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Page 1: United Nations Headquarters€¦ · United Nations Photos 9 21018_BI_NA.indd 9 26/03/2013 5:43 PM. it was obvious that a tall building would be required to house all of the offices

United Nations HeadquartersNew York City, NY, USA

Booklet available in English on Livret disponible en français surFolleto disponible en español en Architecture.LEGO.com

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United Nations Headquarters

Standing on the eastern shore of Manhattan, on the banks of New York City’s East River, the United Nations Headquarters has become an acclaimed modernist architectural landmark. In an ambitious attempt to match the United Nations’ own spirit of international cooperation, it was created through the collaborative effort of a multinational team of leading architects that included, amongst others, Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier.

Situé sur la rive est de Manhattan, au bord de l’East River à New York, le siège des Nations Unies est devenu un célèbre monument architectural moderniste. Dans une tentative ambitieuse de reproduire l’esprit de coopération internationale des Nations Unies, il fut créé grâce au travail de collaboration d’une équipe internationale d’architectes de premier plan, notamment Oscar Niemeyer et Le Corbusier.

Le siège des Nations Unies

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History

The United Nations organization was officially formed in October 1945 as the Second World War came to an end.

In December of that year, the Congress of the United States unanimously resolved to invite the United Nations to establish its permanent home in the USA. Thereafter, a special United Nations site committee studied possible locations in such places as Philadelphia, Boston and San Francisco.

While consideration was given to areas north of New York City, crowded Manhattan had not been seriously investigated. A last-minute offer of $8.5 million by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., for the purchase of the present site was accepted by a majority of the General Assembly in December 1946.

The site chosen by the United Nations was a 17 acre (69,000m2) run-down area of slaughterhouses, light

industry and a railroad barge landing. Once the site was agreed upon, the next task was to design the Headquarters itself. Delegates decided that the United Nations home should be the joint project of leading architects from many countries. Wallace K. Harrison of the United States was appointed chief architect and given the title of Director of Planning. A ten-member Board of Design Consultants was selected to assist him, composed of architects nominated by member States.

The members of the Board were Nikolai G. Bassov (Soviet Union); Gaston Brunfaut (Belgium); Ernest Cormier (Canada); Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier (France); Liang Seu-Cheng (China); Sven Markelius (Sweden); Oscar Niemeyer (Brazil); Sir Howard Robertson (United Kingdom); G. A. Soilleux (Australia); and Julio Vilamajo (Uruguay). The Director and the Board began their work early in 1947 from an office in the Rockefeller Center. Some 50 basic designs were created,

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criticized, analyzed and reworked. The planners had to take into account the structure of the United Nations with its General Assembly, three main Councils and permanent Secretariat.

© United Nations Photos

L’Organisation des Nations Unies fut officiellement formée en octobre 1945 à la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.

En décembre de la même année, le Congrès des États-Unis vota à l’unanimité d’inviter les Nations Unies à établir leur siège permanent aux États-Unis. Un comité spécial pour le site des Nations Unies étudia par la suite d’éventuels emplacements à des endroits tels que Philadelphie, Boston et San Francisco.

Des espaces au nord de New York furent envisagés, mais la zone surpeuplée de Manhattan ne fut pas sérieusement étudiée. À la dernière minute, une offre de 8,5 millions de dollars de John D. Rockefeller Jr., pour l’achat du site actuel, fut acceptée à la majorité par l’Assemblée générale en décembre 1946.

Histoire

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Le site choisi par les Nations Unies était un espace abandonné de 69 000 m2 comprenant des abattoirs, des industries légères et un débarcadère. Une fois le site choisi, il fallut créer le siège. Les délégués décidèrent que le siège des Nations Unies devait être le projet commun de célèbres architectes venant de nombreux pays. L’américain Wallace K. Harrison fut désigné architecte en chef et reçut le titre de Directeur de la planification. Un comité de dix consultants fut sélectionné pour l’aider, composé d’architectes nommés par les États membres.

Les membres du comité étaient Nikolai G. Bassov (Communauté des États indépendants - ancienne Union soviétique); Gaston Brunfaut (Belgique); Ernest Cormier (Canada); Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, plus connu comme Le Corbusier (France); Liang Seu-Cheng (Chine); Sven Markelius (Suède); Oscar Niemeyer (Brésil); Sir Howard Robertson (Royaume-Uni); G. A. Soilleux (Australie); et Julio Vilamajo (Uruguay). Le directeur et le

comité commencèrent leur travail au début de 1947, dans un bureau du Rockefeller Center. Environ 50 concepts de base furent créés, critiqués, analysés et retravaillés. Les organisateurs devaient également tenir compte de la structure des Nations Unies avec son Assemblée générale, ses trois Conseils principaux et son Secrétariat permanent.

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From the 50 designs evaluated by the Board, scheme 32, submitted by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, was initially selected as the most interesting plan.

Niemeyer’s original idea for the site included three structures standing free, with a fourth lying low behind them along the river’s edge. He chose to split the councils from the Assembly Hall, creating a grand public plaza in between the two areas.

The only board member who wasn’t completely won over by Niemeyer’s elegantly articulated composition was Swiss-born Le Corbusier. His design, scheme nr 23, had proposed a single block in the center of the site containing both the Assembly Hall and the different councils.

Le Corbusier approached Niemeyer and suggested repositioning the Assembly Hall to the center of the site. Although this would radically change his idea of a large,

open civic square, Niemeyer accepted the modification and both architects re-submitted a joint plan, which is the building complex that can be seen today.

The original budget for the project was first estimated at $85 million, but savings and re-workings of the plan reduced this to $65 million. The United States Government provided an interest-free loan for the whole amount to cover the entire construction costs. With the plans approved and the finance in place, the decision to carry them out moved ahead quickly. Nineteen months later, on 21 August 1950, the first Secretariat workers moved into their new offices.

As the chosen site was relatively small, bounded on one side by the East River Drive (later the Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive) and on the other by the East River itself,

Design & Construction

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it was obvious that a tall building would be required to house all of the offices. Niemeyer’s 39-story Secretariat Building was controversial in its time, but has since become an icon for the modernist style of the complex.

The exterior facings of the 550-foot tall (167.6 m) Secretariat Building were made exclusively of aluminum, glass and marble. Wide areas of green-tinted glass were unbroken by conventional setbacks. In contrast, the windowless north and south facades of the building were faced with 2,000 tons (1814 metric tons) of Vermont marble.

In keeping with the international character of the United Nations, materials for the Headquarters were selected from many lands. Limestone for the facings of the Assembly and Conference Buildings came from the United Kingdom; marble from Italy; office furniture and shelving from France; chairs and fabrics from Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic) and Greece; carpets from England, France and Scotland. In addition, tables were purchased from Switzerland and various

woods for interior finishing came from Belgium, Canada, Cuba, Guatemala, the Philippines, Norway and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo).

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Parmi les 50 concepts évalués par le Comité, le schéma 32, soumis par l’architecte brésilien Oscar Niemeyer, fut sélectionné initialement comme étant le plus intéressant.

L’idée originale de Niemeyer pour le site incluait trois structures indépendantes, avec une quatrième structure basse derrière les autres, le long de la rivière. Il choisit de séparer les Conseils de la salle de l’Assemblée, créant un grand espace public entre les deux zones.

Le seul membre du comité qui n’était pas totalement convaincu par la composition élégamment articulée de Niemeyer était l’architecte d’origine suisse Le Corbusier. Son concept, le schéma numéro 23, proposait un seul bloc au centre du site contenant la salle de l’Assemblée et les différents Conseils.

Le Corbusier approcha Niemeyer et suggéra de repositionner la salle de l’Assemblée au centre du site.

Même si cela changeait radicalement son idée d’une vaste place publique ouverte, Niemeyer accepta la modification et les deux architectes soumirent à nouveau un plan commun, qui est le complexe de bâtiments que nous pouvons voir aujourd’hui.

Le budget original pour le projet fut tout d’abord estimé à 85 millions de dollars, mais des économies et des modifications du plan le ramenèrent à 65 millions de dollars. Le gouvernement des États-Unis accorda un prêt sans intérêts pour la totalité du montant afin de couvrir tous les coûts de construction. Une fois les plans approuvés et le financement en place, les travaux avancèrent rapidement. Dix-neuf mois plus tard, le 21 août 1950, les premiers employés du Secrétariat s’installèrent dans leurs nouveaux bureaux.

Concepts et construction

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Le site choisi étant relativement petit, limité d’un côté par l’East River Drive (renommé par la suite Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive) et de l’autre côté par l’East River elle-même, il était évident qu’un bâtiment en hauteur serait nécessaire pour accueillir les bureaux. Le bâtiment de 39 étages du Secrétariat créé par Niemeyer suscita la controverse à l’époque, mais est devenu depuis un emblème du style moderniste du complexe.

Les façades extérieures du bâtiment du Secrétariat haut de 167,6 m furent fabriquées exclusivement en aluminium, verre et marbre. De vastes façades en vitres teintées en vert présentent une surface unie. Par contraste, les façades nord et sud du bâtiment, sans fenêtres, furent recouvertes de 1814 tonnes de marbre du Vermont.

Conformément au caractère international de l’organisation, les matériaux du Siège furent sélectionnés dans de nombreux pays. La pierre calcaire pour les façades des

© United Nations Photos

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bâtiments de l’Assemblée et de la Conférence venait du Royaume-Uni, le marbre d’Italie, les meubles de bureau et les étagères de France, les chaises et les tissus de Tchécoslovaquie (aujourd’hui la République tchèque et la République slovaque) et de Grèce, et les tapis d’Angleterre, de France et d’Écosse. De plus, des tables furent achetées en Suisse, et divers bois pour les finitions intérieures venaient de Belgique, du Canada, de Cuba, du Guatemala, des Philippines, de Norvège et du Zaïre (aujourd’hui la République démocratique du Congo).

© United Nations Photos

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From 1951 to today

Over the years, the interiors of the buildings have been altered to accommodate the many states that have joined the United Nations since its inception. In 1947 when construction plans were drawn up, there were 57 Member States, and provision was made for an increase in membership to 70.

This anticipated increase was already exceeded by 1955, and an expansion program was completed in 1964 providing space for a membership of 126.

The most ambitious renovation to date was launched with a groundbreaking ceremony in May 2008, marking the beginning of a five-year, $1.9 billion complete overhaul of the UN landmark complex. When completed, the complex is expected to be more energy efficient and have greatly improved security. The installation of a new glass facade for the Secretariat Building was completed in 2012. It retains the look of the original facade but is more energy efficient. The first UN staff returned to the newly renovated building in July 2012.

Au fil des ans, l’intérieur des bâtiments a été modifié pour accueillir les nombreux États qui ont rejoint les Nations Unies depuis leur création. En 1947, lorsque les plans de construction furent élaborés, il y avait 57 États membres et des dispositions furent prises en vue d’une augmentation allant jusqu’à 70 membres.

Cette augmentation anticipée fut déjà dépassée en 1955 et un programme d’expansion fut complété en 1964, fournissant de l’espace pour 126 membres.

La rénovation la plus ambitieuse jusqu’à présent fut lancée par une cérémonie exceptionnelle en mai 2008, marquant le début d’une rénovation complète du complexe des Nations Unies, avec un budget de 1,9 milliard de dollars. Une fois terminé, le complexe devrait être plus écoénergétique et offrir une sécurité supérieure. L’installation d’une nouvelle façade en verre pour le bâtiment du Secrétariat fut terminée en 2012. Elle conserve l’aspect de la façade originale mais est plus écoénergétique. Les premiers employés de l’ONU retournèrent dans le bâtiment récemment rénové en juillet 2012.

De 1951 à aujourd’hui

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The Architect

Though the design of the United Nations complex was officially a collaborative effort by a multinational team of architects led by Wallace K. Harrison, it is generally accepted that the elegant architecture was the result of the vision of one man: Oscar Niemeyer.

Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro on December 15, 1907. He graduated with a BA in architecture from the city’s National School of Fine Arts in 1934 and began working without payment in a local architecture studio. In 1936, Niemeyer met Le Corbusier, who became a strong influence and teacher. By 1939, Niemeyer was leading a team that had been given the task of creating the first state-sponsored modernist skyscraper.

Niemeyer’s worldwide recognition was further confirmed in 1947 when the then 40 year-old architect was invited to be a part of the team working on the design of the United Nations headquarters. By the middle of the1950s, Niemeyer was involved in one of his largest andmost complicated assignments: the design of the new

Brazilian capital city, Brasilia. Niemeyer would use thisproject to test new concepts of city planning.

Regarded as one of Modernism’s greatest luminaries,Niemeyer was famous for his use of abstract forms andcurves. His buildings are characterized by an eleganceand harmony, often made possible by his pioneeringwork with reinforced concrete.

© gettyimages

(1907 - 2012)

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L’architecte(1907-2012)

Même si la création du complexe des Nations Unies fut officiellement un travail de collaboration d’une équipe internationale d’architectes dirigée par Wallace K. Harrison, il est généralement admis que cette architecture élégante fut le résultat de la vision d’un homme, Oscar Niemeyer.

Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho est né dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro le 15 décembre 1907. Il obtint un baccalauréat en architecture de l’École nationale des Beaux-Arts de la ville en 1934 et commença à travailler gratuitement dans un cabinet d’architecture local. En 1936, Niemeyer rencontra Le Corbusier, qui l’influença fortement et lui apprit beaucoup. En 1939, Niemeyer dirigea une équipe qui avait reçu la tâche de créer le premier gratte-ciel moderniste pour l’État.

La renommée mondiale de Niemeyer fut confirmée en 1947 lorsque l’architecte de 40 ans fut invité à faire partie de l’équipe chargée de la création du siège des Nations Unies. Au milieu des années 1950, Niemeyer travailla sur l’un de ses projets les plus vastes et les plus compliqués : la création de la nouvelle capitale du Brésil, Brasilia.

Niemeyer allait utiliser ce projet pour tester de nouveaux concepts d’urbanisme.

Considéré comme l’un des meilleurs représentants du Modernisme, Niemeyer était célèbre pour son utilisation des formes et des courbes abstraites. Ses bâtiments sont caractérisés par une élégance et une harmonie, souvent rendues possibles par son travail de pionnier avec le béton armé.

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Facts about UN Headquarters

Location: ........................................ Manhattan, New York City, NYArchitects: ..................................... International team, lead by Wallace K. Harrison, and including Le Corbusier and Oscar NiemeyerStyle: .................................................. Modernist, InternationalMaterials: ....................................... Aluminum, glass & Vermont marbleConstruction date: ................ Started 24/10/1947 (cornerstone laid 24/10/1949)Footprint: ....................................... 17 acres (69,000m2)Height: .............................................. 550 ft. (167.6 m), Secretariat BuildingStories: ............................................. 39 above ground, Secretariat Building

Lieu: .................................................... Manhattan, New York, NYArchitectes: .................................. Équipe internationale, dirigée par Wallace K. Harrison, et comprenant entre autres Le Corbusier et

Oscar NiemeyerStyle: .................................................. Style moderniste, internationalMatériaux: ..................................... Aluminium, verre et marbre du VermontDate de construction: ......... Commencée le 24/10/1947 (Première pierre posée le 24/10/1949)Surface au sol: .......................... 69 000 m2

Hauteur: .......................................... 167,6 m, bâtiment du SecrétariatÉtages: ............................................. 39 au-dessus du sol, bâtiment du Secrétariat

Informations sur le siège des Nations Unies

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[I am not attracted to straight angles or to the straight line, hard and infl exible, created by man. I am attracted to free-fl owing, sensual curves.]

Oscar Niemeyer

[Ce n’est pas l’angle droit qui m’attire, ni la ligne droite,dure, infl exible, créée par l’homme. Ce qui m’attire, c’est la courbe libre et sensuelle.]

Oscar Niemeyer

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La bibliothèque Dag Hammarskjöld contient environ

400 000 volumes dans sa collection générale et plusieurs

millions de documents des Nations Unies.

The Dag Hammarskjöld Library houses approximately 400,000

volumes in its general collection and, in addition, has several

million United Nations documents.

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La bibliothèque Dag Hammarskjöld contient environ

400 000 volumes dans sa

The Dag Hammarskjöld Library houses approximately 400,000

volumes in its general collection and, in addition, has several

million United Nations documents.

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La salle de l’Assemblée générale accueille 193

délégations. Chaque délégation a six sièges.

The General Assembly Hall accommodates 193 delegations.

Each delegation has six seats.

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Le bâtiment de l’Assemblée générale est une structure

en pente avec des côtés concaves, longue de 115 m

et large de 48 m, recouverte d’un dôme creux.

The General Assembly Building is a sloping structure

with concave sides, 380 feet long and 160 feet wide,

topped with a shallow dome.

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Le bâtiment de l’Assemblée générale est une structure

en pente avec des côtés concaves, longue de 115 m

et large de 48 m, recouverte d’un dôme creux.

The General Assembly Building is a sloping structure

with concave sides, 380 feet long and 160 feet wide,

topped with a shallow dome.

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Le verre des fenêtres au cadre d’aluminium du

bâtiment du Secrétariat est spécialement conçu pour

contribuer à retenir la chaleur du soleil.

The glass in the aluminum framed windows in the Secretariat Building is

specially designed to help retain solar heat.

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Les drapeaux des 193 États membres des Nations Unies créent une approche

courbe et colorée de 152 m menant au Siège.

The fl ags of the 193 United Nations Member States

provide a colorful, 500 foot wide curved approach to

the Headquarters.

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74

États membres des Nations Unies créent une approche

courbe et colorée de 152 m

The fl ags of the 193 United

provide a colorful, 500 foot wide curved approach to

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The United Nations’ iconic headquarters in New York is a famous example of the international style and the fi rst monument of postwar modernism. The complex is dominated by a remarkably thin Secretariat building, whose proportions also served as a starting-point for the design of the LEGO model.

The Tower’s deceptively simple form is achieved in LEGO using fairly complex building techniques, such as an almost seamless transition from an eight LEGO stud wide shaft to a nine-stud wide top of the building, which even includes some of the pieces turned upside down.

In contrast to the rational rectangular, austere tower is the more sculptural, sloping General Assembly Building. The delicate curves of its west and east long, concave facades are indicated with off setting, which allows for small increments only half of a LEGO plate deep. The architects’ original design is concluded by the low Conference Building, which connects the General Assembly and

Secretariat Buildings and is cantilevered over the freeway along the river edge. The building’s slightly trapezoid ground plan required a sophisticated LEGO design, which will hopefully translate into a fun build.

Rok Žgalin Kobe

The United Nations Headquarters model was created in close collaboration with the LEGO design team. They looked at the model from a LEGO building point of view to ensure that the construction process will be simple and logical, and a positive experience for the user.

A Word from the Artist

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Le siège emblématique des Nations Unies à New York est un exemple célèbre du style international et le premier monument du modernisme d’après-guerre. Ce complexe est dominé par le bâtiment du Secrétariat, remarquablement fin, dont les proportions ont aussi servi de point de départ pour la conception du modèle LEGO.

La forme faussement simple de la tour est obtenue en LEGO en utilisant des techniques de construction assez complexes, avec notamment une transition presque sans faille entre une colonne d’une largeur de huit tenons LEGO et le haut du bâtiment large de neuf tenons, qui inclut même certaines des pièces tournées à l’envers.

La tour rectangulaire, rationnelle et austère, offre un contraste avec le bâtiment plus sculptural et en pente de l’Assemblée générale. Les courbes délicates de ses longues façades concaves est et ouest sont indiquées par un décalage, qui permet de petits incréments d’une profondeur d’une demi-plaque LEGO. La création originale

de l’architecte se termine par le bâtiment des Conférences, plus bas, qui relie les bâtiments de l’Assemblée générale et du Secrétariat et est situé en porte à faux sur l’autoroute le long de la rivière. Le plan au sol de forme légèrement trapézoïdale du bâtiment exigeait un design LEGO sophistiqué, qui offrira une construction amusante.

Rok Žgalin Kobe

Le modèle du siège des Nations Unies fut créé en collaboration étroite avec l’équipe de design LEGO. Ils regardent le modèle du point de vue de la construction LEGO et s’assurent que le processus de construction est simple et logique, et constitue une expérience positive pour l’utilisateur.

Un mot de l’artiste

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The ‘Scale Model’ line – LEGO Architecture in the 1960s

The history of the current LEGO Architecture series can be traced back to the beginning of the 1960s, when the popularity of the LEGO brick was steadily increasing. Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, the then owner of the company, began looking for ways to further expand the LEGO system and asked his designers to come up with a set of components that would add a new dimension to LEGO building.

Their answer was as simple as it was revolutionary: five elements that matched the existing bricks, but were only one third the height. These new building ‘‘plates’’ made it possible to construct more detailed models than before.

This greater LEGO flexibility seemed to match the spirit of the age; modernist architects were redefining how houses looked and people were taking an active interest in the design of their new homes. It was these trends that led to the introduction of the LEGO ‘Scale Model’ line in early 1962.

The name itself was a direct link to the way architects and engineers worked, and it was hoped that they and others would build their projects ‘to scale’ in LEGO elements. As with LEGO Architecture today, the original sets were designed to be different from the normal, brightly colored LEGO boxes, and also included ‘An Architectural Book’’ for inspiration.

Though the five elements remain an integral part of the LEGO building system today, the ‘Scale Model’ line was phased out in 1965. Many of the principles from the series would re-emerge over 40 years later in the LEGO Architecture series.

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L’histoire de l’actuelle série LEGO Architecture remonte au début des années 1960 lorsque la popularité de la brique LEGO augmentait toujours. Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, alors propriétaire de la société, commença à rechercher des façons d’étendre le système LEGO et demanda à ses designers de trouver un ensemble de nouveaux composants pour ajouter une nouvelle dimension à la construction LEGO.

Leur réponse fut aussi simple que révolutionnaire : cinq éléments qui correspondaient aux briques existantes, mais trois fois moins hauts. Ces nouvelles « plaques » de construction ont permis de construire des modèles plus détaillés que par le passé.

Cette plus grande flexibilité LEGO semblait correspondre à l’esprit de l’époque, alors que les architectes modernes redéfinissaient les maisons, et que les gens s’intéressaient activement à la conception de la maison de leurs rêves. Ce sont ces tendances qui menèrent à la

création de la gamme « Maquettes à l’échelle » au début de 1962.

Le nom lui-même était un lien direct avec la façon dont les architectes et les ingénieurs travaillaient, en espérant qu’ils allaient, ainsi que d’autres, construire leurs projets « à l’échelle » avec des éléments LEGO. Comme avec LEGO Architecture aujourd’hui, les ensembles originaux étaient conçus pour être différents des boîtes LEGO normales aux couleurs vives, et incluaient aussi « un livret d’architecture » comme source d’inspiration.

Ces cinq éléments font toujours partie du système de construction LEGO actuel mais la gamme « Maquettes à l’échelle » fut interrompue en 1965. Il fallut 40 ans pour que ses principes reprennent vie dans la série LEGO Architecture que nous connaissons aujourd’hui.

La gamme « Maquettes à l’échelle » – LEGO® Architecture dans les années 1960

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Architect series Série Architecture

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Landmark series Série Édifices historiques

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Customer ServiceKundenserviceService ConsommateursServicio Al Consumidor

www.lego.com/service or dial

00800 5346 5555 :1-800-422-5346 :

ReferencesText - History of United Nations Headquarters, United Nations Visitor Services

www.un.org http://visit.un.org

http://un.org/publications

Wikipedia.org

Photography -

www.fl ickr.com/photos/un_photo/

www.shutterstock.com

www.gettyimages.com

en.wikipedia.org

Texte - Histoire du siège des Nations Unies, Services des visiteurs des Nations Unies

www.un.org http://visit.un.org

http://un.org/publications

Wikipedia.org

Photographie -

www.fl ickr.com/photos/un_photo/

www.shutterstock.com

www.gettyimages.com

en.wikipedia.org

Références

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