united states movement of independence

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Movements of Independence The British Colonies and Latin America

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Page 1: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Movements of Independence

The British Colonies and

Latin America

Page 2: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

The British Colonies Revolutionary War

It was the destiny of the Americans to be be republicans, not monarchists. It was the destiny of the Americans to be independent, not subject to British dominion. It was the destiny of Americans to be Americans, not English. According to Thomas Payne that was Common Sense.

Page 3: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Background before the French Indian War

• Colonial and British relations before the French Indian War

1. American colonial governments were based on an English model – a governor appointed by he king, a council appointed by the governor, and lower house elected by the freemen of the colony.

a. conflict with the governor – power to disband the lower house.

Page 4: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

2. British control on trade to benefit the metropolis (mercantilism ).

a. Navigation Act of 1660

b. Internal British politics and conflicts led to a lax enforcement of these acts.

3. More social mobility in the colonies – 1700 the population 200,000 by 1773 it reached to 1,600,000. By 1775 one-third of white colonists

were non – English speakers.

Page 5: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

3. Conflicts between the French, the British, and the colonists

a. France controlled Canada and the Mississippi Valley and the colonists were crossing into French territory.

b. The French and the British have Caribbean Islands that they desire

c. India was another source of conflict after the collapsed of the Mogul Empire.

Page 6: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Generalizations - Colonies

• The colonies have achieved a level of maturity – we see working political

institutions.

• Colonies are involved and integrated into

an imperial world order: Transatlantic

trade, continuing and increasing immigra-

tion, well established cities. (Philadelphia)

Page 7: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Causes of the War1. The French control of the areas west of the

Appalachian Mountains with their Indian allies who were not only their political allies but their partners in the fur trade.

2. The British and the colonists wanted to expand the control of the lands in North America.

Page 8: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Causes of the War

3. The competition between the French and the British to control the fur trade in North America.

4. Imperial competition [ French-Britain] in the Caribbean and in India.

Page 9: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Results of the War

• France lost all of its territories in North America.

• Britain was saddled with a large debt - expected the colonists to pay a portion of it • The colonists no longer needed the British

army and navy to protect them from the French and Indians.

• The new territories will be open for colonization.

Page 10: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Different expectations and assessments

• Colonies

1. the end of high taxes

2. Expansion west of

the Appalachian

Mountains

3. colonists were proud of their support to the war

• British

1. imposed new taxes

2. Proclamation 1763

[ prohibited westward expansion ]

3. Colonists support and performance during the war was very poor

Page 11: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Different Expectations

4. Colonists expect to enjoy a more equal status in the empire

5. Colonists thought

that the British army will leave.

4. There was no inclination to give the colonists that term of equality.

5. Gr. Br. believed that the troops need to stay to prevent France from trying to regain the territory and to enforce the Proclamation of 1763.

Page 12: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Causes of the War for Independence

1.The need for revenues to pay for the war debt – Parliament passed a series of acts that affected the colonies.

a. The Sugar Act ( 1764 )

b. The Stamp Act ( 1765 )

c. The Declaratory Act ( 1766 )

d. The Townshend ( 1767 )

Page 13: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Action - Reaction(Act/Law) (Colonies)

1. Sugar Act – 1764 tax on molasses (to make rum). It reduced the tax but enlarge the costume service and set up system of courts for violators without juries.

1. The colonists protested by boicot-

ting British imports.

( the British lower the tax even more)

Page 14: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Action - Reaction

2. Stamp Act – 1765 levy taxes on all colonial newspapers, legal documents, diplomas, pamphlets, property deeds, cards and almanacs.

[ In 1766 the stamp act was repealed ]

2. An uproar –

it directly affected the income of colonial elites.

The Sons of Liberty were formed, boicott

of British goods (colonial radicals enforce the boicott).

Page 15: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Action - Reaction

3. Declaratory Act – this act restated its right to tax the colonies.

4. Townshend Act – 1767 collect duties on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea.

[ Act was repealed except for the 3 pence on the tea ]

3.Colonial elites rejected this assertions. No taxes without representation in the Parliament.

4. More boycotts [ trade fell 50% ]

Page 16: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Incidents that increased the tension

Incident

1. Boston Massacre 1770 –a crowd began taunting and throwing snowballs at British soldiers they open fire and five colonists were killed.

Reaction

1. The colonists form the Committees of

Correspondence. (Revolutionary cells). The Boston Massacre became a propaganda disaster for the British.

Page 17: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Increased tension

2. The Gaspee Incident

a group of colonists boarded a British costumes vessels after it run aground on a sand bar they burn the ship. [ the ship’s captain was seriously wounded ]

• The British government increased their concern.

Page 18: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

3. The Boston Tea Party (1773) - 150 Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded three ships that were laden with tea. The men threw the tea overboard.

[ colonists response - tea monopoly given

to the British East India Company ]

3. Britain retaliated with the Coercive Acts.

The colonists called them the Intolerable

Acts. Quebec Act –

French - Catholic religion and new boundaries- Quebec north of Ohio and west Appalachian Mts

Page 19: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

The Empire Strikes Back The Intolerable Acts

1. Close the port of Boston until tea was paid.

2. Suspended self-government in Massachusetts

3. Allowed trials of colonists to be moved to another colony or Britain

4. Allowed soldiers to be quartered in private homes.

Page 20: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Towards the Revolution

1. The First Continental Congress a) the delegates shared common values: civic

virtue, self-reliance, thrift, simplicity, and a commitment to the public

good. b) Declaration of Rights and Grievances c) It denied Parliament the right to impose

taxes and make laws but recognized its authority to regulate trade.

2. Determine to repeal the Coercive Acts

Page 21: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

3.The Battle of Lexington and Concord

4. Thomas Paine – Common Sense is published in 1776.

Page 22: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

The Road for Independence

1.The King rejects the Declaration of Rights and Grievances

2. The Second Continental Congress

a) The Declaration of Independence –

July 4, 1776.

b) Continental Army – General George

Washington

Page 23: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Strategy & Order of Battle Amer. Strategy • To survive until

they could get help from European power (France)

• Take out British base areas of operations

• Propaganda campaign against the Br.

The British Strategy:• A decisive battle to end

the revolution • Separate strategies for

New England, Middle and Southern colonies

• Fight with their back to the sea [Navy to support land operations

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• US strategy1. Attack on Quebec

[Ethan Allen & Benedict campaign]

2. Western Campaign

• The British strategy 1. Strategy: Three

colonial strategiesa) New Eng. – separate it

from other coloniesb) Middle Colonies – to

take Philadelphia ( Cap. US) & NYc) Southern – to divide the

colonial society by supporting loyalist among the elites & new immigrants against old settlers; win the south by using local forces.

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• US Forces a) Continental army,

18,000 men (regular forces)

Problems: Army suffered chronic shortages of men, supplies, low pay, constant threat of diseases

Militia: local irregular troops; partisans guerilla fighters led

by charismatic leaders

Problem: ineffective in formal battle formations

• British Forcesa)50,000 soldiers regular Br.

army b) 13,000 Hessians

mercenary troopsc) auxiliary Indian forcesd) Naval forces (300 ships

used in attack on New York City)

Problems: hostile colonial population; logistical impediments in wilderness campaigning.

Page 26: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• US Commanders

George Washington – Commander in chief

Continental Army• Horatio Gates,

Benedict Arnold, Nathaniel Greene

• Militias leaders – Daniel Morgan, Thomas Sumter, Francis Marion (Swamp Fox)

• Br. Commanders

• Gen. William Howe & Gen. Richard Clinton

• Gen. John Burgoyne

• Gen. Charles Cornwallis and Col. Banastire Tarleton

• Navy Commander:

Admr. Lord Richard Howe

Page 27: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• French Commanders: Gen. Rochambeau and Admr. De Grasse; Lt. Marquis De Lafayette

• Polish: Pulaski • Spain’s: Bernardo de

Galvez [Florida Campaign]

• Prussian: Wilhelm von Stubben

Page 28: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

US Battles• Northern Campaign

Bunker Hill –strategic

triumph colonial militia

secure the control of

New England country-

side.

Ft. Ticonderoga –

Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen to get more needed ammunition.

British Battles• Northern Campaign

Breed’s Hill – after

Bunker Hill the British needed to show that they could control the

rebels and they did, but the cost was too high. Almost 40 % of

the British force were

wounded or dead.

Page 29: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Ft. Ticonderoga – the

combined forces of

Benedict Arnold and

Ethan Allen took the

fort by surprise with the

purpose of getting the

much needed

Ammunition.

• Battle of Long Island Gen. Howe arrived in

NY by August he had 32,000 men. Washington

had only 23,000. Howe

almost surrounded

Washington slipped away

to Brooklyn but 3,000

rebels were captured and

1,500 died. Washington

manage to get to Manhattan and then to

New Jersey.

Page 30: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• Battle of Trenton

Washington attacked an isolated outpost and captured 900

Hessians. This victory

helped to save the

Continental Army and serve as a recruiting

ground. • Battle of Saratoga

The British plan in

this battle was to

• With British victory at Brandywine Creek and Paoli they occupied Philadelphia

and the Americans retreat to Valley Forge.

Page 31: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

isolate New England by

combining two British

armies Burgoyne from

the north and Howe

from the south. Howe

did not arrived and

Burgoyne was defeated

by the Continentals and

A New England militia.

The French decide to

help the Americans.

• Even with Burgoyne defeat the British kept New York under their control.

Page 32: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• Southern Campaign

Battle of King’s Mt.

rebel militia led by

Thomas Sumter.

Cowpens Battle the

Continental forces led

by Nathaniel Greene

and Daniel Morgan

( militia ) defeated Tarleton.

• British Southern

campaign

Clinton’s forces occupy Savannah in

1778.

Occupation of

Charleston in 1780.

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• Battle of Yorktown Washington, Green

and Morgan forces with the help of the French army and Navy defeated Cornwallis at Yorktown. The British

Navy did not arrive on time to help Cornwallis.

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The end of the war

• The Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783,

was a diplomatic triumph for the American

negotiators: Benjamin Franklin, John Jay,

and John Adams.

The British recognized the American inde-

pendence and its boundaries on the west

to the Mississippi River.

Page 35: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

General observations• The role of the African slaves Many slaves joined either the British or

the Continental Army seeking for freedom. Many Africans fighting on the British side were sent back to their owners or sold as

slaves in the West Indies some were able remain free. Those fighting with the

Continental army were freed and moved to the North.

Page 36: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• The role of women during the war They were and important group. They travel

with their husbands during battle, took care of the wounded, provided them with water, cooked, washed their clothes, and provide much needed psychological comfort.

• Loyalist Many loyalist left to Canada, the West Indies or

England. Approximate 50,000 left leaving their properties and businesses.

Page 37: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Observations in the Changing of the World Order

• The United States is the first of new nations.

a) created out of a colonial process

b) winning its independence by

revolution

c) facing challenges of building a new

nation/nationality.

Page 38: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

How this affects the World Order?

• Given that G.B. is defeated, this is the beginning of the end of the colonial period

for the Americas. a) there will be very few colonial transfers among European powers that will endure b) transfer from a European country to an American power – Puerto Rico as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Page 39: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• For the first time revolution is a major feature (process) in world affairs. This becomes a political option ( young French

man in the café’s of Paris, intellectual elite

in Latin America, peasants in China, or uni-

versity students in Havana).

In a European centered world political societies are divided either seduced or horrified by the specter of revolution.

Given this revolutionary experience it would never be possible for the United States to

Page 40: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Propagate the old aristocratic order, a society based on title, privileged, tradition.

• In many ways Paine was right we have the power and opportunity to begin the world anew.

• This meant the United States had to designed new institutions. Including popular support as the basis for political order. ( Constitution, federalism).

• As with any revolution there are limits as to how far change will go. Although critically questioned slavery was not abolished nationally. Unresolved question of the revolution.

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• Given that the U.S. and L.A. later are frontiers societies, borders were never considered fixed, but rather a result of populations moving in settling the country side. Obviously this will result in conflict with the British, Spain, Canada and Mexico. The America had to be developed not created at one stoke.

• These new states of the Americas do not want to destroy the Columbian world order, but rather become new members. Example: conducted diplomacy in European fashion and manner, political

Page 42: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

ideas were European in origin,( exclusion of Indians), and trade with European countries will continue.

• This does not mean that the Columbian

order ends, rather it is transfer to other parts of the world. As Great Britain losses

the 13 colonies it gains an empire in India

and South Africa.• Great Britain at least until 1812 conside-

red the possibility of recuperating some of its lost American provinces and many

Americans held the notion that some day

Page 43: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Great Britain will be forced out of Canada and no longer would there be a British presence in North America.

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The Revolution in Politics: Ideology

• Ideology – series of ideas/abstractions directed towards some political goals,

Vague definition – links the world of

ideas to world politics

world of ideas – world of action (politics)

If ideology precedes/direct the political world

or if the political world merely uses ideas?

Page 45: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Creates them when it needs them

Cause – Effect (symbiotic)

Rev. war was a war of ideas – rights and

taxation.

Functions of Ideology• Series of generalizations that explains the

political world.

a) open-market – supply and demand

explains how prices come about

b) concept of balance of power

Page 46: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• It justifies a political order, action – to rationalize, to give value.

a) it is not only this is it, but that

that it is right.

New dimension – value.

Example – god-country in the Declaration

of Independence

• Ideology directed toward action – to motivate/ to put people to act.

Thomas Payne – Common Sense

(a call to action)

Page 47: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

Propaganda with its own dimensions –

psychological elements.

Slogans of the revolution:

Patrick Henry – Give me liberty or give

me death.

Jefferson – All men are created equal.

- I only have one regret that I

only have one life to give to

my country.

French Rev. – liberty, equality, fraternity

Russian Rev. – land, bread, peace

Page 48: United  States  Movement  Of  Independence

• Promise of another world – a better world

- a set the objectives that could be achieved through action.

The notion of a promised land –

ex. in socialism- social and economic

equality.

These can be expressed not only in the world of ideas, but in other mediums such as -

art ( paintings) and the movies.