22

UNIVERSAL PRIMARY UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTANEDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

22

AZHAR IQBAL KHANAZHAR IQBAL KHAN

M.Phil StudentM.Phil Student

Iqra University, 01 December,Iqra University, 01 December, 20132013

Constitution of Pakistan

Constitution of Pakistan

33

Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 – Article 37-b

“The State shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary

education within minimum possible period”

44

Six Goals of Dakar - EFASix Goals of Dakar - EFA

1.1. ECCE ECCE - Early Childhood care and - Early Childhood care and

education.education.

2.2. UPEUPE - Free and compulsory - Free and compulsory

basic education .basic education .

3.3. Learning opportunitiesLearning opportunities for for

Young & Adults.Young & Adults.

4.4. Literacy RateLiteracy Rate (50% (50%

improvement).improvement).

5.5. Gender equalityGender equality - elimination of - elimination of

gender disparities.gender disparities.

6.6. Quality of educationQuality of education - Learning - Learning

achievement.achievement.

66

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) RELATED TO EDUCATION(MDGs) RELATED TO EDUCATION

Goals 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education

Targets 3Ensure that , by 2012 , children everywhere , boys and girls alike , will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

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EDUCATION SCENARIO

88

99

EDUCATION BUDGET AS % AGE OF GDP (2005-06): SOUTH ASIA

Country Percentage

Iran 4.7

India 3.8

Bangladesh 2.4

Maldives 7.5

Nepal 3.4

Pakistan 2.21 (05-06)2.44 (07-08)

Source: EFA Global Monitoring Report 20081010

GOAL 2 – PRIMARY EDUCATIONGOAL 2 – PRIMARY EDUCATION

““Ensuring that by 2015 all children with special emphasis on girls Ensuring that by 2015 all children with special emphasis on girls and children in difficult circumstances have access to and complete and children in difficult circumstances have access to and complete

free and compulsory primary education of good quality.”free and compulsory primary education of good quality.”

Net Enrolment Rate ( 5-9) age group 2009-10

5762

54 52

44

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pakistan Punjab Sindh Khyber P.KBalochistan

Net Enrolment Rate

Pakistan

Punjab

Sindh

Khyber P.K

Balochistan

5757

2011-122011-12

Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2011-12Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2011-12 1111

6464

5050 5353

3939

NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL NERNATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL NER

AT PRIMARY LEVELAT PRIMARY LEVEL

Province/Area

2010-11 2011-12

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Pakistan 60 53 56 60 54 57

Punjab 62 59 61 65 62 64

Sindh 57 48 53 53 47 50

KPK 57 45 51 59 48 53

Balochistan 56 35 47 48 28 39

Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2011-12Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2011-12

*: Results of Balochistan are not representative as 57 areas out of 160 areas have been dropped from scope of Survey due*: Results of Balochistan are not representative as 57 areas out of 160 areas have been dropped from scope of Survey due

to security prevailing situation in Balochistanto security prevailing situation in Balochistan1212

NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL NERNATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL NER

AT PRIMARY LEVELAT PRIMARY LEVEL

Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2011-12Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2011-12 1313

PROGRESS TOWARDS GOAL 2PROGRESS TOWARDS GOAL 2

AT NATIONAL LEVELAT NATIONAL LEVEL

Indicator 2001-02 2004-05 2007-08 2010-11 2011-12MDG

Target2015

Net Primary Enrolment Rate (5-9 Years)

42 52 55 56 57 100

Completion/Survival rate 1 grade to 5

57.3 67.1 52.3 49 - 100

Literacy Rate (%) 10 years and above

45 53 56 58 58 88

Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2011-122011-12

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COMPLETION / SURVIVAL RATECOMPLETION / SURVIVAL RATETILL GRADE VTILL GRADE V

Completion/survival rates to Grade V slipped during the past five years – Completion/survival rates to Grade V slipped during the past five years – from 67.1% in 2004/05 and 52.3% in 2007/08 to 49% in 2010/11. This be from 67.1% in 2004/05 and 52.3% in 2007/08 to 49% in 2010/11. This be

expected to rise, at the most to 70% by 2015.expected to rise, at the most to 70% by 2015.

2001/02

2004/05

2005/06

2007/08

2010/11

EFA Target 2015

Projected 2015

Status

Completion/Survival rate till Grade V

57.3% 67.1% 55% 52.3% 49% 100% 70%

4949

100100

00

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100

120120

2010/112010/11 EFA 2015EFA 2015

1515

Student to teacher ratio in average;

private schools 30:1 Govt. schools 50:1

STUDENT – TEACHER RATIO

Source: EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008

In Pakistan there are a total of 154,641 primary schoolsIn Pakistan there are a total of 154,641 primary schools

136,672 (88%) are in the public sector136,672 (88%) are in the public sector

17,969 (12%) are in the private sector17,969 (12%) are in the private sector

DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSEDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-11Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-11

The primary stage of education in Pakistan enrolls 16.894 The primary stage of education in Pakistan enrolls 16.894

million learners/studentsmillion learners/students

11.664 million (69%) are in public sector11.664 million (69%) are in public sector

5.230 million (31%) are in private sector5.230 million (31%) are in private sector

SECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OFSECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OFPRIMAY STAGE ENROLMENTPRIMAY STAGE ENROLMENT

Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-11Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-11

Out of the total enrolment at primary stage:Out of the total enrolment at primary stage:

9.441 million (56%) are boys9.441 million (56%) are boys

7.543 million (44%) are girls7.543 million (44%) are girls

GENDER WISE DISTRIBUTION OFGENDER WISE DISTRIBUTION OFPRIMARY STAGE ENROLMENTPRIMARY STAGE ENROLMENT

Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-11Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-11

SECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OFSECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OFPRIMAY SCHOOL'S TEACHERSPRIMAY SCHOOL'S TEACHERS

The total number of primary teachers are 436,928:The total number of primary teachers are 436,928:

345,477 (79%) are in public sector345,477 (79%) are in public sector

91,451 (21%) are in private sector91,451 (21%) are in private sector

Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-112010-11

GENDER WISE DISTRIBUTION OFGENDER WISE DISTRIBUTION OFPRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERSPRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

Male primary school teachers are 229,920 (53%)Male primary school teachers are 229,920 (53%)

Female primary teachers are 207,008 (47%)Female primary teachers are 207,008 (47%)

Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report Source: Pakistan Education Statistics Shown in AEPAM Report 2010-112010-11

MAJOR CHALLENGES AND BARRIERSMAJOR CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS

Insufficient Political Will

Weak Organizational structure, low planning and

implementation capacity

Lack of physical facilities including electricity, furniture,

washrooms etc

Lack of effective Monitoring and Evaluation System and

weak supervision

Weakened Governance

Poor Quality of Teachers & Managers2222

MAJOR CHALLENGES AND BARRIERSMAJOR CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS

Quality of curriculum, textbooks & exams

Low level of literacy

Un-attractive school environment

Out of school children & High Dropouts

Weak Public Private Partnership

In-adequate financing

Gender inequity

Inconvenient school location

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STEPS TAKEN TO ACCELERATE PROGRESS STEPS TAKEN TO ACCELERATE PROGRESS ON UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATIONON UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

NFBE Schools established as BECS (14,000) and enrollment is

500,000

Through 18th Constitutional Amendment under Article 25(A)

introduced free and compulsory education of age group (5-16) as

a fundamental right

Provinces have launched a massive campaign for enrollment of

Out-of-School Children

Primary Education has been made free and textbooks are

provided free of cost

STEPS TAKEN (cont….)STEPS TAKEN (cont….)

In order to promote public-private partnerships, Education

Foundations have been set up in all the four provinces

Effective Monitoring and Supervision System, Reforms

and Assessment Examination System and Need Based

Literacy, Functional Literacy and Skill Literacy Program

planned

Grant of stipends and incentives to girls students and

female teachers

Basic education takes over almost 50% of education

budget

Setting up of primary schools for each village in hand

Providing missing facilities and capacity building of existing

schools

Under devolution Ordinance 2000, community has been

empowered to participate in the school management

School up-gradation through conventional and non-

conventional means to reduce the current imbalances

English language teaching has been introduced from class-1

Shift towards vocational / technical training

STEPS TAKEN (cont….)STEPS TAKEN (cont….)

2727

Curriculum for Early Childhood Education have been

developed

554 ECE Centres have been introduced in formal primary

education

National Education Management Information System

(NEMIS) being setup at Federal level

Existing Education Management Information System

(EMIS) at Provincial and District levels shall be

strengthened to make them responsive

STEPS TAKEN (cont….)STEPS TAKEN (cont….)

2828

Thank youThank you

2929

Quality Assurance Quality Assurance Initiatives:Initiatives:

• Improvement in provision of infrastructure and human resources for primary education.

• Provision of improved curriculum and teaching-learning materials to improve the quality of teaching-learning process.

• Attention to continuous professional development of teaches.• Establishment of Educational Assessment System.• Strengthening and up-gradation of Teacher Training

institutions.• Setting-up Academic Audit through linkage of cash awards /

incentives with quality.• Developing a National Strategy for Information Communication

Technologies (ICTs).• Setting up Examination Board in private sector.

Steps taken (cont….)Steps taken (cont….)

3030

Start with learners and take all actors into accountStart with learners and take all actors into account

Towards better quality: a holistic Towards better quality: a holistic approachapproach

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• Discovery-based pedagogies pioneered in many programmes are difficult to implement on national scale in resource-constrained contexts

• Structured teaching is a pragmatic option in low-income settings. Teacher presents material in small steps, checks student understanding and encourages interaction

• Regular assessment and feedback improves learning

Rigid chalk and talk pedagogy is widespreadRigid chalk and talk pedagogy is widespread

In the classroom:In the classroom:pedagogical pedagogical

renewalrenewal

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•Governance: school leadership, room for consultation between teachers, governments and other stakeholders on curriculum, employment and working conditions

•Participatory learning networks and professional advisory bodies to encourage sharing of best practice

•Combating corrupt practices: fraud in public tendering for school buildings and textbooks, nepotism and bribes in teacher appointment and examinations

•Equity: reducing regional and social inequalities advances education for all

Beyond the classroom: Beyond the classroom: policies conducive to better qualitypolicies conducive to better quality

3333

Successful qualitative reforms require:

• Prime attention to quality of teaching profession• Strong leading role by government• A societal project for improving education• Policy continuity over time

Wrapping upWrapping up

Education quantity and quality are complements, not substitutes