unit(summary unit summary the later histories of...

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Chapter 4 Reading Guide Classical Civilization in the Mediterranean: Greece and Rome p. 80-‐100

UNIT SUMMARY

The civilizations of Greece and Rome rivaled those of India and China in cultural richness and their effect on world history. Their institutions and values reverberated (echoed) in the later histories of the Middle East and Europe and Europe’s colonies around the world. The study of classical Mediterranean civilization is complicated because it includes Greek and then Roman political, social, and economic institutions, which were sometimes shared but often unique.

Using the maps on page 85, draw the outline of the Greek civilization’s boundaries in 431 BCE and label the following (NOTE: the orange, green, and purple areas are ALL Greek)

a. Sparta b. Asia Minor c. Peloponnesus d. Athens e. Mediterranean Sea

f. Ionia g. Aegean Sea h. Macedonia i. Crete

1. How might have Greece’s geography contributed to its development of sea trade with Egypt and Phoenicia?

UNIT SUMMARY The civilizations of Greece and Rome rivaled those of India and China in cultural richness and their effect on world history. Their institutions and values reverberated in the later histories of the Middle East and Europe and Europe’s colonies around the world. The study of classical Mediterranean civilization is complicated because it includes Greek and then Roman political, social, and economic institutions, which were sometimes shared but often unique.

Using the maps on page 69, draw the outline of the Greek civilization’s boundaries in 431 BCE and label the following: (NOTE: the orange, green, and purple areas are ALL Greek)o Sparta o Asia Minor o Peloponnesus o Athens o Mediterranean Sea

o Ionia o Aegean Sea o Macedonia o Crete

1. How might have Greece’s geography contributed to its development of sea trade with

Egypt and Phoenicia?

Name: ________________________________ Due Date: _______________________

Chapter 4 Reading Guide Classical Civilization in the Mediterranean: Greece and Rome

INTRODUCTION

2. Use the double bubble map below to diagram similarities and differences between Greece and Rome during the Classical Period.

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE: A NEW PERSPECTIVE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, p.82 Political Styles and Innovations

3. What Middle Eastern civilization inherited many of Mesopotamia’s achievements?

4. Define: Zoroastrianism

5. Do a google search for Zoroastrianism and read up on some of their major beliefs. What present day religion(s) does Zoroastrianism resemble in some aspects? Identify the similarities.

6. What famous pseudo-‐Greek (i.e. “sort of” Greek) conquered the Persians?

7. What empire will rise from Persia’s ashes later?

PATTERNS OF GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY, p. 84 Stages in Greek Development

8. IMPORTANT: What sort of political units did the Greeks have?

9. What led the Greeks to have this type of political unit rather than a unified empire?

INTRODUCTION (P. 67-68)

2. Use the double bubble map below to diagram similarities and differences between Greece and Rome during the classical period.

THE PERSIAN TRADITION (P. 68)

3. What Middle Eastern civilization inherited many of Mesopotamia’s achievements? 4. Define: Zoroastrianism - 5. Do a Google search for Zoroastrianism and read up on some of their major beliefs.

What present day religion(s) does Zoroastrianism resemble in some aspects? Identify the similarities.

6. What famous pseudo-Greek (i.e. “sort of” Greek) conquered the Persians?

7. What empire will rise from Persia’s ashes later? 8. What modern day country exists at the heart of the old Persian Empire? (HINT: the map

on p. 70 says “hi”, HINT 2: It sounds like “Aryan” for a good reason.)

Greece Rome

10. Examine your text for who the Greeks took their alphabet from. Then think about who the Greeks influenced and who those people influenced in turn. Now, where do the letters that make up this page of writing originate?

11. In what area of the Mediterranean did the Greeks focus their trade and colonization efforts?

12. What two Greek city-‐states were at the heart of the Peloponnesian Wars and what did those wars lead to?

Rome

13. What did Romans do in 509 BCE that would inspire American colonists and thinkers in the late 1700s?

14. Who was Rome’s opponent during the Punic Wars?

15. How many years did the Roman Republic last?

16. What famous Roman marked the end of the Republic?

17. When Augustus seizes power this begins a new period in Roman history as Rome is now referred to as the what?

18. How many years did this new political structure last? (Use your timeline on p. 82 and a calculator if you need help)

19. Compare the 1st half of this new Roman political structure’s history to the 2nd half. In general, what is the key difference between them?

20. What was the final catastrophe that marked the end of Rome? How is this similar to the end of Han China and Gupta India?

21. Besides that final reason for the fall of Rome, what were some other factors in its decline?

22. What new religion was adopted in Rome in 313 CE? (HINT: The Roman ___________________ Church)

GREEK AND ROMAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, p.88

Note: Aristocratic means “nobles” or upper class citizens and were usually large landowners who inherited their property from their fathers. If you were in the aristocracy you were most likely born into it.

23. Describe the common political obligations and customs of citizens in Greece and Rome.

24. Dr. Birgeles has the ultimate authority in the school. However, Ms. Hou runs her classroom and establishes assignments and sets standards for her AP students to meet. How is this analogous (similar or symbolic of) to the power relationship of the Roman emperor and city-‐states around the empire?

25. How were Greece and Rome’s political cultures and institutions distinctive from China’s? List three differences.

A. B. C.

26. How were Greece and Rome’s political forms similar to India’s?

27. What type of government did Greece and Rome (at least while a republic) avoid?

28. Today the word “tyrant” is associated with a ruler who abuses his power and his people’s freedom and rights. How were tyrants different in classical Greece?

Greece

29. Where did the Western concept of democracy come from specifically and from what word is derived?

30. How is “direct democracy” different from present day democracy in the United States? (HINT: the United States more closely resembles Rome’s system before it became an empire.)

31. What people were not considered citizens in Athens?

32. What was the most common form of government in the Mediterranean world?

THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Mediterranean in Comparative Perspective, p.89

33. Fill in the chart below using just the first two paragraphs in this section. Describe the common political, economic, and social characteristics shared by Greece & Rome, India, and China.

Rome

34. Roman citizens would gather to vote in assemblies but they would not vote on laws. What were they voting on? (HINT: that’s why Rome was called a republic)

35. What was the most powerful lawmaking body in the Roman Republic? (HINT: it shares the same name as ½ of the US Congress)

36. The United States has a President who serves as the executive (enforcing) authority. What did Rome have?

37. Rome had an unusual practice of handing total power to one individual during emergencies so quick and decisive decisions could be made for the good of the country. What was this person called? What meaning does that same term have in today’s political world? (HINT: Adolf Hitler and Saddam Hussein were both called this)

46. If Rome was generally tolerant of other religions, why were Christians singled out for persecution?

47. What was the single greatest accomplishment of the Roman Empire that has yet to be

repeated? (NOTE: to really appreciate this, look at the map on page 71 and keep in mind that ALL of the orange, light orange, and green COMBINED was the Roman Empire.)

IN DEPTH: THE CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE (P. 75-76)

48. Fill in the chart below using just the first two paragraphs on page 75 in this section. Describe the common political, economic, and social characteristics shared by Greece & Rome, India, and China.

Point of Comparison Greece

& Rome

India China

Political -

Economic -

Social-

49. Record social hierarchy differences between the 3 classical civilizations. Focus on

content in paragraphs 3 (“Within this common …”), 4, 5, & 6. Address the following 3 areas: who was at the top & bottom of each social class, mobility, and what held each system together. You may write outside the triangles if needed.

38. What happened to the Senate when the Roman Republic transformed into the Roman Empire? Where did its power go?

39. Describe Rome’s attitude toward various religions. (NOTE: if you are a Christian and familiar with the Roman Empire’s treatment of early Christians please keep in mind that was the EXEPTION rather than the rule. Don’t let your biases lead you astray)

40. The Chinese, starting with the Han, created an elaborate bureaucracy as a form of political control and to manage government affairs. The Romans did not. What did the Romans emphasize instead? (HINT: it’s another legacy of Rome to the West.)

41. What was the primary reason behind Rome’s decision to build roads and harbors, types of public works?

42. How did Rome attempt to prevent disorder, especially among the lower classes?

43. If Rome was generally tolerant of other religions, why were Christians singled out for persecution?

44. What was the single greatest accomplishment of the Roman Empire that has yet to be repeated? (NOTE: to really appreciate this, look at the map on page 87 and keep in mind that ALL of the orange, light orange, and green COMBINED was the Roman Empire.)

RELIGION AND CULTURE, p.92 Religious Values

45. How did Rome and Greece differ from India and China in the area of religion? (keep in mind that for something to be significant it needs to spread and influence other areas)

46. What allowed Christianity to spread within the Roman Empire?

47. What was lacking from the Greco-‐Roman religion that lower class people desired?

48. During what sort of times or events did people turn to religion more often than other times? (NOTE: this is human nature and explains why so many criminals become Christians or Muslims while in prison and especially when they are about to be executed.)

49. Identify: Aristotle

Philosophy and Science

50. “Don’t believe everything you hear.” What famous Greek does this expression best personify? Why?

51. Your text states that “the Greeks were not outstanding empirical scientists.” Look up the word empirical and explain what the Greeks were not doing (usually) that students who study the scientific method are taught to do in school today.

52. In what academic areas did Greeks produce important achievements?

53. What theory of Ptolemy’s was wrong but dominated Western teachings until the Renaissance (HINT: Galileo & Copernicus)

54. In what area did Romans excel in particular?

55. What was Rome’s architectural achievement?

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, p.95 Agriculture and Trade

56. What 3 aspects were the economies of Greece and Rome based on?

57. What part of Greek and Roman society is most left out of our conception of that time period? (HINT: we’re focused on cities and their products like art, politics, etc.)

58. How did agriculture and geography encourage the Greeks and later Romans to become traders with connections around the Mediterranean Sea?

59. Who were the Greeks & Romans trading with beyond the Mediterranean?

60. What trading problem did they encounter with these far away peoples? (NOTE: Get used to it. This problem will be an ongoing problem in the West until the Industrial Revolution)

61. Once again, rank the status of merchants in the classical civilizations we’ve studied. Record the name of each civilization below based on the degree of status it awarded merchants within its social structure. (Mediterranean = Greece & Rome)

Slavery

62. Cite several examples of how slaves were used in the Mediterranean. Be sure to note the use of Greek slaves by Romans.



70. How did slavery encourage the expansion of militaries and conquests? 71. Use the quote below and your text to explain why the Greeks and Romans did not

pursue advances in technology, leaving the West at a trade disadvantage with the East for centuries. (HINT: people without jobs/food get angry, they may riot, they may . . . NOTE: Glass was one of the few Western exports besides exotic animals and precious metals sent to the East over the Silk Road.) When a mechanical engineer found a better way to move heavy columns, the Emperor Vespasian (d. AD 79) gave him a reward but refused to adopt the technology. Said the emperor “You must let me feed my poor commons” (“commons” meaning ordinary laborers/slaves). A similar but less heartwarming story is also told about the Emperor Tiberius (d. AD 37), who supposedly met the inventor of plastic (“unbreakable glass”). Tiberius had the man beheaded, lest, he said, “gold be reduced to the value of mud.”

Innovation and incentives by Suzanne Scotchmer

63. How did slavery encourage the expansion of militaries and conquests?

64. Use the quote below and your text to explain why the Greeks and Romans did not pursue advances in technology, leaving the West at a trade disadvantage with the East for centuries. (HINT: people without jobs/food get angry, they may riot, they may… NOTE: Glass was one of the few Western exports besides exotic animals and precious metals sent to the East over the Silk Road)

65. Describe the economic role of women in Greece and Rome.

66. Cite one example of how women were unfairly treated in comparison to men in Rome.

67. Cite one example of how later Roman law made the treatment of women better, although still unequal.

68. How did the treatment of women in Greece and Rome compare to China?

TOWARD THE FALL OF ROME, p. 98

69. When did Rome begin to decline? (HINT: don’t ignore the sidebars of your text!)

70. Describe geographically the fall of Rome.

TIMELINE

Insert the following events into the timeline. Pick up on the dates as you read them in the text. The timeline at the front of the chapter will also be invaluable to you.

a. end of Punic Wars b. Peloponnesian Wars c. Persian Wars d. Alexander the Great dies e. rise of Greek city-‐states

f. Cyrus the Great begins rule of Persian Empire g. Beginning of Roman Republic h. Rise of Roman Empire i. Fall of Rome



70. How did slavery encourage the expansion of militaries and conquests? 71. Use the quote below and your text to explain why the Greeks and Romans did not

pursue advances in technology, leaving the West at a trade disadvantage with the East for centuries. (HINT: people without jobs/food get angry, they may riot, they may . . . NOTE: Glass was one of the few Western exports besides exotic animals and precious metals sent to the East over the Silk Road.) When a mechanical engineer found a better way to move heavy columns, the Emperor Vespasian (d. AD 79) gave him a reward but refused to adopt the technology. Said the emperor “You must let me feed my poor commons” (“commons” meaning ordinary laborers/slaves). A similar but less heartwarming story is also told about the Emperor Tiberius (d. AD 37), who supposedly met the inventor of plastic (“unbreakable glass”). Tiberius had the man beheaded, lest, he said, “gold be reduced to the value of mud.”

Innovation and incentives by Suzanne Scotchmer

72. Describe the economic role of women in Greece and Rome. 73. Cite one example of how women were unfairly treated in comparison to men in Rome. 74. Cite one example of how later Roman law made the treatment of women better,

although still unequal. 75. How did the treatment of women in Greece and Rome compare to China?

TOWARD THE FALL OF ROME (P. 84) ( Hint: refer to page 71 to help you)

76. When did Rome begin to decline? 77. Describe geographically the fall of Rome. TIMELINE Insert the following events into the timeline. Pick up on the dates as you read them in the text. The timeline at the front of the chapter will also be invaluable to you.

A. end of Punic Wars

B. Peloponnesian Wars

C. Persian Wars

D. Alexander the Great dies

E. rise of Greek city-states

F. Cyrus the Great begins rule of

Persian Empire

G. Beginnings Of Roman Republic

H. Rise of Roman Empire

I. Fall of Rome

1000

BCE

476

CE

• The Tigris River is located at ___________ • Gaul is located at ___________ • The city of Alexandria is located at ___________ • The Danube River is located at ___________ • The city of Carthage is located at ___________ • The city of Rome is located at ___________

Use the map located on page 87 to label the boundaries of the Roman Empire in 180 CE. (Note the orange, green and yellow are all part of the Roman Empire) ***This 200 year time period before the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE is known as the PAX ROMANA, meaning Roman peace. You will need to know this term for the AP test!***

• Gaul is located at

• The Danube River is located at

• The City of Rome is located at

• The City of Carthage is located at

• The Tigris River is located at

• The City of Alexandria is located at

Use the map located on page 71 to label boundaries of the Roman empire in 180 C.E. (Note

the Pink, Green, and Yellow are all a part of the Roman empire) ****** This 200 year time period

before the Death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 C.E. is known as the PAX ROMANA, meaning Roman

peace. You will need to know this term for the AP test!

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