United Nations

• Yalta Conference

• 1945 San Francisco

• Drafts Universal Declaration

of Human Rights. 1948 Roosevelt

• Attempts to address refugee issues raised by WWII

Democracy vs. Totalitarianism

Capitalism vs. Communism

Ideology: ideas, beliefs

Soviets Occupy Eastern Europe

• Soviets defeated Nazi Germany and moved troops into eastern Europe

• Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Western Europe

• The Iron Curtain

• Why? 25 million dead in WWII and threat of invasion from US and its allies

Berlin Blockade and the Division of Germany

Leads to the Formation of a Free West Germany

Formation of NATO• example of collective security•Peacetime military allianace meant to protect US and allies from attacks by Soviets

Point Four Plan

• 400 million dollars for technical development programs in Latin America, Africa and Asia

• Contain communism

Korea War

• 38th parallel• North controlled by Soviet Union/ south by US.• Republic of Korea: Syngman Rhee anti

communist• North communist• North Korea invades in 1950 in an attempt to

unify the country• .http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-

fnnqTAsS48&feature=related

Korea War• General Douglas MacArthur• Undeclared war/police action• United Nations fight a limited war.• Fierce battles• China sends troops to aid North Korea• MacArthur and Truman argue over objectives

and war strategy.• Truman commander and chief fires MacArthur• 1953 ceasefire: stalemate; ends in a military

draw.• 38th parallel maintained.• Shows American Weakness

Eisenhower 1952 -1960

• Policies of Secretary of State Dulles• Domino Theory Developed• Massive retaliation• Brinkmanship/arms race• Soviets explode first A Bomb 1949• H-Bomb developed 1952• U-2 Incident 1960• SEATO formed South East Asia Treaty Organization. Pakistan,

Thailand, Britain, Philippines, New Zealand, Australia• Sputnik and the beginning of the Space Race: Soviet development

ahead of the US lead to more science and math in schools

• Eisenhower Doctrine: applied principles of truman Doctrine to the Middle East

Fear of Nuclear War

Americans began to build backyard bomb shelters

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction

Kennedy 1960 -1963

• Bay of Pigs Invasion/trained 2000/but refused air power: Biggest failure during Kennedy Administration

• Vienna Summit Held• Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962• Alliance for Progress: 20 Billion to LA

– Often helped repressive gov’ts that were anti communist

• Peace Corps formed 1961• Berlin Wall Aug 1961• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Signed 1963

– Hot Line Formed

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixy5FBLnh7o&feature=related

•Building of Berlin Wall 1961/Symbol of Cold War/ Nov. 9, 1989 destroyed

The World At the Brink of Annihilation 1962

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W50RNAbmy3M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=DSA7Evcy7iE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D22Nv6nnfAI&feature=related

Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1968

• Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson sent troops and aid to South Vietnam as Commander and Chief/ undeclared war.

• Johnson escalates the war dramatically in Vietnam

• Tonkin Gulf Resolution: take necessary means to repel any armed attack

• Began bombing North Vietnam in 1965.• Guerrilla War

Vietnam War• French Colony• 1st the Vietnamese fight a war

against the imperialistic French.

• The US supports the French• Next the US fights against

the North to contain communism

• US Loses• Vietnam Communist

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAmBqyfwJLo&feature=related

Nixon 1968 -1974

• Promises to remove troops from Vietnam• Peace with Honor: Henry Kissinger • Bombing of Laos and Cambodia

– April 1970 sent troops into Cambodia to clear out the Viet Cong.

– Increased bombing

• Vietnamization• March 29th 1975: last American troops leave. • 60,000 dead and 300,000 wounded

Nixon

• War Powers Act 1973• Nixon’s trip to China: China and Soviets bad

relations US tries to take advantage of this/trade agreements

• Détente: warming of relations between the United States and the Soviet Union– Trade agreements: grain deal– Seabed agreement– Joint space mission– 1972 SALT treaty: stop making nuclear ballistic

missiles/ limit the number of nukes to 200 each

Further Challenges to Peace

• Southwest Asia (Middle East)• Support of Israel• Soviets Support the Arab nations• Suez Canal and Egypt• Iran: 1954 Nationalized the oil industry/US

arranges an overthrow of the government.• Eisenhower Doctrine: economic and military aid

to any southwestern Asian nation threatened by communism– 1st applied to Lebanon in 1958

Effects of the Vietnam War

• War Powers Act of 1973• Large national debt• Major economic problems (stagflation)• US reluctance to fight any other wars or get

involved in foreign affairs• Loss of thousands of lives• Loss of billions of dollars• Divided nation that did not trust the government.

Cold War Hotspots• Civil War in Nicaragua/ Soviets Support

Daniel Ortega Communist Rebels the Sandinistas overthrow the Somoza Dictatorship.

• US supports Contra rebels trying to overthrow Ortega

• War in Afghanistan Soviets overthrow gov’t/US supports rebels against Soviets

• Chile: United States helps Gen. Augusto Pinochet gain power throwing out the democratic government. He killed and tortured thousands

Foreign Policy in Latin America

• Guatemala 1954

• Cuba and Castro– Trade embargo– Travel forbidden from US

American Foreign Policy

• 1945 to 1975• Overall foreign policy of the US: Containment:• Truman Doctrine• Marshall Plan• Berlin Airlift• Formation of NATO• Korea War • Massive retaliation• Cuban Missile Crisis• Vietnam: Domino Theory• MAD• Détente