united states army aviation center of excellence fort...
TRANSCRIPT
UNITED STATES ARMY AVIATION CENTER OF EXCELLENCE
FORT RUCKER, ALABAMA
14 June 2011
STUDENT HANDOUT
TITLE: AH-64D AERIAL ROCKET SYSTEM
FILE NUMBER: 011-0922-3.5
Proponent For This Student Handout Is:
COMMANDER, 110TH
AVIATION BRIGADE
ATTN: ATZQ-ATB-AD
Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362-5000
FOREIGN DISCLOSURE STATEMENT: (FD6) This product/publication has been reviewed by the product developers in coordination with the USAACE Foreign Disclosure Authority. This product is releasable to students from foreign countries who have purchased the AH-64D model, but the IETM is not releasable.
D-2
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
NOTE: Inform students of the following Terminal Learning Objective requirements.
At the completion of this lesson, you (the student) will:
ACTION: Identify components, controls, procedures, inhibits, and ballistics factors of the AH-
64D Aerial Rocket System (ARS).
CONDITIONS: In a classroom environment, given an AH-64D Operator's Manual, Aircrew Training
Manual (TC 1-251), a computer with IMI software lesson and a student handout.
STANDARD: Identify the components, controls, procedures, inhibits, and ballistics factors of the
AH-64D Aerial Rocket System (ARS) and received a ―Go‖ by answering 7 of 10
questions on scoreable unit 2 of criterion referenced test 011-1081 IAW the SEP.
D-3
A. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
After this lesson, you will:
ACTION: Identify the components of the ARS.
CONDITIONS: Given a written test without the use of student notes or references.
STANDARD: In accordance with TM 1-1520-251-10-2 and TC 1-251.
1. Learning Step/Activity 1
Identify the components of the ARS.
Figure 1. Aerial Rocket System (ARS).
(a) M140 ARS
(1) The M140 ARS provides AH-64D pilots with the capability to remotely select:
a) Rocket type
b) Warhead
c) Fuze
d) Quantity desired
(2) The ARS can fire the 2.75-inch/70mm Folding Fin Aerial Rockets (FFAR) in two firing
modes:
a) Independently Pilot (PLT) or Copilot/Gunner (CPG) controlled
b) Cooperative (simultaneously PLT/CPG controlled)
D-4
Figure 2. Pylons.
(b) ARS components
(1) Pylons. The pylons are mounted on the underside of the wings and provide mounting for
the following:
a) The ejector rack contains attaching lugs for securing the store to the pylon and the
explosive ejector for stores jettison.
b) The Pylon Interface Unit (PIU) provides interface between the Weapons Processor
(WP) and the pylon discrete signals.
c) The pylon actuator articulates the pylon in elevation by applying hydraulic power in
response to pointing commands from the WP.
1 Ground stow
a The Ground Stow mode commands the pylons to the stow position (–5°) so
that the wing stores are parallel to the ground (level terrain).
b The Ground Stow mode is automatically commanded when the Squat switch
indicates GROUND when a rocket launcher or a hellfire launcher is present.
The pylons can be manually ground stowed while in flight via the Weapon
Utility (WPN UTIL) page.
2 Flight stow
a The Flight mode commands the pylons to a single fixed position (+4°).
b The Flight mode is automatically commanded on at takeoff when the squat
switch indicates airborne for more than 5 seconds.
3 Articulation
a In flight, the pylons remain in the Flight mode until missiles or rockets are
actioned. Pylons are independently articulated through a range from +4.9° to
–15° in elevation.
D-5
d) The pylons are equipped with hydraulic and electrical quick-disconnect provisions
and contain electrical aircraft interfaces for the 2.75-inch ARS, auxiliary fuel tanks,
Hellfire Modular Missile System, and servo control of rack positions.
Figure 3. Pylon Interface Unit (PIU).
(2) PIU
a) The PIU is a remote processor that communicates with the WP and provides
interface to the M261 rocket launchers and pylon actuators.
b) The PIUs perform rocket fuzing and squib ignition.
c) PIUs are solid state Remote Terminal (RT) Line Replaceable Units (LRUs).
d) Each PIU provides the necessary Input/Output (I/O) and processing capability to
control up to nineteen 2.75-inch FFAR.
D-6
Figure 4. M261 Rocker Launcher.
(3) M261 rocket launchers
a) The M261 light- weight rocket launcher has 19 individual rocket tubes that carries
and launches 2.75-inch (70mm) Folding Fin Aerial Rockets.
b) The M261 rocket launcher weighs approximately 88 pounds, 65 inches long, and has
a diameter of 16 inches.
c) The M261 rocket launcher is capable of being mounted to any of the four pylons with
two suspension lugs (14 inch spacing).
d) Two electrical connectors on the top of the launcher provide fuzing and firing
interface.
1 The forward connector provides the fuzing.
2 The aft connector provides the firing circuit.
e) Rocket pods can be jettisoned individually or all at once from either crewstation.
D-7
Figure 5. Selective Jettison Panel.
(4) STORES JETTISON (JETT) panel
a) The STORES JETTISON panel is located on the left console in the pilot and CPG
crewstations. The STORES JETTISON panel provides the pilot or CPG with the
capability to jettison individual wing stores.
b) Pressing one or more of the pushbuttons on the STORES JETTISON panel will
illuminate the selected pushbutton(s) in both crew stations to indicate that the Stores
Jettison function at the selected station is now in the ARM mode.
c) Pressing an illuminated pushbutton a second time will disarm that station.
d) Pressing the recessed JETT pushbutton will cause armed stores to be jettisoned.
e) Only that crewstation arming the STORES JETTISON panel can de-arm it. Once
armed, either crew station can activate jettison.
D-8
Figure 6. Emergency Stores Jettison (JETT) Switch.
(5) Emergency Stores Jettison switch
a) Located on the flight section of the collective grip.
b) Provides the pilot or CPG with the capability to jettison all external wing stores at the
same time.
c) Pressing the guarded JETT switch will cause all external stores to be jettisoned from
the aircraft at the same time.
D-9
Figure 7. LOAD / MAINTENANCE PANEL (LMP).
(6) LOAD / MAINTENANCE PANEL (LMP)
a) Located in the right aft avionics bay.
b) Provides the ground crew with the capability to manually enter and display rocket
weapon data and position pylons for loading wing stores.
1 Display and specify rocket type associated with each rocket zone.
2 Position the pylons (PYLON POS) for Maintenance Operational Checks (MOCs)
and munitions loading with UP +4° or DOWN –5°.
3 Override the Squat switch (AIR/GND mode) setting to simulate airborne
conditions for troubleshooting and testing on the ground.
CAUTION
There is no indication in the cockpit when the SQUAT ORIDE switch is in the AIR position.
The possibility exists that the Area Weapon System (AWS) could inadvertently be driven
into the ground.
4 The LMP provides the capability to check/verify rocket type within each of the
rocket zones on pre-flight.
5 The WPN UTIL LOAD page is provided on the Multipurpose Display (MPD) to
permit aircrews to modify (override) the LMP zone inventory in the event an entry
error is made by the load crew during munitions loading or an LMP failure occurs.
NOTE: At aircraft power-up, the WP will read the rocket zone inventory from the LMP.
D-10
CHECK ON LEARNING
1. Pylons are independently controlled through a range of ________ in elevation.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The ________ provides the interface between the weapons processor and the pylon
discrete signals.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The flight mode is automatically commanded on takeoff when the squat switch indicates
airborne for more than _____ seconds.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The STORES JETTISON panel allows for ________ jettison of wing stores while the
emergency JETT pushbutton will jettison all stores.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The pylons are positioned to ground stow (WPN UTIL Page) which commands the
pylons to ______degrees.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D-11
B. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
ACTION: Identify the controls and displays of the ARS.
CONDITIONS: Given a written test without the use of student notes or references.
STANDARD: In accordance with TM 1-1520-251-10-2, TC 1-251, and FM 3-04.140 (FM 1-
140).
1. Learning Step/Activity 1
Identify the controls and displays of the ARS.
Figure 8. ARMAMENT Panel.
(a) ARS controls and displays
(1) ARMAMENT panels
a) The crewstation ARMAMENT panels provide pushbuttons used for arming and safing
the aircraft as well as overriding the aircraft Squat switch when the aircraft is on the
ground.
b) The ARMAMENT panel is located on the Instrument panel in each crewstation. It
provides two pushbuttons to activate switches.
1 The ARM/SAFE indicator is a momentary-action, illuminated pushbutton. This is
an aircraft common switch. The aircraft is either armed or safe in both
crewstations, regardless of who activated the switch.
a The ARM legend is illuminated Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) yellow.
b The SAFE legend is illuminated NVIS green.
2 The GND ORIDE (ground override) indicator is a momentary-action, illuminated
pushbutton illuminated NVIS green ON.
3 Upon application of aircraft power, the System Processor (SP) establishes the
aircraft state as SAFE.
D-12
Figure 9. Weapon Page Rocket Format.
(2) Weapon (WPN) page Rocket (RKT) format. Rocket moding is controlled from the
Weapons page, with the rocket format displayed.
a) Selecting the RKT button on the WPN page or actioning the rockets with the
Weapons Action Switch (WAS), will cause the rocket icons to become inverse video
and rocket moding controls to be displayed.
b) If the RKT selections are not initialized with preloaded data from the DTC, the firing
quantity, penetration distances, and warhead/fuze options are initialized with default
values. The warhead/fuze options default from the LMP selections.
c) Rocket icons and indicators
1 Rocket icons will be displayed respective to their location on the wing stations.
2 Rocket type will be displayed within the rocket icon, when a rocket type selection
has been made from the inventory grouped option.
3 The rocket type will be selected automatically if only one type of rocket is
inventoried.
D-13
Figure 10. Weapon Page Rocket Format—DEGR Icon.
d) RKT launcher Degraded (DEGR) or FAIL icons. The ARS can detect Degraded or
Failed modes through Built-In-Test (BIT) processing.
1 DEGR
a A degraded rocket launcher is considered to be one where the PIU can
select certain rockets for firing, but cannot select all the rockets in that
launcher for firing; that is, one or more rocket launcher tubes is not available
for firing, or warhead fuzing capability is lost.
b When a station is in DEGR mode, a yellow DEGR icon is displayed around
the rocket launcher icon.
D-14
Figure 11. Weapon Page Rocket Format—FAIL Icon.
2 FAIL
a A failed rocket launcher indicates that no rockets can be fired from a
particular station for one reason or another, such as a failed PIU.
b When a system failure renders a station unavailable, a yellow FAIL icon is
displayed around the rocket launcher icon.
c Additional indications of system failure are provided by the Data
Management System (DMS).
D-15
Figure 15. TOTAL ROCKETS Status Window.
3 TOTAL ROCKETS status window
a The TOTAL ROCKETS status window is displayed when there is a difference
between the number of rockets available for firing and the number of rockets
actually of the selected type. The status window and messages are
displayed in white.
b An example for displaying this status window would be if rocket fuzing failed
and the rockets did not fire. In this case, the SP would inventory the total
rockets at each trigger pull but decrement the failed rockets from the
displayed INVENTORY. When a rocket misfire occurs, the misfired rocket is
no longer available for firing.
c The total rockets available for firing (of the selected type) will be displayed in
the INVENTORY Grouped Option buttons.
d The total of all rockets (including failed or misfired) will be displayed in the
TOTAL ROCKETS status window.
e Due to safety considerations, the ARS cannot be cycled off and on to
reinventory the rockets while in the air. This prevents a double fuzing pulse
to remote set-type-rockets, which may result in unreliable fuze settings.
Once on the ground, the RKT system can be cycled on the WPN UTIL page
to reinventory the rockets.
D-16
Figure 12. Weapon Page Rocket Format—Rocket Inventory.
e) Rocket inventory
1 Rocket INVENTORY buttons are used to select the desired rocket warhead and
type. When rockets are actioned the weapon status section (HAD) will display the
type, mode, and quantity remaining.
2 The Option buttons include a warhead/rocket motor-type label and the total
number of rounds available. These values are loaded at the LMP but can be
updated on the LOAD page.
3 The number of rounds shown in the Option buttons will decrease in real time to
reflect the number of rounds remaining as the rockets are fired. When all rockets
of the selected type have been fired, the selected Rocket Warhead Option button
will blank, the label will be removed from the icon, and TYPE? will be displayed in
the weapon status section of HAD.
4 Another Rocket Warhead Option button (if available) must be selected to resume
rocket firing, unless it is the last type/warhead remaining.
5 Rocket inventory selections are independent in each crewstation.
D-17
Figure 13. Weapon Rocket Quantity Format.
f) Rocket quantity
1 The Rocket Quantity (QTY) button, on the WPN RKT (Weapon Rocket) page, is
used to select the number of rockets to be fired: 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and ALL; the
default quantity is 2.
2 Selecting one of the QTY selections will set that as the quantity and return to the
Weapons page rocket format. The selection will be displayed under the QTY
button label.
3 Rocket quantity selections are independent in each crewstation, except in the
Cooperative mode where the QTY and TYPE will default to the CPG, (then, the
last-select logic applies).
4 Quantities greater than one will be fired in pairs, one-half of each quantity setting
from the left wing store and one-half from the right wing store.
CAUTION: Due to the possibility of surging the engines, do not fire rockets from the inboard stations.
Fire no more than pairs with two outboard launchers every three seconds, or fire with only one
outboard launcher installed without restrictions (ripples permitted). These are the only conditions
permitted.
D-18
Figure 14. Weapon Rocket Penetration Format.
g) The Rocket Penetration (PEN) button on the WPN RKT page is used to select the
desired warhead fuze penetration setting. These selections are independent in each
crewstation.
1 The PEN button is displayed only when warheads requiring a penetration
selection, such as those with M433 Fuze, are loaded.
2 Selecting the PEN button calls up the following options:
a 10—Detonate 10 meters after jungle canopy contact.
b 15—Detonate 15 meters after jungle canopy contact.
c 20—Detonate 20 meters after jungle canopy contact.
d 25—Detonate 25 meters after jungle canopy contact.
e 30—Detonate 30 meters after jungle canopy contact.
f 35—Detonate 35 meters after jungle canopy contact.
g 40—Detonate 40 meters after jungle canopy contact.
h 45—Detonate 45 meters after jungle canopy contact.
i BNK—Set to defeat bunkers up to 3 meters (9.84 feet) thick.
j SPQ—Set to detonate when fuze makes contact with any object.
3 The M433 (PEN) allows the pilot to set the fuze for bunker penetration and jungle
canopy selections.
4 The fuze has no internal battery; the required voltage is supplied to the capacitor
by the aircraft through an umbilical assembly.
5 If a selected rocket fails to launch, the WP will not allow the operator to fire the
selected rocket again until the rocket system is re-inventoried (on the Squat
switch).
D-19
6 This procedure precludes the possibility of overcharging the delay circuit and
premature explosion. In the AH-64D, the voltage sent to the capacitor is
measured for the proper amount before allowing the rocket to fire. This will
ensure a far more accurate fuze detonation at the set range.
Figure 16. UTIL LOAD Page.
h) Rocket Inventory (INV) options
1 The RKT INV bracket on the WPN LOAD page will display the five ZONE buttons
possible for selecting the desired rocket type loaded into that particular tube
location.
2 A zone selection will be highlighted in white with a question mark when rocket
inventory data is not valid.
3 Selecting one of these multi-state buttons within the RKT INV group will call up
the rocket ZONE status window and inventory options.
D-20
Figure 17. Rocket Launcher Inventory.
i) The rocket launcher zone selection is based on the number of launchers available.
1 Zone E is available if any rocket pods are installed on any wing store.
2 Zones C and D are available if inboard pods are installed.
3 Zones A and B are available if outboard pods are installed.
4 The RKT INV zone (A, B, C, D, and E) selections located on the LOAD page are
used to select the desired rocket type and warhead for a particular zone.
5 When a ZONE selection is made, the LOAD page will display that selected zone
with the rocket type selections available.
NOTE: The cautions and notes in Chapter 4 of the -10 covers several parameters for rocket operation
and configuration that must be addressed before firing.
D-21
Figure 18. Rocket Inventory and Zone Options.
Figure 19. Common Rocket Types.
D-22
j) The inventory selections for MK -66 Rockets include the following:
1 6PD—Point detonation, high explosive
a M151 Warhead HE is anti-personnel, anti-material and referred to as the ―10
pounder‖. The body is olive drab with a yellow band and yellow or black
markings. This warhead contains 2.3 pounds of composition B with a
bursting radius of 10 meters and a lethality radius of more than 50 meters.
The compatible fuze for this warhead setting (6PD) is the M423, which will
arm in flight approximately 52 to 110 meters.
b M229 Warhead is HE anti-personnel, anti-material and referred to as the ―17
pounder‖. This warhead is an elongated version of the M151. The body is
olive drab with yellow markings. This warhead contains 4.8 pounds of
composition B with a bursting radius of +14 meters and a lethality radius of
more than 75 meters. The compatible fuze for this warhead setting (6PD) is
the M423, which will arm in flight approximately 52 to 110 meters. There is
no ballistic solution for the M229 warhead.
c M274 Warhead is the smoke signature training rocket, which will match the
ballistic settings of the M151 warhead. The body of the warhead is blue with
a brown band. Contains 2 ounces of potassium perchlorate with aluminum
powder, this will produce a flash bang smoke signature. The compatible fuze
for this warhead setting (6PD) is a modified M423.
2 6RC—Penetration, high explosive
a The M151 and M229 warheads will accept the M433 fuze (6RC), which uses
the PEN settings for penetration. The M433 arms at approximately 143
meters downrange. There is an increased risk of premature fuze function.
3 6MP—Time, multi-purpose submunition (MPSM)
a M261 Warhead provides improved lethality against light armor, wheeled
vehicles, material, and personnel. The body of the warhead is olive drab with
yellow markings and band. This warhead contains 9 M73 SM’s with the M230
omnidirectional fuze with a M55 detonator is used on each SM and functions
regardless of impact. Each SM contains 3.2 ounces of composition B,
internally scored steel body to optimize fragments against personnel and
material. The SM arms when the ram air decelerator (RAD) deploys. The
RAD stops forward velocity and stabilizes the descent. Upon detonation the
SM body explodes into high-velocity fragments (about 195 at 10 grains each
up to 5,000 feet per second that can penetrate more than 4 inches of armor)
to defeat soft targets. A SM will land 5 degrees off center 66% of the time,
which has a 90% probability of producing casualties against prone exposed
personnel within a 20 meter radius. A SM will land 30 degrees off center
33% of the time, which has a 90% probability of producing casualties against
prone exposed personnel within a 5 meter radius. The compatible fuze for
this warhead setting (6MP) is the M439, which will arm in flight approximately
96 to 126 meters.
b M267 Smoke signature Training rocket, which will match the ballistic settings
of the M261 (MPSM). The body of the warhead is blue with a brown band
and while markings. This warhead contains 3 M75 practice (1 ounce of
pyrotechnic powder) and six inert SM to replicate the M261. The compatible
fuze for this warhead setting (6MP) is M439.
D-23
4 6IL—Time, illumination
a M257 was designed for battlefield illumination. The body of the warhead is
olive drab with white markings. M257 contains 5.4 pounds of magnesium
sodium nitrate. The candle descends 15 feet per second and provides one
million candlepower for 100-120 seconds. Preset to deploy approximately
3500 meters down range. It can illuminate approximately one square
kilometer. The compatible fuze (6IL) is the M442 (9 second fuze), which will
arm 150 meters from the launcher.
b M278 Infrared Illumination Warhead is designed for target illumination using
NVG’s. The body of the warhead is black with white markings. The M278
puts out an equivalent of million candlepower of IR illumination. Preset to
deploy approximately 3500 meters down range. The IR flare will provide IR
light for approximately 180 seconds. The compatible fuze is the M442 (6IL).
5 6SK—Time, smoke. M264 red phosphorus (RP) is a smoke-screen warhead.
The body of the warhead is light green with a brown band and black markings.
The warhead contains 72 RP wedges that are air-burst ejected over the intended
target area. The smoke generated by 14 rockets will obscure a 300 to 400 meter
front, in less than 60 seconds for 5 minutes. The smoke generated by the RP will
block the entire visual spectrum as well as much of the IR spectrum. The
effective range is 1000 to 6000 meters. The compatible fuze is the M439 (6SK).
6 6FL—Flechette. M255 rocket is equivalent to the tanker’s canister round. The
warhead body is olive drab cylinder with white diamonds and white markings.
This rocket contains 1,179 60 grain steel flechettes. They are packed in a red
pigment powder that can alert the crew to the point of payload deployment. The
flechette warhead detonates 150 meters before the range set at launch. The
flechette cloud is a cylinder of about 49.7 feet in diameter. The compatible fuze is
the M439 (6FL).
l) CRV7 Rocket Motor/Warheads (Not currently used)
1 PD7—Point detonation, high explosive
2 RA7—Armor piercing, high explosive
3 IL7—Time, illumination
4 SK7—Time, smoke
5 MP7—Time, multi-purpose submunition
6 FL7—Flechette
m) The available rocket inventory options are presented on both sides of the display.
CRV7 warhead types are shown in the L1–L6 Multi-State Option buttons. Similarly,
the MK-66 warhead types are shown in the R1–R6 Multi-State buttons. Selecting an
inventory option will change the inventory for that zone and return to the LOAD page.
The type selections will be displayed on the left side of the WPN page when the
rocket system is selected.
D-24
Figure 20. Weapons Action Switch (WAS).
(3) Weapons Action Switch (WAS)
a) Location. WAS is located on both cyclics and on the TEDAC Left Handgrip (LHG).
b) Description
1 The WAS is a five-position spring-loaded switch with the ARS position
designated by a R on the cyclic WAS and RKT on the TEDAC LHG WAS.
2 Rockets are selected, from any crewstation, at the 9 o’clock position of the WAS.
c) Function. Placing the WAS momentarily to the desired position actions the weapon.
Placing the WAS to the selected weapon again will deselect the weapon system.
Actioning any other weapon position will deselect the current weapon and action the
newly selected weapon.
1 The WAS used in the CPG station must be associated with the intended trigger.
a If the weapon is actioned on the cyclic, the cyclic trigger must be used.
b If the weapon is actioned on the TEDAC LHG, the trigger on the TEDAC
LHG must be used.
2 The last crewmember to action the ARS will have control on the cyclic and when
the CPG actions on the LHG the aircrew can enter the COOP mode when the
pilot actions on the cyclic.
D-25
Figure 21. Trigger Switches.
(4) Trigger switches
a) Location. The weapons triggers are located on both cyclics and on the TEDAC LHG.
b) Description. The weapons triggers are a three-position, two- detent switch that are
protected from accidental weapons firing by a cover, which must be raised to gain
access to the trigger.
c) Function. The weapons triggers are active in a crewstation only when the
ARM/SAFE switch is armed and a weapon has been actioned by that crewmember.
Each trigger has two detents.
1 Pressing the trigger to the first detent will fire a weapon if no inhibits exist.
2 Pressing the trigger to the second detent will override weapon system
performance inhibits and fire the weapon.
NOTE: Safety inhibits can never be overridden.
D-26
Figure 22. Rocket Steering Cursors.
(5) Rocket steering cursors
a) The rocket steering cursor is a dynamic I-beam symbol that indicates the delivery
mode and how to point the aircraft for rocket delivery. The I-beam represents the
articulation range of the pylons.
1 If the pilot or CPG actions the rockets from the cyclic, then the ARS will be fired
in the independent mode and the rocket steering cursor is only displayed on the
crewmember that WAS the rockets.
2 When the CPG actions rockets from the TEDAC, the rocket steering cursor is
presented in both pilot and CPG formats for cooperative engagements.
3 When the rocket fixed mode is selected, the rocket system is actioned, pylons
containing available rockets of the selected type are positioned to +3.48 degrees,
and a unique continuously computed impact point (CCIP) constraint symbol is
presented. The CCIP symbol reflects the point in space in which the rockets will
pass and the operator simply maneuvers the aircraft to align the symbol over the
intended target prior to initiating launch. The pylon elevation angle for fixed
rocket mode will permit firing of the rockets in the event of an invalid IHADSS
LOS.
b) The cursor moves about the format to indicate the azimuth and elevation position of
the aircraft in relation to the selected Line Of Sight (LOS) to provide a steering cue to
the crewmember.
D-27
c) The rocket steering cursor is displayed six ways:
1 Stowed rocket performance/safety inhibited steering cursor
2 Stowed in-constraints rocket steering cursor
3 Normal rocket performance/safety inhibited steering cursor
4 Normal in-constraints rocket steering
5 Inhibited cursor training
6 Articulated cursor training
7 Inhibit fixed cursor
8 Fixed cursor
D-28
CHECK ON LEARNING
1. The ________ processor establishes the aircraft state as SAFE upon aircraft power-up.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. The M151 warhead has a bursting radius of ______ meters and a lethality radius of
_______ meters.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. The TOTAL ROCKETS status window is displayed when there is a difference between
the number of rockets available for firing and ________.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. The PEN button will display when the _____ fuze is loaded which can defeat bunkers up
to _______ meters thick.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. The M261 (MPSM) warhead contains _____ M73 submunitions that will produce 195 (10
grain) high velocity fragments that travel up to 5000 feet per second and can penetrate
more than _____ inches of armor.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
6. Due to the possibility of surging engines, do not fire rockets from the ______________
stations. Fire no more than ________ with two outboard launchers every _______
seconds, or fire with only one outboard launcher installed without restrictions.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
D-29
C. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
ACTION: Identify the procedures for operation of the ARS.
CONDITIONS: Given a written test without the use of student notes or references.
STANDARD: In accordance with TM 1-1520-251-10-2 and TC 1-251.
1. Learning Step/Activity 1
Identify the procedures for operation of the ARS.
(a) Procedures for ARS operation. The ARS can be operated by either crewmember
independently or collectively in the Cooperative mode.
Figure 19. Rocket Independent Mode
1) Independent mode
a) When Independent moding is used, only the actioning crewmember trigger is active
and the ballistics calculation is based on their LOS and range source.
b) The WP calculates a ballistic solution based on the selected LOS and associated
range source data, aircraft inertial data from the Embedded Global Positioning Inertial
Navigation System (EGI) units, air data from the Helicopter Air Data System (HADS), and
the selected warhead type.
D-30
Figure 19. Cooperative Mode
2) Cooperative mode
a) The Cooperative mode is active whenever the rocket system is actioned via the
TEDAC left handgrip and pilot cyclic WAS.
b) When the Cooperative mode is in use, the CPG acquires and tracks the target and
the pilot aligns the aircraft for launch using the rocket steering cursor.
c) In the Cooperative mode, both weapon triggers are active and the CPG LOS and
range source are used for the ballistics calculations.
d) When this mode is used, the rocket inventory and quantity will default to the CPG
selection but can be changed based on the crewmember’s last choice.
D-31
Figure 19. Train Mode
3) Training mode
a) The Weapons Training mode is an emulation of weapons system operation. All
controls and displays will appear to function as they would during normal operation.
b) The TRAIN button is used to activate and deactivate the Training mode.
1 The TRAIN button is not displayed when the Tactical Engagement Simulation
System (TESS) is enabled.
2 When the Armament control is in the ARM mode, or when a Weapon system is
actioned, the TRAIN button is displayed with a barrier.
c) HMD and TEDAC displays show different symbology in the Training mode.
1 The rocket steering cursor is displayed with a boxed T.
2 TRAINING is displayed on the High Action Display (HAD) while in the weapon
inhibit field unless a valid weapon inhibit is displayed.
d) Sound effects indicate each firing event, and the simulated RKT INV (19 rockets per
M261 launcher installed) is decreased accordingly.
1 There are six sound effects that represent 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 38 rockets fired.
2 Rocket sound effects will cease after 120 milliseconds for each pair of rockets.
3 All sound effects cease when the trigger is released, or all of the rockets have
been fired.
e) TESS is an interactive simulation system that allows aircrew training for all of the AH-
64D Sight and Weapons systems.
NOTE: A data entry change to the gun rounds count or the use of rocket "spoofing" devices will
adversely impact gross vehicle weight.
4) Targeting data. The ARS accommodates use of the FCR NTS, TADS, Integrated Data
Modem (IDM) handover, and IHADSS LOS inputs.
D-32
CHECK ON LEARNING
1. When the Independent mode is used, only the ________ crewmember’s trigger is active.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. In the Cooperative mode, the ________acquires and tracks the target, and the
________aligns the aircraft for launch using the rocket steering cursor.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. The rocket INVENTORY and QTY selection defaults to the ________ selections during
cooperative engagements.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. The Cooperative mode is active whenever the rocket system is actioned via the:
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. In the Cooperative mode, both weapon triggers are active and the ________ Line Of
Sight (LOS) and range source are used for the ballistics calculations.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
D-33
D. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
ACTION: Identify the ballistic factors that affect rocket firing.
CONDITIONS: Given a written test without the use of student notes or references.
STANDARD: In accordance with TM 1-1520-251-10-2, TC 1-251, and FM 3-04.140(FM1-140).
1. Learning Step/Activity 1
Identify the ballistic factors that affect rocket firing.
(a) Ballistics
1) Ballistics is the science of the motion of projectiles and the conditions that influence that
motion.
2) The four types of ballistics influencing helicopter-fired weapons are:
a) Interior
b) Exterior
c) Aerial
d) Terminal
3) Interior ballistics. Interior ballistics deals with characteristics that affect projectile motion
inside the gun barrel or rocket tube. It includes effects of propellant charges and rocket
motor combustion. Aircrews cannot compensate for these characteristics when firing
free-flight projectiles.
a) Propellant charges
1 Production variances can cause differences in velocity and trajectory.
2 Temperature and moisture in the storage environment can also affect the way
propellants burn.
3 Propellant burn variations, as a function of ambient temperature, are also a
significant contributor to velocity variations.
b) Launch tube alignment
1 The AH-64D aircraft employs a PIU in each pylon assembly for launch
positioning of the pylons based on its independent error sources as measured
with the Captive Boresight Harmonization Kit (CBHK).
2 A further consideration associated with alignment accuracy is related to the M261
rocket launcher. Specifically, the launcher deflects appreciably when rocket
motors initially ignite and the launcher holdback mechanism is not yet overcome.
This phenomenon is most pronounced when rockets are launched from the
periphery tubes of the launcher (outer ring).
3 Finally, the mechanical misalignment of the launcher tubes pales in comparison
to the inherent round-to-round dispersion of the MK66 rocket, which approaches
10 milliradians (mr).
4 As such, any attempt to precisely align the rocket launcher beyond current
guidelines represents diminishing returns.
D-34
c) Thrust misalignment
1 A perfectly thrust-aligned, free-flight rocket has thrust control that passes directly
through its center of gravity during motor burn. In reality, free-flight rockets have
an inherent thrust misalignment, which is the greatest cause of error in free flight.
Spinning the rocket during motor burn reduces the effect of thrust misalignment.
2 Firing rockets at a forward airspeed above Effective Transitional Lift (ETL)
provides a favorable relative wind, which helps to counteract thrust misalignment.
When a rocket is fired from a hovering helicopter, the favorable relative wind is
replaced by an unfavorable and turbulent wind caused by rotor downwash. This
unfavorable relative wind results in a maximum thrust misalignment and a larger
dispersion of rockets.
4) Exterior ballistics. Exterior ballistics deals with characteristics that influence the motion of
the projectile as it moves along its trajectory. The trajectory is the path of the projectile
as it flies from the muzzle of the weapon to the point of impact. Aerial-fired weapons
have all the exterior ballistic characteristics associated with ground-fired weapons. They
also have other characteristics unique to helicopters.
a) Air resistance
1 Air resistance, or drag, is caused by friction between the air and the munition.
2 Drag is proportional to the cross-section area of the munition and its velocity.
3 The bigger and faster a munition is, the more drag it produces.
4 The AH-64D ballistics calculation factors air density ratio, based on the data from
the High Integrated Air Data Computer (HIADC), in the gun and rocket time-of-
flight calculations, which ultimately impacts the aim point.
5 Time-of-flight increases in denser air masses. The opposite is true in thin air.
6 Any increase in the munitions time of flight equates to a larger ballistic correction
due to the effects of gravitational ―drop.‖
D-35
Figure 24. Gravity.
b) Gravity
1 The projectile loss of altitude because of gravity is directly related to range. As
range increases, the amount of gravity drop increases.
2 This drop is proportional to time-of-flight (distance) and inversely proportional to
the velocity of the projectile.
3 The appreciable decay in projectile velocity is the root cause of increased time-
of-flight and associated gravitational drop.
4 The MK66 rocket achieves maximum velocity at approximately 400 meters from
launch and, like the 30mm round, decays rapidly thereafter.
5 The AH-64D algorithms, and associated rocket and gun coefficients,
automatically address gravitational drop as a function of time of flight.
c) Yaw
1 Yaw is the angle between the centerline of the projectile and the trajectory.
2 Yaw causes the trajectory to change and drag to increase.
3 The direction of the yaw constantly changes in a spinning projectile.
4 Yaw maximizes near the tube and gradually subsides as the rocket stabilizes.
5 Yaw cannot be compensated for.
6 Spin-stabilized projectiles help minimize yaw error.
7 Yaw error is largest at muzzle exit due to tip-off, not because of lack of spin
stabilization.
8 In the case with the rockets, the MK66 motor flutes impart a high spin rate (in
excess of 30 revolutions/second) during the boost phase of motor burn
(approximately 1 second).
9 Thereafter, the folding fins reverse the roll and sustain the spin stabilization for
the remainder of the munitions free-flight profile.
D-36
d) Wind drift
1 The effect of wind on a projectile in flight is called wind drift.
2 The amount of drift depends on the projectile time of flight and the wind speed
acting on the cross-sectional area of the projectile.
3 Time of flight depends on the range to the target and the average velocity of the
projectile.
4 When firing into a crosswind, the gunner must aim upwind so that the wind drifts
the projectile back to the target.
5 Firing into the wind or downwind requires no compensation in azimuth but will
require range adjustment.
6 In the AH-64D, the WP compensates wind drift automatically. Important wind
compensation considerations:
a Munition sensitivity and wind compensation characteristics.
(1) Rockets ―weathervane‖ into the wind vector during the motor boost
phase and drift with the air mass during the motor coast phase.
(2) Longitudinal and lateral wind data received from the aircraft Air Data
System is translated by the WP to the predicted LOS (where the target
will be at termination of munitions free flight).
(3) Since the air mass characteristics are measured locally, the ballistics
applies wind sensitivity adjustments to the aim point as if the munition
flies directly to the target, and the measured winds are constant from
ownship to target.
(4) However, as a function of increased range and gravitational effects
dictate that the munitions be aimed well above the target to achieve
intercept, and the wind characteristics at these altitudes or target ranges
do not reflect those measured locally by the aircraft, appreciable error
can occur.
(5) For example, MPSM (6MP) and illumination (6IL) rockets the
submunition payloads are deployed between 600 and 1900 feet above
the target and exhibit high wind drift sensitivity due to their slow descent
rates. Clearly, the potential for large wind variations exists under certain
conditions.
D-37
5) Aerial ballistics. Common characteristics of aerial-fired weapons depend on whether the
projectiles are spin-stabilized and whether they are fired from the Fixed mode or the
Flexible mode.
Figure 25. Rotor Downwash Error
a) Rotor downwash error
1 Rotor downwash acts on the projectile as it leaves the barrel or launcher. This
downwash causes the projectile's trajectory to change.
2 Although rotor downwash influences the accuracy of all weapon systems, it most
affects the rockets.
3 Delivery error is largest while hovering In Ground Effect (IGE), because it is
harder to characterize and compensate for due to blade impulses and the
random nature of induced flow pattern. In essence, IGE launch yields greater
dispersion, because the aircraft cannot apply appropriate downwash
compensation. Note that the real reason rockets pitch up in hover, whether IGE
or OGE apply, is weathervaning.
4 As stated previously, rockets turn into the relative wind source during boost. The
rotor downwash magnitude of the Longbow Apache (LBA) varies appreciably as
a function of aircraft gross weight. At 18,000 pounds, the downwash magnitude
is nominally 21 meters/second or 40 Kts in stabilized hover. This wind source
imparts a significant angular error (pitch axis) dependent upon exposure time. At
approximately 33 Kts forward airspeed (indicated), the rotor disk is pitched
forward such that the influence vector is moved just aft of the rocket launcher
front bulkhead, thus reducing downwash to zero.
D-38
5 When transitioning to rearward flight, downwash magnitude initially increases
since the rotor disk is pitched aft and the rockets spend more time in the
influence vector.
6 Note that the LBA ballistics algorithms automatically compute rotor downwash
compensation for rockets based on aircraft dynamic gross weight, air density
ratio, and longitudinal true airspeed. However, this compensation assumes
rocket launch is initiated at OGE altitudes. Downwash compensation is not
applied for the gun due to the position of the muzzle with regard to the rotor disk
and the short exposure time of the 30mm projectiles.
7 When initiating rocket launch in crosswinds, the aircraft should be temporarily
leveled for munitions release, presuming that terrain permits doing so. Automatic
roll compensation of the rocket aim point (and pylon position angle) will not be
implemented with any degree of effectiveness.
Figure 26. Angular Rate Error.
b) Angular rate error
1 The motion of the helicopter causes angular rate error as the projectile leaves the
weapon.
2 For example, a pilot using the running-fire delivery technique to engage a target
with rockets at 4500 meters may have to pitch the nose of the helicopter up to
place the reticle on the target. When the weapon is fired, the movement of the
helicopter imparts an upward motion to the rocket. The amount of error induced
depends on the range to the target, the rate of motion, and the airspeed of the
helicopter when the weapon is fired. Most of this motion is compensated for by
the pylons by articulating up to 10 per second.
3 Angular rate error also occurs when aircrews fire rockets from a hover using the
pitch-up delivery technique. Anytime a pitch-down motion is required to achieve
the desired sight picture, the effect of angular rate error causes the projectile to
land short of the target.
D-39
c) Fin-stabilized projectiles
1 Propellant Force
a A bullet reaches its maximum velocity at or near the muzzle of the weapon.
However, a rocket continues to accelerate until motor burnout occurs. As the
rockets reaches its maximum velocity, the kinetic energy in the rocket tends
to overcome other forces and causes the rocket to travel in a flatter
trajectory.
2 Center of Gravity
a Unlike a bullet the CG of a rocket is in front of the center of pressure. As the
rocket propellant burns, the CG moves further forward. The fins of the rocket
cause the center of pressure to follow the CG.
3 Relative wind effect
a The exterior ballistic characteristics affecting fin-stabilized projectiles are very
important. The AH-64D ballistics algorithms automatically compensate for
weathervaning during the boost phase of rocket motor burn.
b When a helicopter is flown out of trim, either horizontally, vertically, or both,
the change in the crosswind component deflects the rocket as it leaves the
launcher. An out-of-trim condition will deflect the rockets toward the trim ball.
That is, if the nose of the aircraft is out of trim to the left (right sideslip), the
rockets will plane into the relative wind to the right and vice versa.
c Because the rocket is accelerating as it leaves the launcher, the force acting
upon the fins causes the nose to turn into the wind.
6) Terminal ballistics. Terminal ballistics describes the characteristics and effects of the
projectiles at the target. These include projectile functioning, including blast, heat, and
fragmentation.
a) Penetration fuzes (impact fuzes)
1 Penetration fuzes (6RC M433) activate surface and subsurface bursts of the
warhead.
2 The type of target engaged and its protective cover determine the best fuze for
the engagement.
3 Engage targets on open terrain with a superquick fuze that causes the warhead
to detonate upon contact.
4 Engage targets with overhead protection, such as fortified positions or heavy
vegetation, with either a delay or forest penetration fuze. These fuzes detonate
the warhead after it penetrates the protective cover.
D-40
Figure 27. Fuze.
b) Fixed time-base fuzes and airburst fuzes. Fixed time-base fuzes detonate and
release their payloads at a fixed time after rocket launch.
1 Fixed time-base fuzes are employed in the 6IL and IL7 (CRV7) illumination
rockets with the associated function time of 9.0 seconds after motor burnout.
2 Fixed timed fuzes produce airbursts and are most effective against targets with
no overhead protection.
3 Optimum release range is established as 3.5 km for the 6IL and approximately
4.0 km for the IL7 (due to increased motor velocity).
4 Airburst fuzes (M439) permit the host aircraft to establish a variable time of
function from 0.95 to 25.575 seconds.
5 The ballistic algorithms define the optimum fuze time-of-function value based on
conventional ballistics compensation, use of prescribed range and height offset
associated with the payload, and submunition free-flight characteristics.
6 M439 fuzes are employed in the following rockets:
7 6FL—MK66 motor, flechette warhead
8 6SK—MK66 motor, smoke warhead
9 6MP—MK66 motor, Multi-Purpose Submunition (MPSM) warhead
10 MP7—CRV7 motor, MPSM warhead
11 SK7—CRV7 motor, smoke warhead
D-41
Figure 28. Wall-In-Space Concept.
c) Wall-in-space concept
1 The MPSM (M439 fuze with M261/M267 warheads) provides a large increase in
target effectiveness over standard unitary warheads.
2 The MPSM warhead helps to eliminate range-to-target errors because of
variations in launcher/helicopter pitch angles during launch.
3 The timing cycle begins immediately after termination of the fuze charging cycle.
The warhead Safe/Arm device simply isolates the charging line and connects the
firing capacitor to the detonator at the first instance of motion.
4 At the computer-determined time (a point slightly before and above the target
area), the M439 fuze initiates the expulsion charge.
5 The submunitions eject, and each Ram Air Decelerator (RAD) inflates. Inflation
of the RAD separates the submunitions, starts the arming sequence, and causes
each submunition to enter a near-vertical descent into the target area.
D-42
Figure 29. Dispersion Pattern.
d) Dispersion
1 Dispersion and accuracy are functions of slant range.
2 This is directly attributed to high projectile velocity (flat trajectory) wherein a small
miss distance above the target yields a significant downrange error.
3 As range increases dispersion decreases. Live fire testing shows that most
rockets achieve best effectiveness between 3,000 to 5,000 meters; these test
results apply to both MPSM and unitary warhead rockets.
4 Longer engagement ranges do not necessarily equate to improved accuracy for
aerial rockets.
5 Firing at extended ranges reduces linear (range) dispersion but increases cross-
range dispersion. This specific problem is best addressed by using airburst
(M439 fuze) rockets whenever possible.
D-43
CHECK ON LEARNING
1. What are the four types of ballistics influencing helicopter-fired weapons?
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Which type of ballistics best describes the characteristics and effects of the projectiles at
the target?
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Thrust misalignment is a characteristic of ________ ballistics.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. Interior ballistics deals with characteristics that affect projectile motion inside the:
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. The pilot may have to pitch the nose of the aircraft up when firing rockets beyond
________ meters. The pylons will articulate up to _________ degrees per second to
compensate for this motion.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
D-44
E. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
ACTION: Identify the ARS Safety and Performance Inhibits.
CONDITIONS: Given a written test without the use of student notes or references.
STANDARD: In accordance with TM 1-1520-251-10-2 and TC 1-251.
1. Learning Step/Activity 1
Identify the ARS Safety and Performance Inhibits.
(a) Rocket constraints are organized into safety and performance inhibits.
SAFETY PERFORMANCE GENERIC
ACCEL LIMIT PYLON LIMIT (AIR) SAFE
ALT LAUNCH TRAINING
GUN OBSTRUCT
LOS INVALID
PYLON ERROR
PYLON LIMIT (GROUND)
TYPE SELECT
Figure 23. Rocket Inhibits.
1) Rocket system safety inhibits. The WP will abort the remainder of the rocket launch
event if a safety inhibit is detected during the launch event.
a) ACCEL LIMIT: Indicates that the vertical acceleration is less than 0.5 G’s and may
cause the main rotor blades to obstruct the trajectory of the rockets..
b) ALT LAUNCH: Indicates that a Hellfire launch is in progress
c) GUN OBSTRUCT: Indicates that rockets resident on inboard launchers are inhibited
from launch because the gun is out of coincidence and may obstruct the trajectory of
the rockets.
d) LOS INVALID: Indicates that the selected LOS is either failed or invalid, also no valid
FCR Next –To-Shoot (NTS) target will cause this safety inhibit.
D-45
e) PYLON ERROR: Indicates that the pylon elevation position is not equal to the
commanded position. The WP will inhibit rocket firing for pylon position errors as
follows:
1 If the selected sight is Target Acquisition Designation Sight (TADS) or FCR, and
the pylon position error is greater than 0.5.
2 Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS) is the selected sight, and
the pylon position error is greater than 1.5
f) PYLON LIMIT: Indicates that the commanded pylon position exceed the pylon
articulation limits of +4 to -5 on the ground
g) TYPE SELECT: Indicates that no rocket type is selected. (multiple rocket types are
available)
h) If the Sight mode has changed since trigger pull was initiated, the WP will inhibit
launch from all pylons until the trigger is released.
2) Rocket Performance inhibits: If a performance criteria is not met, the 2nd
detent of the
weapons trigger switch may be used to override the performance inhibit.
a) PYLON LIMIT: Indicates that the commanded pylon position exceed the pylon
articulation limits of +4 to -15 in the air.
3) GENERIC inhibits
a) SAFE: Indicates the weapon system is not been armed through the Armament
Control Panel.
b) TRAINING: Indicates the weapon training mode is active, or the TESS is enabled,
and the armament control is in the ARM state and a weapon is actioned in either
crew station.
4) The selected range source is beyond the rocket type maximum range (MK-66 = 7500 m,
CRV-7 greater than 9000 m). There are no ballistic calculations for the MK40 rockets.
D-46
CHECK ON LEARNING
1. The two types of rocket inhibits are _______________ and ___________________.
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What does an ALT LAUNCH message indicate?
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. What message will display when the actioning crewmember’s selected sight is Fire
ControlRadar (FCR), and there is no Next-To-Shoot (NTS) target?
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. What is the maximum range for MK-66 and CRV-7?
ANSWER: __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
D-47
NOTES: