan julat min bagi setiap nutrien yang terbebas di akhir tempoh pengeraman adalah;
0.012-0.035 % N, 0.42-0.55 % karbon organik (OC), 33.80-60.20 ppm NO-3, 20.40-
66.97 ppm NH4+, 0.06-3.19 cmol kg-1 Ca dan 0.03-0.08 cmol kg-1 Mg. Penambahan
sebanyak 12 tan ha-1 kompos menunjukkan peningkatan bererti terhadap kandungan
total N and NH4+ dalam tanah berbanding dengan tanpa rawatan. Kandungan karbon
organik tanah menunjukkan hubungan, y = 0.42+0.01x (P = 0.036, R2 = 0.96). Karbon
organik tanah menunjukkan peningkatan linear dengan peningkatan kadar FCC. Kajian
lapangan yang dijalankan pada dua musim berturut-turut menunjukkan penambahan
FCC tidak memberikan impak yang bererti terhadap pH tanah pada musim yang
pertama, tetapi pada musim yang kedua pH tanah menunjukkan peningkatan yang
bererti dengan penambahan 12 tan ha-1 FCC berbanding kawalan dan 3 tan ha-1 rawatan.
pH tanah menunjukkan hubungan kuadratik di mana y = 7.13 + 0.19x – 0.008x2 (P =
0.0144, R2 = 0.99). Air tanah tersedia menunjukkan interaksi sebagai y = 2.08 – 0.17x +
0.03x2 (P = 0.00436, R2 = 0.96) pada musim pertama dan y = 2.5 + 0.12x (P = 0.0254,
R2 = 0.85) pada musim kedua. Pada musim pertama, N dalam tanah bertindakbalas
secara linear, dimana y = 0.022 + 0.004x (P = 0.0449, R2 = 0.78) sehingga 12 tan ha-1,
manakala pada musim kedua, ia menunjukkan hubungan linear dimana y = 0.04 +
0.0003x (P = 0.0452, R2 = 0.78) dengan peningkatan kadar FCC sehingga 12 tan ha-1. Ca
dalam tanah bertindakbalas sebagai y = 0.013 + 0.03x – 0.001x2 (P = 0.0148, R2 = 0.98)
dan y = 0.04x – 0.002x2 (P = 0.0009, R2 = 0.99) masing-masing pada musim pertama
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dan kedua. Kandungan Ca yang maksimum didapati pada 0.13 cmol kg-1 pada musim
pertama dan 0.21 cmol kg-1 untuk musim kedua masing-masing pada kadar FCC 10.5
dan 10 tan ha-1. Tiada peningkatan bererti terhadap aktiviti mikrobial berpunca pada
sumber karbon yang rendah dalam kompos. Walaupun penambahan FCC meningkatkan
ciri-ciri fizik dan kimia pada tanah BRIS, penyelidikan lanjut ke atas implikasi ekonomi
terhadap penambahan bahan organik perlu dijalankan.
Kata kunci: Kompos sisa tebu, tanah pasir, bahan pembaikan tanah dan pertumbuhan
pokok.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL
All praise belongs to Allah, glorified is He and exalted. I thank Allah for giving me the
strength and wisdom for successfully completing my thesis work.
The preparation of this thesis would not have been possible without the support, hard
work and endless efforts of a large number of individuals and institutions. I would like
to sincerely acknowledge the support of the Government of Libya for providing me
scholarship to pursue MSc degree.
I am indebted to chairman of my supervisory committee, Associate Professor Dr Anuar
Rahim for his patience and unshaken support. With his enthusiasm, inspiration, and
great efforts to explain things clearly and simply, Dr Anuar helped to guide me in my
research. Throughout my thesis-writing period, he provided encouragement, sound
advice, good teaching, good company, and lots of good ideas. I wish to express my
warm and sincere thanks to my supervisory committee member, Associate Professor Dr
Radziah Othman for her remarkable suggestions and valuable advice on my work.
I owe my loving thanks to my immediate family who stood beside me and encouraged
me constantly. I would like to thank all my fellow friends who had helped me in one
way or the other. However, there are a few people that I would like to specially
acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude who have made the completion of this
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research possible. Many thanks go in particular to Monther, Abdrakeb and Alagie, for
their assistance and constructive comments.
I wish to acknowledge and thank all the lab assistants at UPM, especially Puan Sarimah
Hashim for their over whelming assistance during my laboratory analysis.
I cannot finish without saying how grateful I am with my family: grandparents, uncles,
aunts, cousins and nephews all have given me a loving environment where to develop.
Particular thanks, of course, to my brothers and sisters. Lastly, and most importantly, I
wish to express my deepest love and gratitude to my mum and dad for their support and
encouragement in all matters of my life.
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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 1st July 2009 to conduct the final examination of Yossif Salama Mohamed Omar on his master thesis entitled “Effects of Sugar Cane Filter Cake compost on selected characteristics of Bris Soils Growth Of Maize ” in accordance with Unversities and Unversitity Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Unversiti Pertanian Malaysia[P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science. Members of the Examination Committee were as follows: Aminuddin Hussin, PhD Associate professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Ahmad Husni Mohd Hanif, PhD Associate professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Hamdan Jol, PhD Associate professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Izham Ahmad , PhD Researcher Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Serdang (External Examiner)
BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 27 August 2009
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This thesis was submitted to the senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Anuar Abd .Rahim, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman))
Radziah Othman, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
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HASANAH MOHD. GHAZALI, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: 11 September 2009
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Unversiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.
(Signature)
YOSSIF SALAM MOHAMED OMAR
Date: 23 July 2009
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION i ABSTRACT ii ABSTRAK v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii APPROVAL x DECLARATION ��� LIST OF TABLS xvi LIST OF FIGURES xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxi CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem statement 4 1.3 Objectives 5 1.4 Scope of study 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Sandy soils 6 2.1.1 Classification of sandy soils 7 2.1.2 Physical chemical and biological barrier of sand soils 11
2.1.3 Limitation of sandy soils to crop production 14 2.1.4 Organic matter and fertility of sandy soils 15
2.2 Agriculture organic wastes 20 2.2.1 Effect of agriculture wastes on physical, chemical 21
biological properties of sandy soils 2.2.2 Effect of agriculture wastes on plant growth and 27
Production 2.2.2.1 Mineralization of organic matter 31
2.3 Sugar cane filter cake compost (FCC) 33 2.3.1 Mineralization of FCC 36 2.3.3 Effect of FCC on plant growth and crop production 37
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3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 39 3.1 Location of the study 39 3.2 Analysis of compost 39 3.3 Preliminary Experiment 41 3.4 Soil collection 42 3.5 Treatments 43
3.6 Experimental layout 44 3.6.1 Seedbed preparation 45
3.6.2 Application of filter cake compost 45 3.7 Planting and crop maintenance 47
3.7.1 Sowing of seeds 47 3.7.2 Agronomic practices 48
3.8 Field sampling and data collection 49 3.8.1 Pre-harvest characterization of the soil 49
3.8.2 Post- harvest characterization of the soil 51 3.8.3 Plant variables 52
3.8.4 Statistical analysis 55
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56 4.1 Composition of Filter cake compost 57 4.2 Mineralization of FCC 59 4.3 Effect of FCC on selected soil characteristics 73
4.3.1 Effect of FCC on available water content and 73 soil bulk density
4.3.2 Effect FCC on nutrients in soils 77 4.3.3 Effect of FCC on population of soil microorganism 88
4.4 Effect of FCC on plant growth 92 4.4.1 Effect of FCC on plant height 92
4.4.2 Effect of FCC on plant biomass 94 4.4.3 Effect of FCC on plant culm diameter 95 4.4.4 Effect of FCC on nutrient content in tissue 96
4.5 Relationship between soil and plant characteristics 99 4.5.1 Correlation and Regression analyses 99
5 CONCLUSION` 109
REFERENCES 112 APPENDICES 124 BIODATA OF STUDENT 128
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page 3.1 Procedures for determination of nutrient content of FCC, 40 soil chemical properties and plant tissues��������������������������������������� 3.2 Treatments of FCC comprising amount in the field 44
(t ha-1) and in culvert (g culvert -1) 4.1 Chemical and physical properties of experimental soil prior to 57 treatment application 4.2 Nutrient content of FCC used in this study as compared 58 with specifications by supplier 4.3 The effect of different rates of FCC on soil pH and 65
Mineralization of elements at 63 days incubation
4.4 Available water and soil bulk density as affected by 74 different rates of FCC
4.5 Effects of different rates of FCC on status 77 of nutrients in the soil (first season)
4.6 Effects of different rates of FCC on status 78 of nutrients in the soil (second season)
4.7 Soil pH and CEC as affected by different rates of FCC 86
4.8 Effects of different rates of FCC on soil fungal population 90 in both planting seasons 4.9 Sufficiency ranges of macro and micro-nutrient in flag 97 leaves of maize 4.10 Elements in the leaves affected by different rates of FCC 98 (first season)
4.11 Elements in the leaves affected by different rates of FCC 99 (second season)
4.12 Correlations among various soil nutrients and soil pH 101 at harvest during first season
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4.13 Correlations among various soil nutrients and soil pH 102 at harvest during second season 4.14 Correlations among various soil nutrients with nutrient 102 content in tissue at harvest during first season 4.15 Correlations among various soil nutrients with nutrient 103 content tiusse at harvest during second season 4.16 Correlations among various soil nutrients with plant yield 103 variables at harvest during first season
4.17 Correlations among various soil nutrients with plant yield 104 variables at harvest during second season
4.18 Correlations among various nutrients in tissue with 104 plant yield variables at harvest during first season 4.19 Correlations among various nutrients in tissue with 105 plant yield variables at harvest during second season �
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3.1 Incubation process of the FCC mixed with the soils 42
3.2 Preparation of soil in culverts prior to seeding 45
3.3 Sachets of FCC before mixing with the sandy soils 46
3.4 Spreading of FCC on sandy soil in culvert 47
3.5 Plant density of the culvert after seedlings establishment 48
3.6 Indication of flag leaf to be sampled at physiological maturity 53 4.1 The effect of different rates of FCC on soil pH during incubation 59
period 4.2 The effect of different rates of FCC on Organic carbon during 60 incubation period
4.3 The effect of different rates of FCC on total nitrogen during 60 incubation period
4.4 The effect of different rates of FCC on NH4
+ during 61 incubation period
4.5 The effect of different rates of FCC on NO3-during 62
incubation period
4.6 The effect of different rates of FCC on exchangeable K during 63 incubation period
4.7 The effect of different rates of FCC on exchangeable Ca during 63 incubation period
4.8 The effect of different rates of FCC on exchangeable Mg during 64 incubation period
4.9 Changes of pH in soil amended with FCC after 63 days of 66 incubation 4.10 Changes of total OC in soil amended with FCC after 63 days of 67 incubation
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4.11 Changes of total N in soil amended with FCC after 63 days 68 of incubation 4.12 Changes of NH+
4 in soil amended with FCC after 63 days 69 of incubation �������������������������Changes of NO-
3 in soil amended with FCC after 63 days 70 of incubation 4.14 Changes of exchangeable Mg in soil amended with FCC after 63 73 days of incubation 4.15 Soil bulk density as affected by different rates of FCC in both 75 planting Seasons. ����� � Available soil water content as affected by different rates of 76 FCC in both planting seasons 4.17 Effect of FCC on soil total nitrogen in both planting seasons 79 4.18 Soil phosphorus as affected by different rates of FCC in both 81 planting seasons
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���� � Soil potassium as affected by different rates of FCC in both 82 planting seasons
4.20 Effect of FCC on soil calcium in both planting seasons 83 4.21 Effect of FCC on soil magnesium in both planting seasons 84 4.22 Soil iron as affected by different rates of FCC in both planting 85 Seasons 4.23 Effect of FCC on soil pH in both planting seasons 86 4.24 Effect of FCC on soil CEC in both planting seasons 87 4.25 Colonization of fungi in the soil after addition of FCC 89
4.26 Soil number of colonies as affected by different rates of FCC 91 in both planting seasons 4.27 Effects of FCC on plant height in both planting seasons 93 4.28 Plant height as affected by different treatments 93
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4.29 Aboveground plant dry weight as affected by amount of 94 FCC application 4.30 Changes in plant diameter with respect to addition 96
of different rates of FCC
4.31 Relationship between Calcium and Magnesium in soil 105 during first season 4.32 Relationship between Calcium and soil pH during first season 106 4.33 Relationship between Calcium and soil pH during second season 106 4.34 Relationship between Magnesium in soil and pH during second 107 season 4.35 Relationship between Calcium and Magnesium in soil during 107 second season 4.36 Relationship between Calcium in the soil and culm diameter 108 during second season 4.37 Relationship between Magnesium in the soil and culm diameter 108 during second season
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
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ANOVA Analysis of Variance
ASWC1 Available soil water content in first season
ASWC2 Available soil water content in second season
BD1 Bulk density in first season
BD2 Bulk density in second season
BRIS Beach ridges interspersed with swales
C:N Carbon nitrogen ratio
CaL Calcium in the leaves
Cas Calcium in the soil
CEC Cation exchange capacity
CEC1 (cmol(+)kg-1 Soil Cation exchange capacity in the first season
CEC2 cmol(+)kg-1 Soil Cation exchange capacity in the second season
CRD Complete Randomized Design
EFB Empty fruit bunches
FCC Compost sugarcane filter cake
FeL Iron in the leaves
Fes Iron in the soil
KL Potassium in the leaves
KS Potassium in the soil
MARDI Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute
MgL Magnesium in the leaves
Mgs Magnesium in the soil
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NL Nitrogen in the leaves
NS Nitrogen in the soil
ns Not significant at (p<0.05) probability level
OM organic material
pH1 Soil pH in the first season
pH2 Soil pH in the second season
PL Phosphorus in the leaves
PS Phosphorus in the soil
POME Palm oil mill effluent
SOM Soil organic material
UiTM Universiti Teknologi Mara�
UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia WRB World reference base
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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Sandy soils are characterized by less than 18% clay and more than 65% sand in the first
100 cm of the solum (ISSS Working Group, 1998). Sandy soils are weakly developed
soils with only weak profile horizon formation because of the slow chemical weathering
in these normally dry and hot soils. Physical weathering predominates in response to
extreme variations in temperature. The absence of vegetation cover results in an
extremely low production of organic material which leads to the very low organic matter
contents.
One of the primary interests of agriculturalists is the use of soil as a medium for plant
production. Many crop management decisions are aimed at improving the soil to
maximize production of food and fiber. Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS)
soils, which are types of sandy soils usually pose particular challenge to water and
nutrient management due to low water and nutrient retention capacity. High hydraulic
conductivity also leads to loss of water beyond rooting zone of plant. Sandy soils require
lots of irrigation water and fertilizers (Pathan et al., 2003).