unites states army fm 20-3-30 august 1999 - part02

8/14/2019 Unites States Army Fm 20-3-30 August 1999 - Part02

1/40

Chapter 6

High-Value

Targets

The purp ose o f th rea t d oc trin e is fo r en emy fo rces to lo cate, targ et, an d d estro y d eep

ta rg ets, th ereby deg rading frie nd ly c apab ilitie s wh ile add ing o ffens iv e momen tum to

a tta ck ing enemy fo rc es . Enemy commande rs fo cu s th eir most s ophis tic ate d senso rs in

searc h o f HVTs. By attack in g th ese targ ets, en emy fo rces h op e to d en y ad eq ua te C2,

combat s uppo rt, o r re supp ly ope ra tions to fo rward frie nd ly fo rc es th roughout th e

battle sp ac e. The re fo re , p rope rly employing CCD a t k ey fix ed in sta lla tio ns, su ch a s

command posts (C Ps) and A rmy aviation sites (AAS s), is essential to survival on a

batt le fi eld . HVTs fall i nto two general c la ss if ications -f ixed ins ta ll ati ons

Sec ti on ID

an d

reloca table unit s

Sec tion I ID.

For in fo rma tion on camoufla ging medic al fa cilitie s, s ee

A vvendix F .

SECTION I - CCD PLANNING

PLANS

6 -1 . No sin gle so lu tio n ex ists fo r en han cin g th e su rv iv ab ility o f HVTs w ith CCD (e xcep t

fo r larg e-area smok e scree ns). T he ch aracteristics o f many su ch ta rg ets are u niq ue an d

requ ire th e c re ativ e app lic ation o f CCD prin cip le s and te chnique s. The re fo re , th e CCD

p lan nin g p ro ce ss p resen te d in th is sectio n is n ot in te nd ed to impo se a reg imen th at must

b e fo llowed at all co sts. R ath er, it su gg ests a lo gic al se qu en ce th at h as p ro ven su cce ssfu l

o ver time. In fact, th e ste ps o utlin ed b elow o ften lead to cre ativ e CCD so lu tio ns simply

b ecau se th ey allow d esig ne rs to co nsid er th e many optio ns, b en efits, an d p itfa lls o f CCD

emplo ymen t. No CCD p la n is w ro ng if it ac hiev es th e in ten de d sig na tu re-man ag emen t

goa ls and doe s not impair m iss ion a ccomp lis hmen t.

6-2. E ach commander should develop his unit's CCD plan based on an aw areness, if not a

comp reh en siv e assessmen t, o f th e d etec tab le EM sig na tu res em itted b y HVTs und er h is

command. He should eva lu ate th es e s igna tu re s by con sid ering th e enemy's expec te d

RSTA capab ilitie s (a irborn e and g round-b as ed ), know ledge o f th e ta rg et a re a, a nd

weapons-on-target capabili ty.

OBJECTIVE

6 -3 . A CCD p lan in cre as es ta rg et s urv iv ab ility w ith in th e lim its o f ava ila ble re sourc es .

T he d esig n p ro ced ure must sy stematic ally d eterm in e which fe atu res o f a g iv en targ et are

co nsp icu ou s, why th ose fea tu res a re co nsp icu ou s, an d h ow CCD p rin cip les an d


2/40

te chnique s c an bes t e lim in ate o r re duce ta rg et s igna tu re s. CCD should dec re ase th e

e ffe ctiv enes s o f enemy a tta ck s by in te rfe ring w ith its ta rg et-a cquis itio n p ro ce ss , wh ich in

turn increases targe t survivabil ity.

PLANNING PROCESS

6 -4 . T he step s o utlin ed b elow p ro vid e g uid an ce fo r d esig nin g CCD p lan s fo r HVTs. The

d etailed p la nn in g ap pro ach is a pp lic ab le in an y situ atio n where CCD emplo ymen t is

n ec essa ry , b ut more so when th e p la ns in clu de HVTs.

Step

1 . Identi fy the threa t. I dent ify the p rincipa l th reat senso rs , weapon-del ivery

p la tfo rms, a nd lik ely d ire ctions o f a tta ck .

Step

2 . Identi fy c riti ca l f ac il iti es . Identi fy c riti ca l HVTs. Inc lude those tha t a re c riti ca l

from an ope ratio nal sta nd po in t a nd th ose th at may p ro vid e referen ce p oin ts (cu es) fo r

an a tta ck on mo re lu cra tiv e ta rg ets .

Step 3 . Eva lu ate fa cilitie s. Once th e c ritic al HVTs a re id en tifie d, fo cu s e ffo rts on

id en tify in g th e targ et fea tu res th at m ig ht b e c on sp icu ou s to a n en emy RSTA .

Consid er mu ltisp ec tra l (v is ua l, th erma l, N IR , ra da r) s igna tu re s in th is a sse ssment. The

seven recognit ion fac tors Chavter 3 ) are an e xcellen t framework fo r co nd uc tin g th is

a sse ssment. In clude a review o f a re a maps, s ite p la ns, pho tograph s, a nd a eria l image s

o f th e ta rg et area.

Step

4 . Quan tify s igna tu re s. Quan tify th e mu ltis pe ctra l s igna tu re s th at a re em itte d by

h igh-va lue facil it ie s. Base the quantif icat ion on actua l surveys o f c riti ca l f ac il it ie s,

u sin g facsim ile s o f th reat sen so rs when possib le. S pe cify th e EM wav elen gth s in

which ta rget s a re most vulne rabl e, and develop s igna tu re -managemen t p rio rit ie s.

Step

5 . E sta blish CCD goals. E stab lish sp ecific CCD goals fo r HVTs. These g oals

s hould indic ate th e s igna tu re reduction (o r in cre ase ) d esire d and th e re sourc es

av ailab le fo r CCD implemen tatio n. B ase th ese g oals o n th e resu lts o f step s 1 th ro ug h

4 . Cha ng e th e CCD goa ls as th e p lan nin g p ro ce ss d ev elo ps a nd reitera te th em

accordingly.

Step

6 . Sele ct ma te ria ls a nd te chnique s. S ele ct CCD ma te ria ls a nd te chnique s th at

bes t accompli sh s igna tu re -managemen t goa ls within logis tical , ma in tenance, and

resou rce constr aints . Expedient , o ff -the- shel f ma te ria ls and batt le fi eld by-produc ts a re

n ot id en tified in th is manual, b ut th ey are alw ay s o ptio na l CCD mate rials.

Step

7 . O rg an ize th e p lan . D ev elo p a CCD p la n th at match es g oals w ith a vailab le

mate ria ls , time and manpower con stra in ts , a nd ope ra tiona l c on sid era tions . If th e goa ls

are u no btain ab le , rep ea t step s 5 a nd 6 until a man ag eab le p la n is d ev elo pe d.

Step

8. E xecute the plan. O nce a feasible CCD plan is developed, execute it. S tore

tempo ra ry o r exped ient ma te ria ls in conspicuously . Conduct d ep loyment tra in ing on a

s chedule th at d en ie s enemy in te llig ence te ams th e opportunity to id en tify th e


3/40

co un te rmea su re s o r d ev elo p meth od s to d efea t th e CCD .

Step 9. E valuate the CCD . T he final step in the CCD planning process is to evaluate

th e d ep lo yed CCD materia ls a nd te ch niq ue s. Impo rtan t q uestio ns to ask in th is

eva luation include the following:

.

Does CCD in cre ase th e su rv iv ab ility o f HVTs?

.

Does d ep lo yed CCD meet th e sig natu re-man ag emen t g oals o utlin ed in th e

plan?

.

Is d ep loyed CCD ope ra tiona lly compatib le w ith th e tre ate d ta rg et(s )?

.

Are CCD materials an d te ch niq ue s main tain ab le w ith in manpowe r an d

resource constraints?

SECTION II

-

F IXED INSTALLATIONS

CONCEPT

6 -5 . F ix ed in sta lla tio ns (b ase c amps, AASs , CPs , warehous es , ro adway s, p ip elin es ,

r ailways , and o ther lines -o f- communicat ion [LOC] fac il iti es ) p rovide sca rce, nea rly

irre pla ce ab le func tiona l s uppo rt to g round maneuve r fo rc es. The th re at to th es e fa cilitie s

is both ground-based and aerial. T he CCD techniques for the tw o attack types do not

n ec essa rily ch an ge, b ut th e d efen de r must b e aware o f th e o verall implicatio ns o f h is

CCD p lan .

G RO UN D A TTA CK S

6-6 . Ground a ttacks aga inst f ixed ins ta ll ati ons ( enemy offensives , te rror is t a ttacks, and

enemy speci al- fo rce incu rs ions ) r equir e constant ope ra ti onal awarenes s by the defende rs .

Wh ile most CCD te ch niq ues a re c on cep tu ally d esig ned to d efen d ag ain st a n a eria l attack ,

th ese s ame te chnique s c an a ffe ct th e ta rg et-a cquis itio n c apab ilitie s o f an enemy 's g round

fo rce s to th e b en efit o f th e d efe nd er. SCSPP , LCSS, an d n atu ral v eg etatio n p ro vid e CCD

aga in st a g round a tta ck .

6 -7 . CCD d is cip lin e (lig ht, n oise , spoil) in vo lv es p rudent ope ra tiona l p ro cedu re s th at

frie nd ly troop s should obs erv e in any ta ctic al s itu ation, p artic ula rly in th e p re senc e o f

hos tile g round fo rc es . (S ee

Chavter

5 for more in fo rma tion.)

A ER IA L A TT AC KS

6 -8 . F ix ed in sta lla tio ns a re s us ceptib le to a eria l a tta ck s bec au se o f th eir long re sid ence

time and immobility . Howeve r, fig hte r-bomber and helic op te r a irc rews fa ce unique

ta rg et-a cquis itio n p roblems due to th e re la tiv ely sho rt time ava ila ble to lo ca te , id en tify ,

a nd lo ck onto ta rg ets. F ighte r-bombers typic ally tra ve l a t h igh spe ed s, e ven during


4/40

weapon s d eliv ery . T his mea ns attac kin g aircrew s h av e lim ited sea rch time once th ey

re ach th e ta rg et a re a. Helic op te rs tra ve l a t slowe r s pe ed s but g enera lly encounte r s im ila r

time -on-ta rg et lim ita tio ns . Bec au se o f lower fly ing a ltitu de s and s lower s pe ed s,

h elic op ters a re more v uln erab le to g ro un d d efen ses. In eith er c ase, p ro per CCD can

in cre as e a irc rew sea rch time , th ereby reducing ava ila ble time to id en tify , d esigna te , a nd

attack an HVT . T he longer an aircrew is forced to search for a target in a defended area,

th e mo re vuln erable th e a irc ra ft b ecomes to counte ra tta ck .

ENEMY INTELL IGENCE

6 -9 . The lo ca tion and con figura tion o f most fix ed in sta lla tio ns a re u sually well known.

CCD techn iques that p ro tect aga inst sophi st icated surve illance senso r sys tems,

p artic ula rly sa te llite -b as ed sy stems, c an be cos tly in te rms o f manpower, mate ria ls , a nd

time. S tep s can b e ta ken to re du ce an e nemy's d etectio n o f relo catab le ta rg ets. F ix ed

in stallatio ns a re d ifficu lt to c on cea l from RSTA sen so rs d ue to th e relativ ely lo ng

res idence time of f ixed insta lla tions ver sus r eloca table ta rgets . Un le ss the construc tion

p ro ce ss fo r a g iv en fix ed in sta lla tio n was conducted se cre tly , d efenders c an s afe ly a ss ume

th at e nemy RSTA sen so rs h ave p reviously dete cte d and cata logued its lo ca tion.

Defenders c an fu rth er a ss ume th at a tta ck ing fo rc es h ave in te llig ence data le ad ing th em to

th e g en eral are a o f th e fix ed in stallatio n. CCD desig n effo rts, th erefo re, sh ou ld fo cu s o n

th e mu ltis pe ctra l d efe at o r impairment o f th e enemy's lo ca l ta rg et-a cquisitio n p ro ce ss .

CCD TECHNIQUES

6 -10. Sele cte d CCD te chnique s shou ld c ap ita liz e on te rra in fe atu re s th at a re favo rable to

th e defender and on th e sho rt time ava ila ble to a tta ck ing a irc rews fo r ta rg et a cquis itio n.

Use a rtific ia l a nd natu ra l means to c amoufla ge th e in sta lla tio n. Where time and re sourc es

a llow , d ep loy a lte rn ativ e ta rg ets (d ecoy s) to d raw the a tte ntion o f th e a tta ck ing a irc rews

away f rom the f ixed ins ta ll ati on .

6 -11. Comp rehens iv e CCD des igns and te chnique s fo r fix ed in sta lla tio ns c an be cos tly ,

y et fie ld te sts h av e sh own th at simple, ex ped ien t te ch niq ue s can b e effec tiv e. HVTs a re

u sually s upplie d w ith a rtific ia l CCD mate ria ls . If th ey a re not, so ld ie rs in cre as e th e

su rv iv ab ility o f an in sta lla tio n by u sing CCD prin cip le s.

OTHER CONS IDERATIONS

6 -12. Wh ile s ta ndard CCD ma te ria ls a re d es igned to enhance fix ed -in sta lla tio n

survivabil ity , they have pract ical limit ati ons that a re not eas ily ove rcome . Mate ria ls

a pp lie d d ire ctly to a fix ed in sta lla tio n may ach ieve th e s igna tu re -managemen t goa ls

state d in th e CCD p lan . Howev er, if o th er fea tu res o f th e ta rg et scen e are n ot treated

a ccord ingly , th e ta rg et may be well h idden but remain comp le te ly vuln erable .

6 -1 3. F or ex ample , th ree wea po ns-sto ra ge-area (WSA) ig lo os are in a row. The m id dle

igloo is treated w ith CCD materials w hile the other tw o are not. T he m iddle igloo w ill

still b e v uln erab le . T he e nemy knows th at th ree ig lo os e xist a nd w ill p ro ba bly lo cate th e

m iddle one no matter how well the CCD plan is designed. H ow ever, if all three igloos are

treated w ith CCD materials and three decoy igloos are placed aw ay from them , the

t rea ted igloos ' surv ivabi li ty wi ll increase.


5/40

6 -1 4. F urth ermore, if a man -mad e o bjec t (traffic su rfac e) o r a n atu ral fea tu re (tree lin e) is

clo se to th e ig lo os, a tta ck in g fo rc es w ill u se th ese c ues to p ro ceed to th e targ et a rea e ven

if all three igloos are treated w ith CCD materials. R em ember, an HVT is part of an

o vera ll targ et sc en e an d an attack er must in terp re t th e sc en e. Do not mak e h is task ea sy .

CCD p lan s th at tre at o nly th e ta rg et an d ig no re o th er c ues (man -mad e o r n atu ra l) w ith in

the ta rget scene a re insu ff ic ient .

COMMAND POSTS

6-15.

C2

system s provide m ilitary leaders w ith the capability to m ake tim ely decisions,

com municate the decisions to subordinate units, and m onitor the execution of the

de cision s. C Ps co ntain v ita l

C2

systems.

SIGNATURES

6 -1 6. S in ce Wo rld Wa r II , th e s iz e and comp lexity o f CPs have in cre ased d rama tic ally .

The ir signa tu re s h ave corre spondingly in cre as ed from a phy sic al a nd communic ations

p ersp ectiv e (more ty pes o f an ten nas an d tran sm issio n mod es at a w id er ran ge o f

freq ue ncie s). A s a resu lt, th e en emy c an u se sev eral co nsp ic uo us sig natu re s to d etec t an d

ta rg et CPs fo r a tta ck . The re fo re , CPs requ ire exc elle nt CCD to surv iv e on th e battle fie ld .

L ines o f Communication

6 -1 7. CPs a re u su ally lo cated n ea r c on verg in g LOC , su ch a s ro ad o r rail ju nctio ns, a nd

o fte n req uire n ew a cce ss an d eg ress ro ute s. Con sid er th e fo llowin g re gard in g CCD and

CPs:

.

V ehicle tr affic. W hen evaluating EM signatures that CPs em it, consider

concentrations of vehicles, signs of heavy traffic (characteristic w ear and track

m arks), and air traffic. Park vehicles and aircraft a significant distance from C Ps.

.

Antennas . Antennas and th eir e le ctronic emiss ions and numerous support towers

a re c ommon to most CPs. P ain t a nten na s an d su pp ort e qu ipment w ith

nonconduc tiv e g re en , b la ck , o r b rown pain t if th e s urfa ce s a re s hiny. If ta ctic ally

fe asib le , u se remo te an ten nas to re du ce th e v uln erab ility o f th e rad io sy stem to

collateral damage.

.

Security empla cemen ts . S ecurity measure s (b arbw ire , b arrie rs, s ecurity and

d ismoun t poin ts, a nd o th er type s o f empla cemen ts ) c an indic ate CP ope ra tions .

Barbwire exh ib its a measurable RCS a t ra da r fre quencie s. Ensure th at b arbw ire

a nd co nce rtin a w ire fo llow n atu ral terrain lin es a nd are co nce ale d as much a s

possible.

Equipment

6 -18. Power genera to rs and o th er h ea t s ou rc es p roduce s igna tu re s th at a n enemy's

surve ill ance and ta rget- acqu is iti on senso rs can detect. P lace hea t-produc ing equ ipmen t


6/40

and o th er th ermal s ou rc es in defila de pos itio ns , w ith in s tru ctu re s, o r under n atu ra l c over.

H eat d iffu sers, which to ne d own and v en t v eh icle ex hau st away from th rea t d irectio n, are

an exped ient means o f the rma l- signa tu re r educ tion .

Defensive Posi tions

6 -19. Defens ive pos itions (be rms , r evetments , f ighting pos iti ons) for p ro tecti on aga inst

d ir ec t- and ind ir ec t- fir e a ttacker s typ ically c reate sca rr ed ear th s igna tu re s and detectable

patte rns due to ear th excavat ion.

CCD

6-20. CCD imp rove s OPSEC and in cre as es s urv iv ab ility by min im iz ing th e obs erv ab le

size an d EM sig natu res o f CPs. CP CCD req uires reco n, p lan nin g, d iscip lin e, secu rity ,

and ma in tenance. Ca re fu lly con trolled tr af fic p lans dec rease the possib il ity o f d is tu rb ing

n atu ral c ov er a nd crea tin g n ew , o bse rv ab le p ath s. D eco ys are a h ig hly effec tiv e mean s o f

confusing the enemy's t arge t- acqu is it ion p rocess , par ticul ar ly aga inst a irborne senso rs .

Again st g ro un d th rea ts, th e same g en eral ru les o f CCD d iscip lin e ap ply ; h owev er, reco n

and heightened s ecurity p atro ls enhance CCD e ffo rts a ga in st g round a tta ck .

SITES

6-21. C P sites, w hich could move every 24 hours, are still occupied for a longer period

th an AAs. CP site se le ction is c ru cia l, th ere fo re units s hould -

.

Consid er th e needs o f s uppo rting an extended occupation while m in im iz ing

changes to natu ra l t er ra in patt erns . When const ructing defensive pos it ions ,

m in im iz e ea rth sca rrin g as muc h a s p ossib le. If scarre d ea rth is u na vo id ab le, c ut

v egeta tion, toned-down agents (p ain t), a nd c amoufla ge nets h elp conce al s ca rre d

areas.

.

Use exis tin g LOC (ro ad s, tra ils, s tre ams). If a s ite re qu ire s con stru ction o f ro ad s

o r p ath s, mak e max imum u se o f n atu ral co nc ealmen t an d e xistin g terra in . T he

fewe r new lin es requ ire d, th e bette r th e CP b lend s, le av ing natu ra l fe atu re s

relat ively unchanged.

.

Nev er lo cate a CP a t a ro ad ju nctio n. Road ju nctio ns a re h ig h-p rio rity targ ets fo r

enemy fo rc es and a re e as ily d ete cta ble .

.

Locate a CP in an existin g c iv ilia n stru ctu re , if pos sib le , wh ich simp lifie s h id ing

m ilita ry activ ity . Howev er, c ho ose a stru ctu re in an are a where a su ffic ien t

n umber o f b uild in gs w ith sim ilar EM sig na tu res c an mask its lo catio n.

TE LEC OM M UN IC AT IO NS PR OC ED UR ES

6 -22. By s tric tly comp ly ing w ith p rope r ra dio , te le phone, a nd d ig ita l c ommun ic ations

p rocedures, the oppor tuniti es for an enemy to detect f ri endly te lecommunications

activ itie s a re minimized. Cons ider the following:

.

P la ce antennas in lo ca tions u sing natu ra l s uppo rts when poss ib le (tre es fo r


7/40

dipoles). A s a rule of thumb, place antennas a m inimum of one w avelength aw ay

from surrounding structures or other antennas. NOTE: One w avelength is 40

m eters (typically) for low frequencies and 1 m eter for very high frequencies

(VHFs).

.

Move antennas a s o fte n a s poss ib le w ith in ope ra tiona l c on stra in ts .

.

Use d ire ctiona l a nte nnas when pos sib le . If u sing nondire ctiona l a nte nnas , emp loy

prope r t er ra in -mask ing techn iques to defea t the th reat's r ad io d ir ec ti on -f inding

efforts.

.

Use ex istin g te lep ho ne lin es as much a s p ossib le . N ew ly laid w ire is a re ad ily

obs erv ab le s igna tu re th at c an reve al a CP 's lo ca tion. Communic ations w ire and

c ab le sh ou ld fo llow n atu ral terrain lin es an d b e co nc ealed in th e b est w ay

possible.

CCD DISCCIPLINE

6 -2 3. Main tain CCD d iscip lin e afte r o ccu py in g a site. E sta blish a nd u se d esig na ted fo ot

paths to, from , and w ithin a C P's area. If a unit occupies a site for m ore than 24 hours,

consider per iodicall y r erou ting foo t paths to avo id det ec table pat te rns. Concea l secur ity

an d d ismount p oin ts a nd o th er in div id ua l emp la cemen ts, a nd mak e p ath s to th e CP

in conspicuous . Enfo rc e p rope r d is po sa l p ro cedu re s fo r tra sh and spo il. R ig id ly enfo rc e

light and noise discipline. E nhance the realism of a decoy CP by making it appear

operational. A llow CCD discipline to be lax in the decoy CP, thus m aking it a more

co nsp icu ou s targ et th an th e re al CP.

SUPPL Y AND WATER POINTS

6 -2 4. S up ply a nd water p oin ts p ro vid e lo gistica l su pp ort-th e b ack bo ne o f su stain ed

combat o peratio ns. A s th ese ta rg ets are re lativ ely immob ile an d th e o bjec t o f an e nemy's

most so ph isticated sen so rs, u sin g CCD is o ne o f th e most effec tiv e mea ns to impro ve

their survivability.

OPERATIONS

6-25. Many CCD methods associated w ith AAs and CPs also apply to supply and w ater

poin ts , but w ith add itio na l re qu irements . Larg e amoun ts o f equ ipmen t and supplie s a re

q uick ly b ro ug ht in to ta ctical a reas an d d eliv ere d to su pp ly p oin ts lo ca ted as clo se to th e

FLOT as p ossib le. S up plie s must b e u nlo ad ed an d co nc ealed q uic kly , while su pp ly p oin ts

remain open and acc es sib le fo r d is trib ution. Unde r th es e conditio ns, mu ltip le s upply

p oin ts are g en era lly ea sier to camoufla ge th an sin gle , larg e o nes. D eco y su pp ly an d water

poin ts c an a ls o con fu se a th re at's ta rg eting e ffo rts .

CCD

6-26. Take maximum advan tage o f n atu ra l c over and conce alment. Con figure logistic s


8/40

lay ou ts to co nfo rm w ith th e lo cal g ro un d p atte rn . C re ativ ity c an p lay a ro le in th is effo rt.

The fo llowing guid ance enhance s conce alment o f th es e ope ra tions :

.

Avo id e sta blis hing regu la r (s quare o r re cta ngula r) p erime te r s hape s fo r an a re a.

.

Sele ct lo ca tions whe re conce ale d a cc es s and egre ss route s a re a lre ady e sta blish ed

and eas ily cont ro lled .

.

Use ro ad s w ith ex istin g o ve rh ead c on cea lmen t if y ou n eed n ew a ccess ro ad s.

Con ceal a cce ss o ver sh ort, o pen are as w ith o verh ead n ets.

.

Control m ovem ent into and out of the supply area.

.

Mix and d isp erse su pp ly -p oin t sto ck s to th e max imum ex ten t p ossib le. T his n ot

o nly av oid s a p attern o f sto ck pile sh ap es b ut a lso a vo id s easy d estru ctio n o f o ne

enti re commodi ty .

.

Space s to ck s irre gu la rly (in le ng th and dep th ) to avo id re cogn iz ab le p atte rn s.

S ta ck su pp lies as low as p ossib le to av oid sh ad ows. D ig su pp lie s in if reso urces

a llow. In d ig gin g o pera tio ns, d isp erse th e sp oil so as n ot to p ro du ce larg e p iles o f

earth.

.

Cov er sto ck s w ith n ets an d o th er materials th at b le nd w ith b ack gro un d p atte rn s

and s igna tu re s. F la ttops (la rg e, horiz on ta l CCD nets ) a re e ffe ctiv e fo r conce aling

supply -poin t a ctiv itie s when re sourc es a llow their c on stru ction and when supply

poin ts a re not too la rg e. Dunnage from supply poin ts p rovid es exc elle nt ma te ria l

for exped ient decoys.

TR AFFIC C ON TR OL

6 -2 7. Ensu re th at v eh icle s c au se m in imal c han ges to th e n atu ral terrain as a resu lt o f

mov emen t in to , w ith in , an d o ut o f th e a rea. P ro vid e co nce almen t an d co ntro l o f v eh icles

waitin g to d raw su pp lie s. R ig id ly p ra ctice a nd en fo rc e CCD d iscip lin e an d OPSEC .

Deb ris con tro l c ou ld be a p roblem and requ ire s con sta nt a tte ntion.

W ATER PO INTS

6 -28. CCD fo r wate r poin ts in clude th e fo llowing add itio na l c on sid era tions :

.

Spillag e. Water sp illag e can h av e p ositiv e an d n eg ativ e effec ts o n a u nit's CCD

postu re. S ta nd in g p oo ls o f water reflect lig ht th at is v isib le to o bserv ers. P oo ls ca n

a ls o a ct a s fo rward s ca tte re rs o f ra da r waves , re su ltin g in con sp icuous b la ck -hole

re tu rn s on rada r s cre en s. The re fo re , m in im iz e wate r sp illa ge and p rovid e adequate

drainage for runoff. O n the o ther hand, dispersed w ater can be used to reduce the

th erma l signa tu re s o f la rg e, horiz on ta l s urfa ce s. However, u se th is te chnique

sparingly and in such a w ay that pools do not form .

.

Equ ipmen t. Use adequate n atu ra l a nd a rtific ia l c once alment fo r p ersonnel,

s to rage ta nk s, a nd spe cia liz ed pump ing and purific ation equ ipmen t. Conce al


9/40

wate r-poin t e qu ipmen t to e lim in ate sh in e from damp surfa ce s. Conce al s hin e by

p lac in g c an vas co ve rs o n b lad de rs, u sin g camou flag e n ets, an d p la cin g fo liag e o n

a nd aro un d b la dd ers. T his also d isto rts th e n ormal sh ap e o f th e b lad ders.

.

Scheduling. Enhance CCD d isc ip lin e a t wate r poin ts by e sta blis hing and s tric tly

enforcing a supply schedule for units. T he lack of or violation of a supply

s chedule p roduce s a concentra tio n o f waitin g veh ic le s th at is d iffic ult to conce al.

ARMY AVIATION SITES

6 -2 9. AASs a re among th e most impo rtan t o f a ll b attle field HVTs. AASs are ty pic ally

comp rised o f sev era l p arts th at mak e u p th e who le, in clu din g tactica l assemb ly are as

(TAAs ), a via tion ma in te nanc e a re as (AMAs), fo rward ope ra ting bas es (FOBs ), a nd

fo rward a rm in g an d refu elin g p oin ts (FARPs). T he p ositio nin g o f AAS e lemen ts w ith

re sp ect to e ach o th er is d yn am ic a nd o ften d ep en ds o n th e ex istin g tactica l situ atio n. In

the follow ing discussion, an A AS w ill be defined as a T AA , an A MA , and a F AR P

co llo ca ted in th e same are a. Wh ile th ese e lemen ts are n ot a lw ay s co llo cate d, th e CCD

te chnique s fo r indiv idua l e lemen ts w ill not g re atly d iffe r b ased on positio ning. Un tre ate d

AASs a re dete cta ble in most th re at senso r waveleng th s.

.

TAA . A TAA is ty pica lly a p ark in g area fo r h elico pte rs. H elico pte rs are h ig h y

con sp icuous ta rg ets b ec au se o f th eir awkward shape, d is tin ctiv e th erma l

sig natu res, an d larg e RCS . An en emy expe nd s a lo t o f time an d e nerg y attemptin g

to lo cate TAAs. Onc e it fin ds th em , th e en emy aggre ssiv ely d irects o ffen siv e

ope ra ti ons aga inst them.

.

AMA. The most c on sp icu ou s featu res o f a n AMA are th e larg e tran sp orta ble

ma in te nanc e shelte rs. The se she lte rs a re h ighly v is ib le and indic ate th e p re senc e

of helico pters to an enemy. AMAs occupy large areas to allow for ground

h an dlin g o f a ircraft. T raffic p attern s aro un d AMAs a re a lso stro ng v isu al cu es to

th e enemy . Ma in tenanc e a ss ets , in cluding avia tion shop se ts , h ave

charac teri st ica lly dis tinc t mult ispec tral cues .

.

F A RP. A F AR P provides PO L and am munition support to A ASs and other

ta ctic al units . A FARP con sis ts o f fu el b la dders , h eavy expanded mobility ta ctic al

tru ck s (HEMTTs), fu elin g ap para tu s, an d b ulk ammun itio n. Due to sa fety

requ iremen ts, FARP e lemen ts a re d is pe rsed a s much a s poss ib le w ith in te rra in

and ope ra ti onal constr ain ts . Each e lemen t i s detectabl e with mult ispect ra l r adar .

In aFARP-

. Fuel bladders contain petroleum liquids w hose therm al m ass is a strong IR

cu e relativ e to th e b ack gro un d. B la dd ers are o fte n b ermed , which mea ns

th at v isib le e arth s ca rring is n ec es sa ry to con stru ct th e berm .

. L arg e HEMTTsa re consp ic uous i n a ll wav ele ng th s.

. Fuelin g a rea s are g en erally arrange d in s uc h a way th at th e fu elin g


10/40


11/40

.

Constru ction. When con stru cting defensiv e pos itio ns, m in im iz e d istu rb ance s to

th e surrounding a re a. Cover s ca rre d e arth w ith cut v egeta tion, c amoufla ge nets , o r

toned-down agents .

SECTION 111- RELOCATABLE UNITS

MOBILITY

AND CCD

6-30. Examples o f valuable r elocat ab le uni ts include TOCs, t ac tical-mis sil e-de fense

(TMD) units (Patrio t b atte rie s), re fu el-on-th e-move (ROM) s ite s, a nd FARPs. The se units

a re c ritic al to o ffe ns iv e and defens iv e ope ra tions , a nd th eir p ro te ction shou ld re ce iv e a

high priority.

6 -3 1. Mobility an d CCD enhan ce th e su rv iv ab ility o frelo catab le u nits. A CCD p lan must

in clude th e te chnique s fo r units to d ep loy rapid ly and conduct mobile ope ra tions

co ntin uo usly . T he CCD te ch niq ue s a vailab le to mob ile u nits are b asic ally th e same as fo r

fix ed in stallatio ns, an d th e p rin cip les o f CCD still ap ply . Howev er, th e m issio n o f

re lo ca ta ble units d iffe rs from that o f fix ed in sta lla tio ns s o CCD execu tion a ls o d iffe rs .

6 -3 2. R elo catab le u nits sp en d from a few hou rs to se veral w eek s in th e same lo catio n,

d ep en din g o n th eir tac tic al situ atio n. CCD te ch niq ue s must b e p lan ne d acc ord in gly . If a

unit is at a location for a few hours, it should employ expedient CCD techniques. If a unit

is at a location for several days, it should employ robust CCD plans. T he resources a unit

expends on CCD execution must be w eighed against the length of tim e that it rem ains in

th e same lo catio n. A s CCD p la ns in crea se in comp lex ity , su bseq ue nt assemb ly an d

teard own times also in cre ase. Commanders must en su re th at th e u nit's manpower a nd

re sourc es d ed ic ate d to CCD execu tion a re equal to th e ta ctic al mobility re qu irements .

BUILT -IN

CAP

ABILITIES

6 -3 3. CCD shou ld b e b uilt in to sy stem s to th e max imum exten t p ossib le. S up plemen tal

CCD is usually necessary and should be designed to enhance the built-in CCD . Apply the

same ru le s fo r avo id ing dete ction and th e s ame con sid era tions rega rd ing th e s even

re cogn itio n fa cto rs th at a re d is cu ss ed in

Chavter

3. T he CCD planning process outlined at

th e beg inning o f th is chapte r a ls o app lie s.


12/40

Chapter 7

Specia l Env ironments

The fundam entals of CCD do not change betw een environm ents. T he seven rules for

avo id ing dete ction and th e s even re cogn itio n fa cto rs th at a re liste d in Chavter 3 and the

th re e CCD prin cip le s-p reventing dete ction, imp roving su rv iv ab ility , a nd imp roving

dec ep tion c apab ilitie s-s till a pp ly . However, th e guid elin es fo r th eir a pp lic ation change.

D iffe re nt e nv ironmen ts re qu ire though tfu l, c re ativ e, a nd unique CCD te chnique s. This

chapte r d is cu sse s d iffe re nt CCD te chnique s th at h ave p roven e ffe ctiv e in th re e spe cia l

e nv ironments -d es ert, s now-covered a re as, a nd u rb an te rra in .

DESERT

7 -1. T he color of desert terrain varies from pink to blue, depending on the m inerals in the

soil and the tim e of the day. N o color or combination of colors m atches all deserts.

P atches of uniform color in the desert are usually 10 tim es larger than those in w ooded

area s. T hese c on ditio ns h av e led to th e d ev elo pmen t o f a n eu tral, monoto ne tan as th e

b est d ese rt CCD pain t co lo r.

TOPOGRAPHY

7 -2 . A lth ou gh d esert te rrain may ap pea r fe atu reless, it is n ot c ompletely flat. In some

ways, d ese rt te rra in re semble s unp lowed fie ld s; b arre n, ro cky a re as; g ra ss la nd s; a nd

steppes.

SHADOWS

7-3. T he closer a target is to the ground, the sm aller its shadow ; and a sm all shadow is

ea sier to c on ceal from a eria l o bserv atio n. T he p ro per d ra pin g o f CCD nets w ill a lte r o r

d is rupt th e regu la r, s ha rp -edged shadows o f m ilita ry ta rg ets and a llow ta rg et sh adows to

appea r mo re lik e natu ra l s hadows. When supp lemented by a rtific ia l mate ria ls , n atu ra l

shadow s cast by folds of the ground can be used for CCD purposes. T he best solution to

the shadow problem in desert terrain is to dig in and use overhead concealm ent or cover.

O th erw ise, p ark v eh ic les in a way th at m in im ize s th eir b ro ad sid e ex po su re to th e su n.

PLACEMENT

7-4 . P rope r p la cemen t and shadow d is ruption remain e ffe ctiv e te chnique s. P la ce a sse ts in

g ullie s, w ash es, w ad is, a nd rav in es to red uce th eir sh ad ows an d silh ou ette s an d to tak e

ad va ntag e o f te rrain mask in g. Mo re d isp ersio n is n ec essa ry in d esert te rra in th an in

wooded a reas. Move assets as th e su n ch an ge s p ositio n to k eep eq uipmen t in sh ad ows.


13/40

TERRA IN MOTTLING

7-5 . Use te rra in mo ttlin g when th e g round o ffe rs little opportunity fo r conce almen t. This

te chnique invo lv es s ca rring th e e arth w ith bulldoz ers , which c re ate s d ark er a re as on

which to p lace eq uipmen t fo r b etter b len din g w ith th e b ack gro un d. Ensu re th at th e

mottled areas are irregularly shaped and at least tw ice the size of the target you are

co nc ealin g. P la ce th e targ et o ff ce nter in th e mottled a rea an d d ra pe it w ith c amou flag e

nets. When employing the scarring technique, dig tw o to three tim es as m any scars as

p iece s o f eq uipmen t b ein g c on cea led . Doin g th is p re ven ts th e mere p re se nce o f mottled

a re as from g iv ing away a unit's lo ca tion.

MOVEMENT D ISCIPL INE

7 -6 . Movement d is cip lin e is e sp ec ia lly importa nt in th e dese rt. Des ert te rra in is unifo rm

and fragile , mak ing it e as ily d istu rb ed by veh ic le tra ck s. Veh ic le movemen t a lso p roduce s

d ust an d d ie se l p lume s th at are easily d ete cta ble in th e d esert. When mov emen t is

necessary, m ove along the shortest route and on the hardest ground . S hine is a

p artic ularly ac ute d esert p ro blem due to th e lo ng , u nin terru pte d h ou rs o f su nlig ht. T o d eal

w ith th is p ro blem , remov e all refle ctiv e su rfa ces o r co ve r th em w ith b urla p. U se matte

CCD pain t o r ex pe dien t p ain ts (see

Table

3 -2 ) to d ull th e g lo ss o f a v eh icle's fin ish .

Shade optic al d ev ic es (b inocula rs , gun sights ) when u sing th em .

N OISE SN D LIG HT D ISC IPL IN E

7 -7 . No is e and light d is cip lin e is p artic ula rly importa nt in d es ert te rra in s in ce sound and

lig ht ca n b e d etected at g re ate r d istan ce s o n clear d esert n ig hts. T he te ch niq ue s fo r

re du cin g th ese sig natu re s remain th e same a s fo r o th er en viro nmen ts. B e awa re th at

th ermal sen so rs, while n ot as effe ctiv e d urin g th e d ay , h av e a n id ea l o pera tin g

env ironmen t during cold des ert n ights . S ta rtin g a ll v eh ic le and equ ipmen t eng in es

simu lta neou sly is a te chnique th at c an be u sed to con fu se enemy acous tic al s urv eilla nc e

efforts.

SNOW -COVERED AREAS

7-8. When the m ain background is w hite, apply white paint or w hitew ash over the

p erman en t CCD pain t p attern . T he amount o f p ain tin g sh ou ld b e b ased o n th e p erc en ta ge

of snow coverage on the ground:

.

If the snow covers less than 15 percent of the background, do not change the CCD

paint pattern.

.

If the snow cover is 15 to 85 percent, substitu te w hite for green in the CCD paint

pattern.

.

If the snow cover is m ore than 85 percent, paint the vehicles and equipm ent

comple te ly white.


14/40

PLACEMENT

7 -9 . A b lan ke t o f sn ow o ften elim in ate s muc h o f th e g ro un d p atte rn , c au sin g n atu ral

te xtu re s and colo rs to d is appear. B lend ing under th es e conditio ns is d iffic ult. However,

snow-covered te rra in is ra re ly comp le te ly wh ite so u se th e dark fe atu re s o f th e la nd sc ape.

P la ce eq uipmen t in ro adway s, in streamb ed s, u nd er trees, u nd er b ush es, in sh ad ows, an d

in g ro un d fo ld s. S ta nd ard BDU s an d p erso na l eq uipmen t co ntrast w ith th e sn ow

backg round, s o u se CCD to reduce th ese e as ily re cogn iz ed s igna tu re s.

MOVEMENT

7-10. Conce aling tra ck s is a ma jo r p roblem in snow-covered env ironmen ts. Movemen t

sh ou ld fo llow w in d-swep t d rift lin es, which ca st sh ad ows, a s much as p ossib le. V eh ic le

d riv ers sh ou ld a vo id sh arp tu rn s an d fo llow existin g trac k mark s. W ip e o ut sh ort le ng th s

of track m arks by trampling them w ith snow shoes or by brushing them out.

TH ER MA L SIG NA TU RES

7 -11. Snow-covered env ironments p rovid e exc elle nt c onditio ns fo r a th re at's th erma l and

UV sen so rs. T erra in mask in g is th e b est so lu tio n to c ou nter b oth ty pes o f sen so rs. U se

arctic LCSS and w inter camouflage paint to provide UV blending, and use smoke to

crea te near -whiteout condit ions.

U RBA N TERRA IN

7 -12. U rban iz ation is re ducing th e amoun t o f open, n atu ra l te rra in th roughout th e wo rld .

T herefore, m odern m ilitary units m ust be able to apply effective urban CCD . Many of the

CCD tech niq ues u sed in n atu ral te rrain are effe ctiv e in u rb an are as.

PLANNING

7-13. P lann ing fo r ope ra tions in u rb an a re as p re sents unique d iffic ultie s. Tac tic al map s do

not s how man-made fe atu re s in enough deta il to s uppo rt ta ctic al ope ra tions. The re fo re ,

th ey must b e su pp lemen ted w ith a erial p ho to grap hs an d lo cal city map s. L oca l

governmen t and milita ry o rg an iz ations a re k ey sourc es o f in fo rma tion th at c an suppo rt

ta ctic al a nd CCD ope ra tions. They can p rovid e d iagrams o f underg round fa cilitie s, la rg e-

sca le c ity maps , and /o r c iv il -defense o r a ir -r aid she lte r locat ions .

SELECTING S SITE

7 -1 4. The p hy sical ch ara cte ristic s o f u rb an are as en han ce CCD effo rts. T he d en se

p hy sic al stru ctu re o f th ese are as g en era tes c lu tter (a n ab un dan ce o f EM sig na tu res in a

g iv en a re a) th at in cre as es th e d iffic ulty o f id en tify ing spe cific ta rg ets . U rban c lu tte r

g re atly reduce s th e e ffe ctiv enes s o f a th re at's s urv eilla nc e s en so rs, p artic ula rly in th e IR

and rada r waveleng th s. U rban te rra in , th ere fo re , p rovid es an excelle nt b ackg round fo r

conceal ing CPs, r eserves, combat- se rv ice- suppor t (CSS) complexes, o r combat forces.

T he in he ren t c lu tter in u rb an terra in g en era lly mak es v isu al cu es th e most impo rtan t

co nsid eratio n in an u rb an CCD p lan .


15/40

7 -1 5. The re gu lar p attern o f u rb an terra in ; th e d iv erse c olo rs an d co ntra st; an d th e larg e,

enc losed s truc tu re s o ff er enhanced concealment oppor tuniti es . Established, hardened road

su rfa ce s e ffe ctiv ely mask veh ic le tra ck s. Depending on th e natu re o f th e ope ra tion,

n umero us civ ilian p erso nn el a nd v eh icle s may b e p resen t an d may serv e as clu tter. T his

con fu se s an enemy's ability to d is tin gu is h between milita ry ta rg ets and th e c iv ilia n

popula tion. Unde rg round s tru ctu re s (s ewers , s ubways) a re exc elle nt mean s o f conce aling

mov emen t an d HVTs.

7 -16. When augmen ted by a rtific ia l mean s, man-made s tru ctu re s p rovid e symmetric al

sh ap es th at p ro vid e re ad y-mad e CCD . The CCD fo r fig htin g p ositio ns is e sp ecia lly

impo rta nt b ecau se o f th e re du ced id en tific atio n an d en gag emen t ran ge s (1 00 mete rs o r

le ss ) typic al o f u rb an fighting. L im it o r conce al movemen t and shin e. The se signa tu re s

p rovid e th e bes t opportunity fo r su cc es sfu l th re at s urv eilla nc e in u rb an te rra in . Care fu l

p la cemen t o f equ ipmen t and fighting positio ns remain s importa nt to p rovid e v isu al CCD

and avo id dete ction by con tra st (th ermal s en so rs d ete cting personnel and equ ipmen t

s ilhouet ted aga inst colde r bui ld ings o r o ther la rge, f la t sur faces) .

ESTA BLISH IN G FIG HTIN G PO SITIO NS

7 -17. T he fundam ental C CD rule is to m aintain the natural look of an area as m uch as

p ossib le . Build in gs w ith larg e, th ick walls an d few n arrow w in dows p ro vid e th e b est

c once almen t. When s ele cting a positio n in sid e a build ing, so ld ie rs s hould -

.

A void lighted areas around w indow s.

.

S ta nd in sh ad ows when observ in g o r firin g weap on s th ro ug h w in dows.

.

Sele ct pos itio ns w ith covered and conce ale d a cc es s and egre ss route s (b re ache s in

buildings, underground systems, t renches) .

.

Develop decoy pos itio ns to enhance CCD ope ra tions .

P LACING VEH ICLES

7 -1 8. H id e v eh ic les in la rg e stru ctu res, if p ossib le, an d u se lo cal mate rials to h elp b len d

veh ic le s w ith th e backg round env ironment. P ain t v eh ic le s and equ ipmen t a s olid , dull,

d ark co lo r. If y ou ca nn ot d o th is, u se ex pe dien t p ain ts to su bd ue th e lig hter, sa nd -co lo red

p ortio ns o f th e SCSPP . When p la cin g v eh icle s o utd oo rs, u se sh ad ows fo r co nc ealmen t.

Move v eh icles d urin g lim ited v isib ility o r sc reen th em w ith smok e.


16/40

us U nits

I

Multiplied By Metric Units

Cub ic fe et

1

0.0283

Cubic me te rs

Feet

1

0.3048

Meters

Gallons

13.7854

Liters

Inches

12.54

Centimeters

Inches

10.0254

Meters

Inches

125.4001

Millimeters

Miles, s ta tu te

11.6093

Kilometers

Miles, s ta tu te

1

0.9144

Yards

Ounces

128.349

Grams

Pounds

1

0.454

Kilograms

Tons, short

10.9072

T ons, m etric

Square feet

10.093

Square m eters

M etric Units

1

Multiplied By US Units

Centimeters

1

0.3937

Inches

Cubic me te rs

135.3144

Cub ic fe et

Cubic me te rs

11.3079

Cubic yards

Grams

10.035

Ounces

Appendix A

Metric

Conversion

Chart

This ap pe nd ix comp lies w ith cu rren t A rmy d ire ctiv es whic h state th at th e metric sy stem

will b e in co rpora te d in to a ll n ew pub lic ations .

Table A -I

is a conve rs ion cha rt.

T able A -I. M etric conversio n chart


17/40

Kilograms

12.205

Pounds

Kilometers

1

0.62137

Miles, s ta tu te

Kilometers

11,093.6

Yards

Liters

10.264

Gallons

Meters

13.2808

Feet

Meters

139.37

Inches

Meters

11.0936

Yards

Millimeters

1

0.03937 Inches

Square meters

110.764

Squa re fee t

Tons, metr ic

12,204.6

Pounds


18/40

Appendix B

Guidelines for Tactical Standing Operating Procedures

TACSOPs a re c ritic al to b attle fie ld su cc es s. A ll c ommande rs shou ld e sta blish

camou flag e g uid elin es in th eir TACSOPs a nd en su re th at th eir so ld ie rs are fam ilia r w ith

th em . TACSOPs p ro vid e g uid elin es th at h elp red uce th e time re qu ired to p erfo rm ro utin e

ta sk s. Commande rs c an a ch ieve th ese end s by defin ing th e re spon sib ilitie s, id en tify ing

th e e xp ected task s, a nd p ro vid in g su perv iso rs w ith a memory a id when p lan nin g o r

in sp ec ting. TACSOPs , coupled w ith battle d rills Avvendix g, provide units w ith

g uid an ce o n h ow to ex ecu te an ticip ate d b attle field task s. CCD emp lo ymen t is a ta sk th at

s hould be routin e fo r a ll units .

CONTENT

B -l. T he follow ing CCD considerations m ay be included in a unit TACSOP:

. A re view o f CCD fund amen tals.

. Rule s o f unit CCD d is cip lin e.

.

Memory a id s fo r s uperv iso rs , wh ich shou ld in clude an in sp ec tion che ck lis t

F ifmre B-1 a nd a ch art o f an e nemy's sen so r sy stems w ith p ossib le

countermeasures.

.

Gu idelin es on CCD d is cip lin e to p rovid e unifo rm ity among a ll subunits .

.

The d iffe re nt CCD pos tu re s.

.

P rocedu re s fo r b la ckou t, th e qua rte ring party , unit movement, a nd th e dep loyment

area.

.

App ropria te CCD pos tu re s in OPORDs fo r d iffe re nt m iss ions .

CCD In sp ectio n Check list

1. C ommand Emphasis.

a. The com mander-

(1) E stablishes CCD goals.

(2) E xecutes C CD plans.


19/40

(3) Inspects frequently doe C CD deficiencies.

(4) Conducts follow -up inspection of CC D deficiencies.

(5) Integrates C CD into training exercises.

b. The unit-

(1) Intregrates CCD into its TACSOP.

(2) Follow s the TA CSO P.

2 . D isc ip lin e.

a. The unit-

(1) O bserves noise disciplene.

(2) Observes light discipline w ith respect to sm oking, fires, and lights.

(3) C onceals highly visible equipm ent.

(4) Covers shiny surfaces.

(5) Keeps exposed activity to a m inim um .

(6) U ses cut vegetation properly.

(7) U ses and conceals dism ount points properly.

b. Soldiers-

(1 ) W ear the correct uniform .

(2) Control litter and spoil.

3. T echniques. T he unit-

a. P lace s an d d isp erse s v eh icles an d eq uipmen t.

b. D isperses the CPo

c. Employs camoulfage nets (LCSS)

d. U ses (or m inim izes) shadow s.

e. M inim izes movem ent.

f. H id es o pera tio ns an d e qu ipment.

g . B len ds o pera tio ns an d e qu ipmen t w ith b ack gro un ds.

h . Employs patte rn -p ain ting te chnique s.


20/40

i. E mploys decoys.

j. In te grate s smok e o pera tio ns w ith u nit mov emen t.

k. Practices individual CCD on-

(1) Helm et.

(2) Face.

(3) W eapon.

(4) Other Equipm ent.

I. Employs CCD on fighting positions by-

(1) E lim inating or m inim izing target silhouettes.

(2) Practicing spoil control.

(3) Elim inating or m inim izing regular or geom etric shapes and layouts.

(4) M aintaining overhead concealm ent.

(5) Practicing dust control.

m . Employs CCD on tactical vehicles by-

(1) M inim izing and concealing track m arks.

(2) M inim izing or elim inating the shine on vehicles and equipm ent.

(3) Reducing or using shadows to the unit's advantage.

(4) Enploying cam ouflage nets (LCSS).

(5) Painting vehicles to m atch their surroundings.

(6) D ispersing vehicles and equipm ent.

(7) Concealing vehicles and supply routes.

(8) Controlling litter and spoil.

(9) Storing and concealing am munition.

n. Employs CCD on AAs by-

(1) Facilitating m ission planning for access and egress concealm ent.

(2) M arking guideposts for route junctions.

(3) Ensuring that turn-ins are not w idened by im proper use.


21/40

(4) D ispersing dism ount, m ess, and m aintenance areas.

(5) D ispersing the CPo

(6) Maintaining CCD by-

(a) Inspecting C CD frequently.

(b) C ontrolling litter and garbage.

(c) O bserving blackout procedures.

(7) Observing evaluation procedures by-

(a) Policing the area

(b) Covering or elim inating tracks.

(c) P rev entin g tra ffic co ng estion .

(d) Concealing spoil.

O. Employs CCD on the CP by-

(1) Ensuring that LOC are not converged.

(2) D ispersing vehicles.

(3) Ensuring that turn-ins are not widened through im proper use.

(4) E nsuring that protective barriers follow terrain features.

(5) C oncealing defensive w eapons.

(6) Ensuring that existing poles are used for LOC.

(7) D igging in the CP (when in open areas).

(8) M aintaining cam ouflage nets (LC SS).

(9) U sing civilian buildings properly by-

(a) C ontrolling access and egress.

(b) O bserving blackout procedures.

(c ) A voiding obvious locations.

p. Employs CCD on supply points by-

(1) D ispe rsing op eration s.

(2) Concealing access and egress routes.


22/40

(3) Using the track plan.

(4) Providing concealed loading areas.

(5) Developing and im plem enting a schedule for the units being serviced.

q. Enploys CCD on water points by-

(1) Concealing access and egress routes.

(2) Ensuring that the track plan is used.

(3) C ontrolling spillage.

(4) C ontrolling shine and reflections.

(5) Developing and im plem enting a schedule for the units being serviced.

Figure B-l. Sample CCD checklist

COMMANDERS RESPONSIBILITIES

B-2 . Commande rs must ensure th at e ach sold ie r h as th e requ ire d quantitie s

o f se rv ice ab le BDUs a nd th at th ese u nifo rm s are p ro pe rly main ta in ed to

p ro te ct th eir IR sc re en ing p rope rtie s. Bas ed on unit re qu iremen ts, s upply

per sonnel forecas t, r equest , and s to re adequate quanti tie s o f expendable

CCD supplie s (p ain t, makeup , re pa ir k its ). Commande rs ensu re th at

au th orized q uan tities o f CCD scre en s (LCSS) a nd su pp ort sy stem s (to

in clude repa ir k its a nd spa re p arts ) a re on hand and con tinua lly ma in ta in ed

in a c lean , serviceable conditi on .

FRATRICIDE

B-3 . S in ce warfare o ften resu lts in th e lo ss o f life from fratricid e, th e u nit

TACSOP shou ld in clu de a way to red uce fratricid e. Commanders sh ou ld

co nsid er way s fo r frien dly an d a llied u nits to id en tify eac h o th er o n th e

battle fie ld . F ra tric id e compels commande rs to con sid er th e e ffe ct CCD

and d ece ptio n o pera tio ns h av e o n th e n ec essity o f b ein g rec og nize d b y

friendly troops.


23/40

Appendix C

Camouflage R equirem ents and Procedures

This ap pe nd ix p ro vid es in fo rmatio n o n th e LCSS and d escrib es h ow to e rect it. A lso

in clu ded is a fig ure fo r d ete rm in in g th e amount o f modules n ee ded to camou flag e th e

v ario us v eh ic les in th e A rmy's in ven to ry . T his ap pen dix a lso in clu des a sample b attle

d rill th at ca n b e u sed to train so ld iers.

LIGHTWEIGHT

CAMOUFLAGE SCREEN SYSTEM

C -l. T he LCSS is a modular system consisting of a hexagon screen, a diamond-shaped

screen, a support system , and a repair kit. Y ou can join any number of screens to cover a

des igna te d ta rg et o r a re a

F iRure C- l .

Use

FiRure C-2

to determ ine the number of

modules n ee ded fo r camoufla gin g a g iv en area. Measu re th e v eh icle o r u se

Tab le C -l

to

determine the vehicle's d imensions .


24/40

One Module

~~

Three Modules Four Modules

CAUTION

The minimum requi red space

between t h e L S S and the obj ec i

t o be camouf laged is 2 feet.

S tagger poles to

d is rup t s traigh t

lines.

C ov er lig h ts w ith

b ru sh . a nd Gov~ r t he

w indsh ie ld w ith

a

tarp.

Two Modules

F ive Modu le s and One

Diamond

1

Lower the canvas f l a p

to h id e th e shadow

ins ide the t ruck.

In sta ll s ta ke s to

hold the 51;;een

Figure C l. LCSS modular system.


25/40

A

ill

r....

iI)

q)

::2

q;

(j)

LL .

58

55

19 0

18 0

52

49

17 0

16 0

46

43

15 0

14 0

I

40

130

12 07

34 110 ,

10 00

27

90

80

4

21

70

60B

15

50

40

2

9 30

20

3 10 -v~

#1

Q:-~O

I

Fest

Meters

Vehi cle d imens ions :

h

;= height

w;;;; width

L =

lenglh

A

2h + w + 5 ft

B = =2h + L + 5 ft

11

1

\,

\ l\

,

\ \

~.,,~

\'

\\ ~\.

\ \ \

..

~, ,., ,~

\ \ ,I\., ,,~

\ .. 5~~'-=,-....

\.

5

~~~ .....

\.

,,~

~

II..

' ~, ~ ......

~,-3 ,, - ~, ~~ ~~---:......

2 ~

~

... ~;:- --

.....

N O T E The n umbe r w ith in

each a rea equals; the

n umber o f m od ules.

.....

,

.,

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

27 30 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55

B

N OT E: T his ch art is no rm ally relfab lo fo r v ehrclcs of reg ular con fig uratio n. V eh ic1 es

oflrrog ular con fig uratio n, such as artillery p ieces o r cranes, may r equ ir e addi ti ona l

modules.

Figure C-2. M odule determ ination chart.

Table C-l. V ehicle dim ensions

Nomenclature

I

Height

I

Width

I

Lengt

I

No. of

I


26/40

(feet) (feet)

h Module

(feet)

s

AVLB

~~~I

C7 loade r, scoop, 2 -ton ,w/o cage

1919~1

2

D7 doze r, wi th b lade

~~~I

M106AI carr ie r, mortar, 107-mm

~~~I

M109A3 howitze r, I55-mm (SP)

~~~I

MI13A2 carr ie r, personnel

~19~1

2

MI13A3 carr ie r, personnel

~19~1

2

MI25AI car rie r, morta r, 81-mm

~19~1

2

MI49 tra iler , water, 400-gal

~~~I

MI72 tra iler , low-bed, 25-ton

~~~I

MIAI tank , w ith m ine ro lle r

~~~I

MIAI(2) tank , combat, 105 - and I20 -mm

~~~I

M2 fighting vehicle, infantry

~~r-;-I

M2 TOW vehic le , improved

~19~1

2

M3 fighting vehicle, cavalry

~~r-;-I

M35A2 truck, cargo, 2- ton

1918~1

2

M520 truck, cargo, 8-ton

~19~1

3

M548 carr ie r, cargo, 6- ton

~19~1

2

M54A2 truck, cargo, 5- ton

~18~1

2

M553 truck, wrecker, lO-ton

~19~1

3

M559 truck, fue l, 2 ,500-gal

~19~1

3

M577Al car rie r,

CP

1919~1

2

M578 vehicle, recovery, l ight

~~~I

2


27/40

M60A3 ta nk , c ombat, 1 05 -mm

I

11

.l

12

.l

27

I

3

M713 truck, ambulance ,- ton

~16~1

2

M728 vehic le , combat engineer

~~~I

M792 truck, ambulance , I -ton

18~~1

2

M816 truck, wrecker, 5-ton

~18~1

3

M880 truck, cargo, I -ton

18~~1

2

M88Al vehicle, recovery, medium

~~r-;-I

M9 vehic le ,ACE

~~~I

M920 truck, t rac tor , 20-ton

~~r-;-I

M930 t ruck , dump, 5-ton

~18~1

2

M977 t ruck , cargo , HEMTT

~18~1

3

M978 t ruck , tanker , HEMTT

~18~1

3

M992 ammo c arrie r (FAAS-V )

~~~I

M998, HM MW V, carr ie r, personnel

16~~1

2

MLRS

~~~I

MT 250 crane, hydraulic, 25-ton

~18~1

3

RT crane ,boom, 20-ton

~~~I

NOTES:

1 . S ee

Avvendix E

for a list ofLCSS national stock num bers (N SNs) and ordering

information.

2. See TM 5-1080-200-13& P for m ore inform ation on m aintenance, erection, and

characteristics of the LCSS .

CAP ABILITIES

C-2. The LCSS protects targets in four different ways. It-

.

Casts p atte rn ed shadows th at b re ak up th e cha ra cte ris tic outlin es o f a ta rg et.

.

Sca tte rs ra da r re tu rn s (exc ep t when rada r-tra nsp arent n ets a re u sed).


28/40

.

T rap s targ et h ea t an d allows it to d isp erse.

.

S imulates co lo r an d sh ad ow pattern s th at a re common ly fo un d in a p articu la r

regIOn.

ERECT ING PROCEDURES

C-3 . To e re ct c amoufla ge nets e ffe ctiv ely -

.

Keep th e n et stru ctu re as small as p ossib le.

.

Main ta in th e n et a m in imum o f 2 fe et from th e camou flag ed ta rg et's su rface . T his

p rev en ts th e n et from assumin g th e same sh ap e an d th ermal sig natu re as th e targ et

it is mean t to c on ceal.

.

Ensu re th at th e lin es b etwee n su pp ort p oles are g en tly slo ped so th at th e n et

b len ds in to its b ack gro un d. S lo pin g th e n et o ver th e ta rg et a lso m in im izes sh arp

e dg es, whic h are more easily d etec tab le to th e h uman ey e.

.

Exte nd th e n et comp lete ly to th e g ro un d to p rev en t c reatin g u nn atu ral sh ad ows

th at a re e asily d ete cte d. This ensure s th at th e net e ffe ctiv ely d isrupts th e ta rg et's

s hape and actu ally absorb s and sc atte rs ra da r ene rgy.

.

Exte nd th e n et all th e way aro un d th e targ et to en su re comp lete p ro tec tio n from

enemy senso rs .

SUPPLEMENTAL CAMOUFLAGE

C-4 . Camoufla ge nets a re o fte n employed in con junc tion w ith supplementa l c amoufla ge

b ecau se n ets alo ne d o n ot mak e a targ et in visib le to a th rea t's multisp ectral sen so rs. U se

o th er CCD tec hn iq ues to a ch ie ve e ffectiv e co nc ealmen t. Cov er o r remove a ll o f th e

t arge t's re flective sur faces (mir ro rs , w indshield s, l ight s) . A lso ensure tha t the ta rget's

sh ad ow is d isru pte d o r d isg uised . U se n ativ e v eg eta tio n, b eca use p lacin g a ta rg et in d en se

fo liag e p ro vid es n atu ral c on cea lmen t an d a smoo th er tran sitio n b etween th e ed ges o f th e

camoufla ge n et an d th e targ et's b ac kg ro un d. Cov er e xp ose d ed ges o f th e n et w ith d irt o r

cut vegeta tion to enhance the t rans iti on .

VEHICLE CAM OUFLAGE

C-5 . Mea su re th e v eh icle o r d eterm in e its d imen sio ns from

Tab le C -l.

Use th e fo llowing

equations and

F ifm re C -2

to determ ine the number of modules needed to camouflage a

vehicle.

E qu atio n 1 :

A = 2h

+

w

+ 5

feet

Equation 2 :

B = 2h

+

L

+ 5

feet


29/40

Standards:

.

Comp le te c amoufla ge net s etup d rills w ith in 20 minute s.

.

Completecamouflagenet teardown dril ls wi thin 15 minutes .

PersonnelRequired: Three crew members .

EquipmentRequired: Two modules or the followingi tems:

.

Nets, h exagonal, 2 e ach.

.

Nets, d iamond, 2 ea ch .

.

Pole s ec tions , 24 e ach.

.

S take s, 36 e ach.

where -

h

=

height, i n f ee t

w

=

wid th , in fe et

L

=

l ength , in fe et

Step

1 . Dete rm ine th e veh ic le 's d imens ions (measure o r u se

Tab le C -1 .

For the M 2

fighting vehicle, the height is 10 feet, the w idth is 11 feet, and the length is 22 feet.

Step 2. U se the above equations and the m easurem ents from S tep 1 to determ ine the

total dimensions.

A

=

2 10

+ 11 + 5

= 36feet

B

=

2 10

+ 22 + 5

=

47

feet

Step

3. D eterm ine the number of modules needed (use

F ifm re C -2 .

S in ce A equa ls

36 and B equals 47, tw o modules of camouflage are required to cover the M2 fighting

vehicle.

TRAINING

C-6 . Units sh ou ld d ev elo p an d p ra ctice b attle d rills th at c ov er th e req uiremen ts a nd

p ro cedu re s fo r e re cting nets ove r a ssigned equ ipmen t.

Tab le C -2

shows a sample battle

drill.

T able C -2. S ample battle drill


30/40

.

Lanya rd s, 6 e ach.

.

Spreader s, 12 each.

S towage Locatio n: The camoufla ge n et is strap pe d to th e rig ht sid e o f th e trim v an e.

Setup Dril l:

.

The gunner and the assistant gunner remove the camouflage net from the trim vane and

place it on top of the M 2.

.

The driver removes poles and stakes from the bag and places them around the vehicle.

.

The gunne r an d th e a ssista nt g un ne r remov e th e v eh icle's an te nn a, p ositio n th e n et o n

top of the vehicle, and roll the net off the sides of the vehicle.

.

The d riv er sta kes th e n et a ro un d th e v eh icle.

.

The d riv er a nd th e assistan t g un ner assemb le p lie s an d sp re ad ers a nd th en e rect th e n et.

.

The gunner in sp ec ts th e camoufla ge from a d istan ce .

.

The c rew adju sts th e c amoufla ge a s n ec es sa ry .

Tea rdown Dr ill :

NOTES:

.

The d riv er a nd th e assistan t g un ner ta ke d own and d isa ssemble p lies an d sp read ers.

.

The gunner and the assistant gunner unstake the net and roll it to the top of the M 2.

.

The gunner and the assistant gunner complete rolling the net on top of the vehicle and

rep lace the veh ic le 's antenna.

.

The driver stores the net on the trim vane.

.

The gunne r an d th e a ssista nt g un ne r sto re p oles, sp rea ders, a nd stak es o n th e trim v an e.

1. Preassem ble the nets before placing them on the M 2.

2. Supplem ent cam ouflage nets by properly placing vehicles and using natural

vegetation.


31/40

Appendix D

Individual Camouflage, Concealment, and Decoys

Each sold ie r is re spon sib le fo r c amoufla ging h imse lf, h is e qu ipmen t, a nd h is positio n.

CCD reduces the probability of an enemy placing aim ed fire on a soldier.

MATERIALS

D-l. U se n atu ral an d a rtificia l materia ls fo r CCD . Natu ral CCD in clu des d efila de, g rass,

bushe s, tre es , a nd shadows. A rtific ia l CCD fo r s old ie rs in clude s BDU s , c amoufla ge nets ,

sk in pain t, a nd natu ra l ma te ria ls removed from their o rig in al positio ns . To be e ffe ctiv e,

a rtific ia l CCD must b le nd w ith th e natu ra l b ackg round.

DISCIPLINE

D-2 . Noise , movement, a nd light d is cip lin e con tribute to indiv idua l CCD:

.

Noise discipline m uffles and elim inates sounds m ade by soldiers and their

equipment.

.

Movemen t d isc ip lin e m in im iz es movemen t w ith in and between pos itio ns and

lim its mov emen t to ro ute s th at c an no t b e read ily o bserv ed b y a n en emy.

.

Light discipline controls the use of lights at night. Avoid open fires, do not sm oke

tobacco in the open, and do not walk around with a lit flashlight.

DISPERSAL

D-3 . D isp ersal is th e d elib erate d ep lo ymen t o f so ld iers a nd eq uipmen t o ve r a w id e a rea. It

is a k ey in div id ual su rv iv al te ch niq ue . D isp ersal crea tes a smalle r ta rg et mass fo r e nemy

se nso rs an d weap on s sy stems. There fo re, it re du ces ca su alties an d lo sse s in th e ev en t o f

an a tta ck and a ls o makes enemy dete ction e ffo rts mo re d iffic ult.

CONSIDERATIONS

D-4 . Eve ry sold ie r s hould have a deta ile d understa nd ing o f th e re cogn itio n fa cto rs

descr ibed in

Chavter

3 . Wh ile a ll o f th ese facto rs remain impo rtan t whe n a pp ly in g

indiv idua l CCD, th e fo llow ing fa cto rs a re c ritic al:


32/40

.

Movemen t. Movemen t d raws atten tio n, wheth er it in vo lv es v eh icles o n th e ro ad

o r in div id uals walk in g a ro un d positio ns. T he n ak ed ey e, IR , a nd rad ar se nso rs ca n

d etect mov emen t. M in im ize mov emen t while in th e o pen an d remember th at

d ark ness d oes n ot p rev en t o bse rv atio n b y a n en emy equip ped w ith mod em

sen so rs. When movemen t is n ec ess ary , slow, smooth movement a ttra cts le ss

a ttention than quick, ir regu la r movemen t.

.

S hape. U se CCD materials to break up the shapes and shadow s of positions and

equ ipmen t. S ta y in th e shadows wheneve r pos sib le , e sp ec ia lly when moving,

b eca use sh ad ows ca n v isu ally mask o bje cts. When co nduc tin g o peratio ns clo se to

a n en emy, d isg uise o r d isto rt h elmet an d b ody sh ap es w ith artific ial CCD

mate rials b ecau se an en emy ca n ea sily re co gn iz e th em a t clo se ran ge.

.

Shin e an d lig ht. S hin e can a lso attract atten tio n. P ay p articu lar atten tio n to lig ht

re fle cting from smooth o r polis hed su rfa ce s (me ss k its, m irro rs, e yegla ss es ,

watche s, w indshie ld s, s ta rc hed unifo rms ). P la stic map case s, dust goggle s worn

o n to p o f a h elmet, a nd cle ar p lastic g arb ag e b ag s also reflec t lig ht. Cov er th ese

items o r remove th em from expos ed a re as. Veh ic le h eadlights, ta illig hts , a nd

s afe ty re fle cto rs not only re fle ct lig ht but a lso re fle ct la se r ene rgy u sed in weapon

sy stem s. Cov er th is e qu ipment whe n th e v eh icle is n ot in o peratio n.

R ed filters o n v eh icle d ome lig hts an d fla sh lig hts, while d esig ned to p ro te ct a

so ld ie r's n ig ht v isio n, are ex tremely sen sitiv e to d etec tio n b y NVDs. A ta nk 's red

d ome lig ht, reflectin g o ff th e walls an d o ut th ro ug h th e sig ht an d v isio n b lo ck s,

c an b e seen w ith a starlig ht sco pe from 4 k ilomete rs. R ed -len sed flash lig hts an d lit

c ig are tte s and p ip es a re equally obs erv ab le . To reduce th e chances o f d ete ction,

re pla ce red filte rs w ith b lu e-g re en filte rs and p ra ctic e s tric t lig ht d is cip lin e. Use

measu res to p rev en t sh in e at n ig ht b ec au se moonlig ht an d starlig ht can b e

re fle cte d a s e as ily a s s un light.

.

Colo r. T he co ntra st o f sk in , u nifo rm s, an d e qu ipment w ith th e b ack gro un d h elp s

a n en emy d ete ct OPFOR . In div id ual CCD shou ld b len d w ith th e su rro un din gs; o r

a t a m in imum , o bje cts must n ot co ntra st w ith th e b ack gro un d. Id eally , b len d

colo rs w ith th e backg round o r h id e obje cts w ith con tra stin g colo rs .

EMPLOYMENT

D-5 . S tu dy n earb y te rrain an d v eg eta tio n b efo re a pp ly in g CCD to so ld iers, eq uipmen t, o r

th e fighting pos itio n. During re con, a na ly ze th e te rra in in lie u o f th e CCD con sid era tions

listed above and then choose CCD materials that best blend w ith the area. C hange CCD

as required when moving from one area to another.

SKIN

D-6 . Exposed sk in refle cts lig ht a nd may d raw atten tio n. E ve n v ery d ark sk in , b ecau se o f

n atu ral o ils, w ill reflect lig ht. CCD pain t stick s co ver th ese o ils a nd h elp b len d sk in w ith

th e b ack gro un d. Avo id u sin g o ils o r in sec t re pellen t to so fte n th e p ain t stick b ecau se


33/40

doing so m akes skin shiny and defeats the purpose of CCD paint. S oldiers applying CCD

pain t sh ou ld work in p airs an d h elp ea ch o th er. S elf-a pp lic atio n may le av e g ap s, su ch a s

beh ind e ars . Use th e fo llow ing te chnique :

.

Paint high, shiny areas (forehead, cheekbones, nose, ears, chin) w ith a dark color.

.

Pain t low, sh ad ow are as w ith a lig ht co lo r.

.

Paint exposed skin (back of neck, arm s, hands) w ith an irregular pattern.

D-7 . When CCD pain t stick s are u nav ailab le, u se field e xp ed ie nts su ch as b urn t co rk ,

b ark , ch arc oal, lampbla ck , o r mud . Mud c on tain s b ac teria, some o f which is h arm fu l a nd

may c au se d isease o r in fe ctio n, so co nsid er mud as th e last reso urce fo r in div id ual CCD

field-expedient paint .

UNIFORMS

D-8 . BDUs h av e a CCD pattern b ut o ften req uire ad ditio na l CCD , esp ecia lly in

o pera tio ns o cc urrin g v ery c lo se to th e en emy. A tta ch leav es, g rass, small b ra nch es, o r

pieces of LCSS to uniform s and helm ets. T hese item s help distort the shape of a soldier,

and they blend w ith the natural background. BDU s provide visual and N IR CCD . Do not

sta rc h BDU s becau se s ta rc hing counte rs th e IR p rope rtie s o f th e dye s. Rep la ce

ex cessiv ely fad ed a nd worn BDUs b ecau se th ey lo se th eir CCD effectiv en ess a s th ey

wear.

EQUIPMENT

D-9 . In sp ec t p erso nal eq uipmen t to e nsu re th at sh in y item s are co ve red o r removed . T ak e

co rre ctiv e actio n o n items th at rattle o r mak e o th er n oises whe n mov ed o r worn . S old ie rs

a ss igned equ ipmen t, su ch a s veh ic le s o r g enera to rs , shou ld be knowledgeable o f th eir

app ropr ia te camouflage techniques ( see

Chavters

3, 1: .,and ,2:) .

IN DIV ID UA L FIG HTIN G PO SITIO NS

N OTE: R eview the procedures for cam ouflaging positions in

Chavter

5 , wh ich

in clu de c on sid eratio ns fo r camoufla gin g in div id ual p ositio ns.

D -lO . Wh ile build ing a fighting positio n, c amoufla ge it a nd c are fu lly d ispos e o f e arth

spoil. R em ember that too much CCD material applied to a position can actually have a

re verse effec t a nd d isclo se th e p ositio n to th e en emy. Obtain CCD mate rials from a

d isp ersed a rea to av oid d raw in g atten tio n to th e p ositio n b y th e strip ped area a ro un d it.

D -ll. C amou flag e a p ositio n as it is b ein g b uilt. T o av oid d isclo sin g a fig htin g p ositio n,

never

-

.

Leave sh iny o r light-c olo red obje cts exposed.

.

Remov e sh irts while in th e o pe n.

.

Use f ir es .


34/40

.

Lea ve track s o r o th er sig ns o f mov emen t.

L ook up when aircraft fly overhead. (O ne of the most obvious features on aerial

pho tograph s is th e uptu rn ed fa ce s o f s old ie rs.)

D -1 2. When CCD is comp lete, in sp ect th e p ositio n from an en emy's v iewpo in t. Che ck

CCD periodic ally to s ee th at it sta ys n atu ra l-lo ok ing and conce als th e pos itio n. When

CCD ma te ria ls b ecome in effe ctiv e, c hange o r imp rove th em .

.


35/40

Item NSN Mil No. Remar ks

Camo ename l, b la ck

18010-00-111-8356

~A

15

ga l

Cam o enam el, black

18010-00-111-8005

~A

11

ga l

Cam o enam el, sand

18010-00-111-8336

~A

15

ga l

Cam o enam el, sand 18010-00-111-7988

~A 11

ga l

C amo sc re en , u ltra lite ,

1080-01-338-4468

~N8811616FVU-165/G

asphalt/concrete

C amo sc re en , u ltra lite , g re en /ta n

1080-01-338-4471

;N 8

811600

FVU

-166/G

Camo sc re en , u ltra lite ,

1080-01-338-4469

~N8811617FVU-164/G

sn ow /p artia l sn ow

Cam o support set, ultralite (A - 1080-01-338-4472 ~N8811615

~TU

-96/G

frame)

C onn ector p lug , w /o g en-te st

5935-01-050-6586

MS3456W1

Use 5935-00-431-4935

6S-1P

Connec to r, r ec ep ta cle , e le ct ric al

1370-01-171-1336

293E663P4

l.4G class/div, 49 ea

CCK-77/E 04

Appendix E

Standard Cam ouflage M aterials

Table

E -llists stan dard camou flag e item s av aila ble to th e so ld ier. Item s o n th is list a re

o rdered through normal unit -p rocu remen t channel s:

. A comp lete list o f Dep artmen t o f Defen se (DOD) sto ck mate rials is av aila ble from th e

DefenseLogist ics Service Center (DLSC), Battle Creek,M ichigan, Defense Switched

Network (DSN) 932-4725 or commercia l (616) 961-4725.

.

A comp lete list o f A rmy materials is av ailab le from th e A rmy Materie l Command

(AMC), Log is tic s Suppo rt Activ ity , Red stone Arsena l, A labama , DSN 645 -0782 o r

commerc ia l (205) 955-0782.

Table E-l. C am ouflage item s


36/40

Control, remote smoke gen,

1080-01-338-7051

PN8811551

For SG-18-02

IMXK-856/E32

0

Decoy target, bailey bridge

1080-00-650-1098

~r

2165

one

Decoy ta rg et, h ow , 105 -mm

1080-00-570-6519

MIL-D-

PN EB 306D4904- IT08

52165B

Decoy unit s, i nf la ting, r adar ,

5865-01-266-3840

MRIIRVIN Passiv e rad ar fre q

~/SLQ-49

820/821 espondent

Decoy, a ir cr af t, g round (F-16 )

11080-01-301-8273

IpN160002 IOnly 2 5 p ro du ced

Deco y, clo se c ombat, M IA I

1080-01-242-7251

PN13277E9r

tank

830

one

Decoy , c lo se combat, M60A3

1080-01-242-7250

PN3228E19r

tank

79

one

Deco y, ru nway (FOS )

1080-01-338-5201

~N8

811610

~O

x 1,000 ft

Die se l fu el, DF -l

19140-00-286-5288

Ivv -F-800Dlsmoke/Obsc-al t

D ie se l fu el, DF -2

19140-00-286-5296


D ie se l fu el, DF -2

19140-00-286-5297


D rum, S&S , 5 5-g al

18110-00-292-9783

~A

18-gauge s teel , pa in ted

D rum, S&S , 5 5-g al

18110-00-597-2353

~A

16-gauge s teel , pa in ted

IExplosive, airburst projecti le

1055-01-175-4002

FN102575

Smoky fla k, LMK-25

launch a tk

tF ed era l stan dard co lo rs 5 95 -B 7690-0 1-1 62 -2 21 0

F

2-ft x lO-in fan deck

of

color

Gen set, sm oke, m ech, M 157 1040-01-206-0147

PN31-15-

rone

255

G en, signal radio freq

16625-00-937 -4029

~A

ISM-422/GRC

G en, sm oke, m ech, A /E 32U -13

1040-01-338-8839

~N8811546

FO-18-02


37/40

Gen, sm oke, m ech, M 3A

1040-00-587-3618

MILSTD60

None

4

~~STD60

I

Gen, sm oke, m ech, M 3A4

1040-01-143-9506

PN E31 -15- 2000

Indiv cam o cover, 3-color

8415-01-280-3098

~woodland

4358

8 O Z, 5- x 8-ft coverage

Indiv cam o cover, 6-color desert

8415-01-280-5234

~8

O Z, 5- x 8 -ft co ve rag e

4358

In div camo cover, sn ow

8415-01-282-3160

~8

O Z, 5- x 8 -ft co ve rag e

4358

lLauncher r ck t, I -bay l aunche r,

1055-01-131-7857

PN1335AS

I

tLMU -23E

380

Smoky SAM

launcher rc kt, 4 -b ay launcher,

1055-01-144-0864

PN1335AS

I

OMU-24E

700

Smoky SAM

lcss support set, desert

1080-00-623-7295

~Can

use 1080-01-253-

52765 0522

lcss support set, snow 1080-00- 556-4954

~Same

as 1080-01-179-

52765 6024

tL css su pp ort set, woodlan d

1080-00-108-1173

~Same

as 1080-01-179-

52765 6025

lcss support set, woodland 1080-00-108-1173

~Plasticpoles

52765

tLcss, desert , radar-scat te ring

1080-00-103-1211

~Can

use 1080-01-266-

52771 1828

IL css, d ese rt, rad ar-scatterin g 1 08 0-0 1-2 66 -1 82 5

PN13228E5 Can u se 1080-01-266 -

930

1828

ILcss, desert , radar-scat te ring 1080-01-266-1828

PN13228E5 Use 1080-01 -266-1825

933

first

lcss, d ese rt, ra dar-tran sp are nt 1 08 0-0 0-1 03 -1 21 7

~PN13226E1357

C52765

lcss, snow, radar-scattering 1080-00-103-1233

~Can

use 1080-01-266-

52765 1826


38/40

lcss, snow , radar-scattering 1080-00-103-1234

MIL-C-

PN13226E1355

52765


PN13228E5 Can u se 1080-01-266 -

928 1826


PN13228E5 Can u se 1080-00-103 -

931 1233

ILCSS,w oodland, radar-

1080-00-103-1246

~Can

use 1080-01-266-

scattering 53004 1827

lcss, w oodland, radar-

1080-00-103-1322

~PN13226E1356

scattering 53004

ILCSS,w oodland, radar-

1080-01-266-1824

PN13228E5 Can u se 1080-01-266 -

scattering 929 1827

lcss, w oodland, radar-

1080-01-266-1827

PN13228E5 Use 1080-01 -266-1824

scattering 932 first

lLead a cid b try , 24V , BB-297U

16140-00-059-3528

~S75047 -1For SG 18-0 2 w /o g en

Moun ting k it, smoke gen , M284 1040-01-249 -0272

PN31-14-

For

M 157 gen

2680

lNet, mult ipurpose, ol ive-green

8465-00-889-3771

~108-

x 60-in coverage

mesh 3181

Pain t, temp , ta n

8010-01-326-8078

~Ped-s td -595B 33446

52905

Pain t, temp , ta n

8010-01-326-8079

~Fed-s td -595B 33446

52905

Pain t, temp, wh ite

8010-01-129-5444

~r

2905

one

Pump in fla tin g, manual, smoky

r3

20-00- 822 - 9036

r-p-746

Need 1 ea TO llA -l-

flak 46

Reflector,radar, Coast Guard

2050-01-225-2779

F

1 cu ft, lO -lb,

Ibuoymarker

aluminum

Simula tor, a tomic explos ion ,

1370-00-474-0270

MIL-S-

FM8864243

M142

46528(1)


39/40

S imu la to r, p ro je ct ile a ir bu rs t,

1370-01-180-5856

PN102549 1.1G class/diy, 48 ea

pm-7/E

S imu la to r, p ro je ct ile a ir bu rs t,

1370-01-279-9505

PN8387310 1.3G class/diy, 48 ea

pm-7A/E

Smoke pot, 30-lb, HC, M 5

1365-00-598-5207

~PH

E36-1-18, 17 m in

13183

Smoke pot, flo ating, HC

1365-00-939-6599

~w

M208/M209 fuse

51235

Smoke p ot, flo atin g, HC, M4A2

1365-00-598-5220

MIL-S-

w /M207a fuse, 12 m in

51235B

Smokey SAM ro ck et, GTR -1 8A

1340-01-130-6282

DL1335AS

Fir ing car tr idge and

100 ocket

Support pole s, camo net, u ltr al ite

1080-01-338-4470

PN8811615 MTU-99 /G,2

3

poles/battens

Too l, s pe cia l purpose , smoky

5120-01-176-2188

FN103320 Feed

1 ea

flak

Tra ile r, g round-hand ling , MHU-

1740-01-031-5868

~BK-

5 ,5 00 -lb c ap , fo r SG-

141/M

300 18-02

Valv e ad ap ter a ssy , smoky fla k

1055-01-216-4803

PN8523971

F

d 1 h

-10

ee eac

Valv e, pneuma tic ta nk , smoky

r820-00 -4 27-5047

fV500RK2Feed 1 ea

flak

Kvrench, bung

5120-00-045-5055

Cage

~-

x -in pIngs

07227


40/40

Appendix F

The Geneva Emblem and Camouflage of Medical Facilities

I

This appendix im plem ents STA NA G 2931.

I

STANAG 2931 co ve rs p ro ced ures fo r u sin g th e Gen ev a emblem and camoufla gin g

medic al fa cilitie s. This STANAG requ ire s s igna to rie s to d is pla y th e Geneva emblem (red

c ro ss) o n med ical facilitie s to h elp id en tify an d p ro tect th e sick a nd wound ed . A ll

sig na to rie s, h owev er, a re allowed to d isp lay th e Gen ev a emblem ac co rd in g to th eir

n ationa l re gu la tions and p ro cedu re s. STANAG 2931 a ls o defin es medic al fa cilitie s a s

med ic al units , medic al v eh ic le s, a nd medic al a irc ra ft on th e g round. A ta ctic al

c ommande r may o rd er th e c amoufla ge o f medic al fa cilitie s, in cluding th e Geneva

emblem , whe n th e fa ilu re to d o so w ill en dan ge r o r comp romise tactica l o peratio ns. S uch

an o rd er is c on sid ered tempo rary an d must b e rescin de d as so on as th e tactical situ atio n

p erm its. T he camou flag e o f la rg e, fix ed med ical fac ilitie s is n ot en visa ged u nd er th e

g uid elin es o f STANAG 2931.

unites states army fm 20-3-30 august 1999 - part02

Documents