United Nations Declaration on the

Rights of Indigenous PeoplesUnited Nations Declaration on theRights of Indigenous Peoples The General Assembly,Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and good faith in the fulfilment of the obligations assumed by States in accordance withthe Charter,Affirming that indigenous peoples are equal to all otherpeoples, while recognizing the right of all peoples to bedifferent, to consider themselves different, and to berespected as such,Affirming also that all peoples contribute to the diversityand richness of civilizations and cultures, whichconstitute the common heritage of humankind,Affirming further that all doctrines, policies and practicesbased on or advocating superiority of peoples orindividuals on the basis of national origin or racial,religious, ethnic or cultural differences are racist,scientifically false, legally invalid, morally condemnableand socially unjust,Reaffirming that indigenous peoples, in the exercise of their rights, should be free from discrimination of any kind,Concerned that indigenous peoples have suffered fromhistoric injustices as a result of, inter alia, theircolonization and dispossession of their lands, territoriesand resources, thus preventing them from exercising, inparticular, their right to development in accordancewith their own needs and interests,Recognizing the urgent need to respect and promote theinherent rights of indigenous peoples which derive fromtheir political, economic and social structures and fromtheir cultures, spiritual traditions, histories andphilosophies, especially their rights to their lands,territories and resources,Recognizing also the urgent need to respect and promotethe rights of indigenous peoples affirmed in treaties,agreements and other constructive arrangements with States,Welcoming the fact that indigenous peoples are organizingthemselves for political, economic, social and culturalenhancement and in order to bring to an end all forms ofdiscrimination and oppression wherever they occur,Convinced that control by indigenous peoples overdevelopments affecting them and their lands, territoriesand resources will enable them to maintain andstrengthen their institutions, cultures and traditions, andto promote their development in accordance with theiraspirations and needs,Recognizing that respect for indigenous knowledge,cultures and traditional practices contributes tosustainable and equitable development and propermanagement of the environment,Emphasizing the contribution of the demilitarization ofthe lands and territories of indigenous peoples to peace,economic and social progress and development,understanding and friendly relations among nations andpeoples of the world,Recognizing in particular the right of indigenous familiesand communities to retain shared responsibility for theupbringing, training, education and well-being of theirchildren, consistent with the rights of the child,Considering that the rights affirmed in treaties,agreements and other constructive arrangementsbetween States and indigenous peoples are, in somesituations, matters of international concern, interest,responsibility and character,Considering also that treaties, agreements and otherconstructive arrangements, and the relationship theyrepresent, are the basis for a strengthened partnershipbetween indigenous peoples and States,Acknowledging that the Charter of the United Nations, theInternational Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights, as well as the Vienna Declarationand Programme of Action, affirm the fundamentalimportance of the right to self-determination of allpeoples, by virtue of which they freely determine theirpolitical status and freely pursue their economic, socialand cultural development,Bearing in mind that nothing in this Declaration may beused to deny any peoples their right to self-determination, exercised in conformity withinternational law,Convinced that the recognition of the rights of indigenouspeoples in this Declaration will enhance harmonious andcooperative relations between the State and indigenouspeoples, based on principles of justice, democracy,respect for human rights, non-discrimination and good faith,Encouraging States to comply with and effectivelyimplement all their obligations as they apply toindigenous peoples under international instruments, inparticular those related to human rights, in consultationand cooperation with the peoples concerned,Emphasizing that the United Nations has an importantand continuing role to play in promoting and protectingthe rights of indigenous peoples,Believing that this Declaration is a further important stepforward for the recognition, promotion and protectionof the rights and freedoms of indigenous peoples and inthe development of relevant activities of the UnitedNations system in this field,Recognizing and reaffirming that indigenous individuals areentitled without discrimination to all human rightsrecognized in international law, and that indigenouspeoples possess collective rights which are indispensablefor their existence, well-being and integral developmentas peoples,Recognizing that the situation of indigenous peoplesvaries from region to region and from country tocountry and that the significance of national and regionalparticularities and various historical and culturalbackgrounds should be taken into consideration,Solemnly proclaims the following United NationsDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as astandard of achievement to be pursued in a spirit ofpartnership and mutual respect:

Article 1Indigenous peoples have the right to the full enjoyment,as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights andfundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter ofthe United Nations, the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and international human rights law.

Article 2Indigenous peoples and individuals are free and equal toall other peoples and individuals and have the right to befree from any kind of discrimination, in the exercise oftheir rights, in particular that based on their indigenousorigin or identity.

Article 3Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination.By virtue of that right they freely determine theirpolitical status and freely pursue their economic, socialand cultural development.

Article 4Indigenous peoples, in exercising their right to self-determination, have the right to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their internal andlocal affairs, as well as ways and means for financingtheir autonomous functions.

Article 5Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain andstrengthen their distinct political, legal, economic,social and cultural institutions, while retaining theirright to participate fully, if they so choose, in thepolitical, economic, social and cultural life of the State.

Article 6Every indigenous individual has the right to anationality.

Article 71. Indigenous individuals have the rights to life, physical

and mental integrity, liberty and security of person.2. Indigenous peoples have the collective right to live in

freedom, peace and security as distinct peoples andshall not be subjected to any act of genocide or anyother act of violence, including forcibly removingchildren of the group to another group.

Article 81. Indigenous peoples and individuals have the right not

to be subjected to forced assimilation or destructionof their culture.

2. States shall provide effective mechanisms forprevention of, and redress for:

(a) Any action which has the aim or effect ofdepriving them of their integrity as distinctpeoples, or of their cultural values or ethnicidentities;

(b)Any action which has the aim or effect ofdispossessing them of their lands, territories orresources;

(c) Any form of forced population transfer which hasthe aim or effect of violating or undermining anyof their rights;

(d)Any form of forced assimilation or integration;

(e) Any form of propaganda designed to promote orincite racial or ethnic discrimination directedagainst them.

Article 9Indigenous peoples and individuals have the right to belong to an indigenous community or nation, in accordance with the traditions and customs of the community or nation concerned. No discriminationof any kind may arise from the exercise of such a right.

Article 10Indigenous peoples shall not be forcibly removed fromtheir lands or territories. No relocation shall take placewithout the free, prior and informed consent of theindigenous peoples concerned and after agreement onjust and fair compensation and, where possible, with theoption of return.

Article 111. Indigenous peoples have the right to practise and

revitalize their cultural traditions and customs. Thisincludes the right to maintain, protect and developthe past, present and future manifestations of theircultures, such as archaeological and historical sites,artefacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies andvisual and performing arts and literature.

2. States shall provide redress through effectivemechanisms, which may include restitution,developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples,with respect to their cultural, intellectual, religiousand spiritual property taken without their free, priorand informed consent or in violation of their laws,traditions and customs.

Article 121. Indigenous peoples have the right to manifest,

practise, develop and teach their spiritual andreligious traditions, customs and ceremonies; theright to maintain, protect, and have access in privacyto their religious and cultural sites; the right to theuse and control of their ceremonial objects; and theright to the repatriation of their human remains.

2. States shall seek to enable the access and/orrepatriation of ceremonial objects and humanremains in their possession through fair, transparentand effective mechanisms developed in conjunctionwith indigenous peoples concerned.

Article 131. Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use,

develop and transmit to future generations theirhistories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies,writing systems and literatures, and to designate andretain their own names for communities, places andpersons.

2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that thisright is protected and also to ensure that indigenouspeoples can understand and be understood inpolitical, legal and administrative proceedings,where necessary through the provision ofinterpretation or by other appropriate means.

Article 141. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish and

control their educational systems and institutionsproviding education in their own languages, in amanner appropriate to their cultural methods ofteaching and learning.

2. Indigenous individuals, particularly children, havethe right to all levels and forms of education of theState without discrimination.

3. States shall, in conjunction with indigenous peoples,take effective measures, in order for indigenousindividuals, particularly children, including thoseliving outside their communities, to have access,when possible, to an education in their own cultureand provided in their own language.

Article 151. Indigenous peoples have the right to the dignity and

diversity of their cultures, traditions, histories andaspirations which shall be appropriately reflected ineducation and public information.

2. States shall take effective measures, in consultationand cooperation with the indigenous peoplesconcerned, to combat prejudice and eliminatediscrimination and to promote tolerance,understanding and good relations among indigenouspeoples and all other segments of society.

Article 161. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish

their own media in their own languages and to have access to all forms of non-indigenous media without discrimination.

2. States shall take effective measures to ensure thatState-owned media duly reflect indigenous culturaldiversity. States, without prejudice to ensuring fullfreedom of expression, should encourage privatelyowned media to adequately reflect indigenouscultural diversity.

Article 171. Indigenous individuals and peoples have the right to

enjoy fully all rights established under applicableinternational and domestic labour law.

2. States shall in consultation and cooperation withindigenous peoples take specific measures to protectindigenous children from economic exploitation andfrom performing any work that is likely to behazardous or to interfere with the child’s education,or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical,mental, spiritual, moral or social development,taking into account their special vulnerability and theimportance of education for their empowerment.

3. Indigenous individuals have the right not to besubjected to any discriminatory conditions of labourand, inter alia, employment or salary.

Article 18Indigenous peoples have the right to participate indecision-making in matters which would affect theirrights, through representatives chosen by themselves inaccordance with their own procedures, as well as tomaintain and develop their own indigenous decision-making institutions.

Article 19States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with theindigenous peoples concerned through their ownrepresentative institutions in order to obtain their free,prior and informed consent before adopting andimplementing legislative or administrative measuresthat may affect them.

Article 201. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and

develop their political, economic and social systemsor institutions, to be secure in the enjoyment of theirown means of subsistence and development, and toengage freely in all their traditional and othereconomic activities.

2. Indigenous peoples deprived of their means ofsubsistence and development are entitled to just andfair redress.

Article 211. Indigenous peoples have the right, without

discrimination, to the improvement of theireconomic and social conditions, including, inter alia,in the areas of education, employment, vocationaltraining and retraining, housing, sanitation, healthand social security.

2. States shall take effective measures and, whereappropriate, special measures to ensure continuingimprovement of their economic and socialconditions. Particular attention shall be paid to therights and special needs of indigenous elders,women, youth, children and persons withdisabilities.

Article 221. Particular attention shall be paid to the rights and

special needs of indigenous elders, women, youth,children and persons with disabilities in theimplementation of this Declaration.

2. States shall take measures, in conjunction withindigenous peoples, to ensure that indigenouswomen and children enjoy the full protection andguarantees against all forms of violence anddiscrimination.

Article 23Indigenous peoples have the right to determine anddevelop priorities and strategies for exercising theirright to development. In particular, indigenous peopleshave the right to be actively involved in developing anddetermining health, housing and other economic andsocial programmes affecting them and, as far as possible, to administer such programmes through theirown institutions.

Article 241. Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional

medicines and to maintain their health practices,including the conservation of their vital medicinalplants, animals and minerals. Indigenous individualsalso have the right to access, without anydiscrimination, to all social and health services.

2. Indigenous individuals have an equal right to theenjoyment of the highest attainable standard ofphysical and mental health. States shall take thenecessary steps with a view to achievingprogressively the full realization of this right.

Article 25Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain andstrengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship withtheir traditionally owned or otherwise occupied andused lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and otherresources and to uphold their responsibilities to futuregenerations in this regard.

Article 261. Indigenous peoples have the right to the lands,

territories and resources which they havetraditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used oracquired.

2. Indigenous peoples have the right to own, use,develop and control the lands, territories andresources that they possess by reason of traditionalownership or other traditional occupation or use, aswell as those which they have otherwise acquired.

3. States shall give legal recognition and protection tothese lands, territories and resources. Suchrecognition shall be conducted with due respect tothe customs, traditions and land tenure systems ofthe indigenous peoples concerned.

Article 27States shall establish and implement, in conjunction withindigenous peoples concerned, a fair, independent,impartial, open and transparent process, giving duerecognition to indigenous peoples’ laws, traditions,customs and land tenure systems, to recognize andadjudicate the rights of indigenous peoples pertaining totheir lands, territories and resources, including thosewhich were traditionally owned or otherwise occupiedor used. Indigenous peoples shall have the right toparticipate in this process.

Article 281. Indigenous peoples have the right to redress, by

means that can include restitution or, when this is notpossible, just, fair and equitable compensation, for thelands, territories and resources which they havetraditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used,and which have been confiscated, taken, occupied,used or damaged without their free, prior andinformed consent.

2. Unless otherwise freely agreed upon by the peoplesconcerned, compensation shall take the form oflands, territories and resources equal in quality, sizeand legal status or of monetary compensation orother appropriate redress.

Article 291. Indigenous peoples have the right to the

conservation and protection of the environment andthe productive capacity of their lands or territoriesand resources. States shall establish and implementassistance programmes for indigenous peoples forsuch conservation and protection, withoutdiscrimination.

2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that nostorage or disposal of hazardous materials shall takeplace in the lands or territories of indigenous peopleswithout their free, prior and informed consent.

3. States shall also take effective measures to ensure, asneeded, that programmes for monitoring,maintaining and restoring the health of indigenouspeoples, as developed and implemented by thepeoples affected by such materials, are dulyimplemented.

Article 301. Military activities shall not take place in the lands or

territories of indigenous peoples, unless justified by a relevant public interest or otherwise freelyagreed with or requested by the indigenous peoples concerned.

2. States shall undertake effective consultations withthe indigenous peoples concerned, throughappropriate procedures and in particular throughtheir representative institutions, prior to using theirlands or territories for military activities.

Article 311. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain,

control, protect and develop their cultural heritage,traditional knowledge and traditional culturalexpressions, as well as the manifestations of theirsciences, technologies and cultures, includinghuman and genetic resources, seeds, medicines,knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oraltraditions, literatures, designs, sports and traditionalgames and visual and performing arts. They also havethe right to maintain, control, protect and developtheir intellectual property over such culturalheritage, traditional knowledge, and traditionalcultural expressions.

2. In conjunction with indigenous peoples, States shalltake effective measures to recognize and protect theexercise of these rights.

Article 321. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and

develop priorities and strategies for the developmentor use of their lands or territories and otherresources.

2. States shall consult and cooperate in good faith withthe indigenous peoples concerned through their ownrepresentative institutions in order to obtain theirfree and informed consent prior to the approval ofany project affecting their lands or territories andother resources, particularly in connection with thedevelopment, utilization or exploitation of mineral,water or other resources.

3. States shall provide effective mechanisms for just andfair redress for any such activities, and appropriatemeasures shall be taken to mitigate adverseenvironmental, economic, social, cultural orspiritual impact.

Article 331. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine their

own identity or membership in accordance withtheir customs and traditions. This does not impair theright of indigenous individuals to obtain citizenshipof the States in which they live.

2. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine the structures and to select the membership of their institutions in accordance with their own procedures.

Article 34Indigenous peoples have the right to promote, developand maintain their institutional structures and theirdistinctive customs, spirituality, traditions, procedures,practices and, in the cases where they exist, juridicalsystems or customs, in accordance with internationalhuman rights standards.

Article 35Indigenous peoples have the right to determine theresponsibilities of individuals to their communities.

Article 361. Indigenous peoples, in particular those divided by

international borders, have the right to maintain anddevelop contacts, relations and cooperation,including activities for spiritual, cultural, political,economic and social purposes, with their ownmembers as well as other peoples across borders.

2. States, in consultation and cooperation withindigenous peoples, shall take effective measures tofacilitate the exercise and ensure the implementationof this right.

Article 371. Indigenous peoples have the right to the recognition,

observance and enforcement of treaties, agreementsand other constructive arrangements concluded withStates or their successors and to have States honour andrespect such treaties, agreements and otherconstructive arrangements.

2. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted asdiminishing or eliminating the rights of indigenouspeoples contained in treaties, agreements and otherconstructive arrangements.

Article 38States, in consultation and cooperation with indigenouspeoples, shall take the appropriate measures, including legislative measures, to achieve the ends ofthis Declaration.

Article 39Indigenous peoples have the right to have access tofinancial and technical assistance from States andthrough international cooperation, for the enjoyment ofthe rights contained in this Declaration.

Article 40Indigenous peoples have the right to access to andprompt decision through just and fair procedures for theresolution of conflicts and disputes with States or otherparties, as well as to effective remedies for allinfringements of their individual and collective rights.Such a decision shall give due consideration to thecustoms, traditions, rules and legal systems of theindigenous peoples concerned and international humanrights.

Article 41The organs and specialized agencies of the UnitedNations system and other intergovernmentalorganizations shall contribute to the full realization ofthe provisions of this Declaration through themobilization, inter alia, of financial cooperation andtechnical assistance. Ways and means of ensuringparticipation of indigenous peoples on issues affectingthem shall be established.

Article 42The United Nations, its bodies, including the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, and specializedagencies, including at the country level, and States shallpromote respect for and full application of theprovisions of this Declaration and follow up theeffectiveness of this Declaration.

Article 43The rights recognized herein constitute the minimumstandards for the survival, dignity and well-being of theindigenous peoples of the world.

Article 44All the rights and freedoms recognized herein areequally guaranteed to male and female indigenousindividuals.

Article 45Nothing in this Declaration may be construed asdiminishing or extinguishing the rights indigenouspeoples have now or may acquire in the future.

Article 461. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as

implying for any State, people, group or person anyright to engage in any activity or to perform any actcontrary to the Charter of the United Nations orconstrued as authorizing or encouraging any actionwhich would dismember or impair, totally or in part,the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereignand independent States.

2. In the exercise of the rights enunciated in the presentDeclaration, human rights and fundamentalfreedoms of all shall be respected. The exercise of therights set forth in this Declaration shall be subjectonly to such limitations as are determined by law andin accordance with international human rightsobligations. Any such limitations shall be non-discriminatory and strictly necessary solely for thepurpose of securing due recognition and respect forthe rights and freedoms of others and for meeting thejust and most compelling requirements of ademocratic society.

3. The provisions set forth in this Declaration shall beinterpreted in accordance with the principles ofjustice, democracy, respect for human rights,equality, non-discrimination, good governance andgood faith.

Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 13 September 2007

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