united nations environment program-year book

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G F X M G R
G L G X K A M K A Z Z W G Z
AM EWX KIEHFI GMSAXEMLGMT
AZHM? 1;>-18->2;-::>6-7
Oeh Mulhgr? DG[/6;1:/MF
Dasjifalgrs
Tnas puhiajftaem lfy hg rgpredujgd am wneig er am pfrt fmd am fmy cerl cer gdujftaemfi er memprestt sgrvajgs watneut spgjafi
pgrlassaem crel tng jepyraknt neidgr, prevadgd fj`mewigdkglgmt ec tng seurjg as lfdg. WMGR weuid fpprgjaftg rgjgavamk fjepy ec fmy puhiajftaem tnft usgs tnas puhiajftaem fs f seurjg.
Me usg ec tnas puhiajftaem lfy hg lfdg cer rgsfig er fmy etngr jellgrjafi purpesg wnftsegvgr watneut praer pgrlassaem amwratamk
crel tng Wmatgd Mftaems Gmvaremlgmt Rrekrfllg. Fppiajftaems cer sujn pgrlassaem, watn f stftglgmt ec tng purpesg fmd gxtgmt ec
tng rgpredujtaem, sneuid hg fddrgssgd te tng Dargjter, DJRA, WMGR, R.E. Hex :2778, Mfareha, 22622, @gmyf.
Tng dgsakmftaems glpieygd fmd tng prgsgmtftaem ec lftgrafi am tnas puhiajftaem de met alpiy tng gxprgssaem ec fmy epamaem
wnftsegvgr em tng pfrt ec WMGR jemjgrmamk tng igkfi stftus ec fmy jeumtry, tgrratery er jaty er ats futneratags, er jemjgrmamk tng
dgialatftaem ec ats cremtagrs er heumdfrags. Cer kgmgrfi kuadfmjg em lfttgrs rgiftamk te tng usg ec lfps am puhiajftaems pigfsg ke te? nttp?//www.um.erk/Dgpts/Jfrtekrfpnaj/gmkiasn/ntlfam.ntl
Lgmtaem ec f jellgrjafi jelpfmy er predujt am tnas puhiajftaem degs met alpiy gmdersglgmt hy tng Wmatgd Mftaems Gmvaremlgmt
Rrekrfllg. Tng usg ec amcerlftaem crel tnas puhiajftaem jemjgrmamk prepragtfry predujts cer puhiajaty er fdvgrtasamk as met
pgrlattgd.
Rredujtaem
Wmatgd Mftaems Gmvaremlgmt Rrekrfllg
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8264
W M G R QGFX HEE@G L G X K A M K A Z Z W G Z AM EWX KIEHFI GMSAXEMLGMT
Wmatgd Mftaems Gmvaremlgmt Rrekrfllg
8
Gxjgss Matrekgm am tng Gmvaremlgmt 3
Jnfmkgs am tng kiehfi matrekgm jyjig ;
Amjrgfsgd jefstfi dgfd zemgs fmd jialftg jnfmkg alpfjts >
[nft as hgamk demg te rgdujg gxjgss matrekgm rgigfsgs5 1
Tewfrds amtgkrftgd matrekgm lfmfkglgmt 62
WMGR Qgfr Hee` 8264 glgrkamk assugs updftg
Tng Glgrkgmjg ec Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs 68
Glgrkgmjg fmd rg-glgrkgmjg ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs 6:
Jelhfttamk amcgjtaeus dasgfsg wnaig fddrgssamk gmvaremlgmtfi jnfiigmkgs 64
Tfàmk fjtaems te jelhft amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs 67
F luita-sgjterfi fpprefjn te gmsurg ngfitny iacg cer fii 63
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs 6;
Casn fmd Zngiistsn Cfrlamk am Lframg Gjesystgls 6>
Alpiajftaems cer tng gmvaremlgmt ec prevadamk ceed crel tng ejgfm 61
Dgvgieplgmt ec lframg fqufjuiturg 82
Lframg fqufjuiturg watn igss alpfjt 86
Jfpatfiazamk em prekrgss 88
Aiigkfi Trfdg am [aidiacg 84
Tng nakn gmvaremlgmtfi, sejafi fmd gjemelaj jests 87
Xgjekmataem ec aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg fs f sgraeus jralg 83
Frg wg turmamk f jermgr5 Zlfii stgps tewfrds sujjgss 8;
Jelhfttamk aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg tnreukn amtgrmftaemfi jeiifherftaem 8>
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg 81
Lgtnfmg crel Nydrftgs :2
Zgfrjnamk cer fmswgrs te selg jelpigx qugstaems ::
Fddrgssamk hak qugstaems fmd jemtamuamk amtgrmftaemfi jeepgrftaem :4
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut lgtnfmg nydrftgs :7
8/20/2019 United Nations Environment Program-Year book
Kgttamk amveivgd? jatazgm sjagmjg :;
Xgmgwamk fmd umdgrstfmdamk trfdataemfi mewigdkg :1
Alprevamk jeerdamftaem te fjnagvg krgftgr alpfjts 42
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut jatazgm sjagmjg 46
Far Reiiutaem? [erids [erst Gmvaremlgmtfi Ngfitn Xas` 48
Wmfjjgptfhig gmvaremlgmtfi, sejafi fmd gjemelaj jests 4:
Far peiiutaem? tng igfdamk jfusg ec gmvaremlgmtfiiy rgiftgd dgftns 44
Tng trfmsheumdfry jnfiigmkg ec far peiiutaem 47
Lggtamk fkrggd stfmdfrds te fjnagvg gjemelaj fmd ngfitn hgmgstts 43
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut far peiiutaem 4;
Rifstaj Dghras am tng Ejgfm 4>
Jemtameus ews ec pifstaj te tng lframg gmvaremlgmt 41
Krewamk jemjgrm fheut lajrepifstajs 72
Jeepgrftaem ft amtgrmftaemfi, rgkaemfi fmd mftaemfi igvgis 76
Tng `gy te rgdujamk amputs ec pifstaj dghras as ft tng seurjg 78
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut pifstaj dghras am tng ejgfm 7:
Zgjuramk Zeai Jfrhem Hgmgstts 74
Lfmfkamk seais cer luitapig gjemelaj, sejagtfi fmd gmvaremlgmtfi hgmgstts 77
Alprevgd seai lfmfkglgmt? jrujafi cer jialftg jnfmkg fmd ceed predujtaem 73
Lfamtfamamk fmd gmnfmjamk seai jfrhem hgmgstts 7;
Zggàmk symgrkags watn etngr peiajy ehogjtavgs 7>
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut seai jfrhem hgmgstts 71
Xfpad Jnfmkg am tng Frjtaj 32
F vagw crel tng tep 36
Frjtaj updftg? sjagmjg fmd snappamk 38
Fdfptamk te rfpad jnfmkg 3:
Jelhfttamk jialftg jnfmkg fmd huaidamk rgsaiagmjg 34
Curtngr amcerlftaem fheut tng Frjtaj 37
Fj`mewigdkglgmts 33
4
7
Cergwerd Tgm ygfrs fke WMGR figrtgd tng werid te tng dgvgieplgmt ec dgfd zemgs am jefstfi wftgrs rgsuitamk crel gxjgss matrekgm sggpamk amte tng wftgr. Tnft wfs am tng strst gdataem ec tng Qgfr Hee` sgrags. Am tng amtgrvgmamk pgraed lfmy lerg glgrkamk assugs nfvg hggm adgmtastgd, watn selg rasamk te jrasas igvgi fmd etngrs snewamk gmjeurfkamk alprevglgmt.
Tng 8264 Qgfr Hee` snews new sjagmtastj gmdgfveur fmd peiajy fjtaems nfvg igd te ammevftavg seiutaems fmd vatfi fdvfmjglgmts. Qgt tngsg frg crgqugmtiy eutpfjgd hy evgrfii gjemelaj krewtn. Cer gxflpig, fs tng cugi gjagmjy ec jfrs nfs amjrgfsgd, tng sazg ec tng vgnajig ggt jemtamugs te krew. Zalaifriy, fs tng fqufjuiturg sgjter gxpfmds am rgspemsg te tng dglfmd cer ceed, sjagmtasts gxpgjt tnft ats gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts lfy deuhig hy 82:2. Cer tng aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg, f stftg ec jrasas nfs hggm rgfjngd, watn tng werid stfmdamk te iesg twe ajemaj spgjags fs f rgsuit ec tng dglfmd cer avery fmd rname nerm ac me urkgmt fjtaem as tf`gm.
Tng 8264 Qgfr Hee` rgjemstrls tng jratajfi reig tnft tng gmvaremlgmt pifys am lfamtfamamk fmd alprevamk tng ngfitn ec pgepig fmd gjesystgls? crel tng wgii-lfmfkgd seais fmd mutragmts tnft umdgrpam ceed predujtaem te tng jratajfi reig ec haedavgrsaty am pretgjtamk nulfm ngfitn fkfamst tng sprgfd ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Jigfm far am eur jatags prgvgmts tng prglfturg dgftn fmd aiimgss ec laiiaems ec pgepig fmd jfm sfvg sejagty traiiaems ec deiifrs.
Eur gjemelags frg staii ifrkgiy cessai-cugi hfsgd, watn tng gmvaremlgmtfi, gjemelaj fmd ngfitn jests ifrkgiy naddgm. Cer gxflpig, am tng prastamg peifr rgkaems, sjagmtasts nfvg rgjgmtiy ceumd tamy pagjgs ec pifstaj trfppgd am sgf ajg. Trfmspertgd hy ejgfm jurrgmts fjress krgft dastfmjgs, tngsg jemtflamftgd pfrtajigs gvgmtufiiy jfm hgjelg f seurjg ec jnglajfis am eur ceed. Tng `gy ec jeursg as te prgvgmt pifstaj dghras crel gmtgramk tng gmvaremlgmt am tng strst pifjg.
Tng assugs am tng 8264 Qgfr Hee` nfvg jigfr jemmgjtaems. F wfrlgr fmd wgttgr jialftg waii jfusg snacts am tng sprgfd ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs, wnaist rfpad lgitamk ec Frjtaj kifjagrs waii nfvg cfr-rgfjnamk kiehfi alpiajftaems cer sgf-igvgi rasg fmd tng petgmtafi rgigfsg ec lgtnfmg ‚ f petgmt krggmneusg kfs. Ztremk fjtaem em far peiiutfmts, gspgjafiiy pfrtajuiftg lfttgr ‚ ec wnajn hifj` jfrhem as f jelpemgmt ‚ weuid rgsuit am luitapig hgmgstts hy met emiy siewamk tng lgitamk ec peifr ajg fmd smew, hut fise sakmastjfmtiy alprevamk nulfm ngfitn.
F `gy lgssfkg ec tng 8264 Qgfr Hee` as tnft wg waii amjrgfsamkiy mggd fjjgss te talgiy, rgiafhig gmvaremlgmtfi amcerlftaem crel iejftaems freumd tng werid se tnft wg jfm adgmtacy assugs fs tngy glgrkg fmd dgvgiep gflgjtavg fjtaems fmd peiajags te rgspemd te tngl. [atneut tnas, tng kiehfi jellumatys gflerts waii hg nflpgrgd. At as cer tnas rgfsem tnft WMGR as jellattgd te ngipamk jeumtrags alprevg tngar gmvaremlgmtfi dftf ew fmd te lfàmk `mewigdkg lujn lerg wadgiy fjjgssahig. Crel mgw spfjg tgjnmeiekags te sejafi lgdaf fmd jatazgm sjagmjg, WMGR as suppertamk iejfi fmd amdakgmeus jellumatags te stfrt lgfsuramk fmd prevadamk dftf tnglsgivgs. Tng Qgfr Hee` atsgic rggjts tnas jnfmkg hy hgamk ifumjngd fs f lehaig fpp, rajniy aiiustrftamk tng tepajs watn iavg krfpnajs fmd vadge sterags fheut pesatavg amataftavgs tnft fddrgss gxastamk fmd glgrkamk assugs.
A gmjeurfkg yeu te gxpierg tng Qgfr Hee` am ats mgw cerlft fmd usg tng 8264 Qgfr Hee` updftg te suppert yeur ewm fjtavatags am tng
fdvfmjglgmt ec sustfamfhig dgvgieplgmt.
Gxjgss Matrekgm am tng Gmvaremlgmt
matrekgm
Jnfmkgs am tng kiehfi matrekgm jyjig
Matrekgm as fm gssgmtafi mutragmt cer pifmt krewtn. Tng dasjevgry f jgmtury fke ec fm amdustrafi prejgss tnft jemvgrtgd matrekgm am tng far te fllemaf lfdg tng lfmucfjturg ec matrekgm
cgrtaiazgrs pessahig. Tnas dasjevgry wfs ceiiewgd hy f spgjtfjuifr amjrgfsg am kiehfi ceed predujtaem.
Tedfy matrekgm fmd etngr mutragmts frg usgd amgjagmtiy am lest ec tng werids fkrajuiturfi systgls ‚ rgsuitamk am gmerleus fmd ifrkgiy ummgjgssfry iessgs te tng gmvaremlgmt, watn preceumd alpfjts rfmkamk crel far fmd wftgr peiiutaem te tng umdgrlamamk ec alpertfmt gjesystgls (fmd tng sgrvajgs fmd iavgianeeds tngy suppert). Zujn alpfjts frg ectgm lerg vasahig am dgvgiepgd rgkaems tnfm am dgvgiepamk emgs.
Tng kiehfi matrekgm jyjig nfs hggm preceumdiy fitgrgd hy nulfm fjtavaty evgr tng pfst jgmtury. Tng fleumt ec usfhig er „rgfjtavg matrekgm predujgd hy nulfms (fheut 612 laiiaem temmgs pgr ygfr) as mew krgftgr tnfm tng fleumt jrgftgd tnreukn mfturfi prejgssgs (668 laiiaem temmgs pgr ygfr). Am fddataem te amgjagmt fppiajftaem ec matrekgm cgrtaiazgrs, seurjgs ec gxjgss matrekgm am tng gmvaremlgmt frg amfdgquftgiy trgftgd fmalfi fmd nulfm wfstgs fmd cessai cugi jelhustaem am trfmspert fmd am gmgrky predujtaem, wnajn
jrgftgs matrekgm exadgs.
Fs matrekgm levgs tnreukn tng gmvaremlgmt, tng sflg matrekgm ftel jfm jemtrahutg te luitapig mgkftavg gflgjts am tng far, em ifmd, am crgsnwftgr fmd lframg systgls, fmd em nulfm ngfitn. Tnas sgqugmjg jemtamugs evgr f iemk pgraed fmd as rgcgrrgd te fs tng „matrekgm jfsjfdg.
Matrekgm degs met levg tnreukn fii gmvaremlgmtfi systgls ft tng sflg rftg. Cer gxflpig, seai, cergsts fmd krfssifmds fjjuluiftg at, wnajn jfm igfd te siewamk ec tng matrekgm jfsjfdg, wnaig far trfmscgrs tng matrekgm lerg rfpadiy. Gxjgss matrekgm am tng gmvaremlgmt jemtrahutgs te lfmy ngfitn fmd gmvaremlgmtfi prehigls, amjiudamk?
• Jefstfi dgfd zemgs fmd stsn aiis dug te sgvgrg gutrepnajftaem er nypexaf rgsuitamk crel matrftg rum-efl
fmd igfjnamk amte ravgr systgls • Haedavgrsaty iess am tgrrgstrafi, crgsnwftgr fmd jefstfi
wftgr systgls dug te gutrepnajftaem fmd fjadastjftaem • Kreumdwftgr peiiutaem hy matrftgs • Crgsnwftgr peiiutaem dug te gutrepnajftaem fmd fjadastjftaem • Nulfm ngfitn alpfjts rgsuitamk crel tng cerlftaem ec
fgreseis fmd kreumd-igvgi (trepespngraj) ezemg, f lfam jelpemgmt ec slek, jfusamk rgsparftery dasgfsgs
• Xgdujgd jrep, cergst fmd krfssifmd predujtavaty dug te matrekgm dgpesataem fmd evgr-cgrtaiazftaem, fs wgii fs kreumd-igvgi ezemg gxpesurg
• Kiehfi jialftg jnfmkg fmd tng dgpigtaem ec strftespngraj ezemg, wnajn pretgjts iacg em Gfrtn crel nfrlcui uitrfvaeigt (WS) rfys
Xgfd lerg fheut tng matrekgm jfsjfdg am tng 822: Qgfr Hee`.
Matrekgm cgrtaiazgrs? 622 ygfrs ec usamk tng
Nfhgr-Hesjn prejgss
Tngrg as fm fhumdfmjg ec matrekgm am tng ftlespngrg, hut tnas matrekgm gxasts filest gmtargiy am f cerl tnft as umusfhig hy lest erkfmasls. Ftlespngraj matrekgm jfm hg lfdg usfhig er „rgfjtavg tnreukn mfturfi prejgssgs (g.k. matrekgm stxftaem hy igkulgs sujn fs seyhgfms) er frtastjafiiy. Tng Nfhgr-Hesjn prejgss as gssgmtafi cer tng lfmucfjturg ec cgrtaiazgrs jemtfamamk matrekgm, wnajn wgrg strst predujgd em fm amdustrafi sjfig am 616:.
Matrekgm Exadgs (ME )x
Matreus Exadg (M E)8
: -
Curtngr M glassaem fs ME & M E jfrryamk em tng jfsjfdg
r
Nakn tglpgrfturg jelhustaem & amdustry
Tgrrgstrafi Gutrepnajftaem
Crgsnwftgr Gutrepnajftaem
Jrep haeiekajfi matrekgm xftaem
M8Mr
Cgrtaiazgr lfmucfjturg
Lfmucfjturgd dgtgrkgmts &
etngr predujts
Zalpiastgd vagw ec tng matrekgm jfsjfdg
>
Amjrgfsgd jefstfi dgfd zemgs fmd jialftg jnfmkg alpfjts
Emkeamk rgsgfrjn as alprevamk eur umdgrstfmdamk ec new gxjgss matrekgm fflgjts far, wftgr fmd seai qufiaty, puts prgssurg em gjesystgls fmd haedavgrsaty, igfds te nulfm ngfitn ras`s, fmd fflgjts tng kiehfi jialftg. Hgjfusg ec nulfm ledastjftaem ec tng matrekgm jyjig, tnrgsneids cer rgfjtavg matrekgm nfvg firgfdy hggm gxjggdgd am selg pifjgs ‚ watn tng ras` ec hramkamk fheut fhrupt er arrgvgrsahig gmvaremlgmtfi jnfmkgs.
Erkfmasls rgquarg exykgm te krew fmd rgpredujg. „Dgfd
zemgs frg exykgm-dgpigtgd (nypexaj) frgfs tnft rgsuit crel evgr-gmrajnlgmt ec wftgrs watn mutragmts (gspgjafiiy matrekgm fmd pnespnerus), cer gxflpig crel cgrtaiazgr rum-efl, amdustrafi wfstg fmd sgwfkg. Xgpertgd jfsgs ec jefstfi dgfd zemgs nfvg deuhigd am gfjn ec tng ifst ceur dgjfdgs. Tngrg frg jurrgmtiy evgr 722 `mewm dgfd zemgs am tng werid, wngrgfs am 822: emiy freumd 672 sujn exykgm-dgpigtgd frgfs wgrg rgpertgd. Jiesg te 6222 etngr jefstfi fmd lframg frgfs frg gxpgragmjamk tng gflgjts ec gutrepnajftaem. Tng mulhgr ec frgfs adgmtastgd fs suflgramk crel nypexaf as amjrgfsamk lest rfpadiy am tng dgvgiepamk werid. Xfpad amjrgfsgs am fikfg krewtn am fquftaj systgls (fikfi hieels) frg staluiftgd hy mutragmt gmrajnlgmt. Tngy jfm amjiudg texaj fikfg er fikfg tnft, fctgr dgpesataem, jfusg dflfkg te iavamk jerfi rggcs.
Matrekgm glassaems te tng far ‚ metfhiy tnesg ec matreus
exadg (M 8 E) ‚ frg jemtrahutamk te jialftg jnfmkg. Matreus
exadg as mfturfiiy prgsgmt am rgiftavgiy slfii qufmtatags am tng ftlespngrg fs pfrt ec tng matrekgm jyjig. Newgvgr, nulfm fjtavatags sujn fs fkrajuiturg fmd dgcergstftaem, cessai cugi jelhustaem, amdustrafi prejgssgs fmd wfstgwftgr lfmfkglgmt frg amjrgfsamk tng fleumt am tng ftlespngrg.
Lerg tnfm twe-tnards ec ftlespngraj glassaems ec matreus exadg frasg crel prejgssgs am seais, ifrkgiy rgsuitamk crel fppiajftaem ec matrekgm cgrtaiazgrs. Zelg jeumtrags frg gxpgragmjamk amtgmsg far peiiutaem, lujn ec wnajn as dug te matrekgm glassaems. Tngsg glassaems rgsuit am dgpesataem ec matrekgm am tgrrgstrafi fmd fquftaj gjesystgls, watn alpiajftaems cer nulfm fmd gjesystgl ngfitn, haedavgrsaty fmd jialftg jnfmkg. Matrekgm dgpesataem rftgs am tng amdustrafiazgd fmd fkrajuiturfiiy amtgmsastgd rgkaems ec Jnamf
frg rgpertgdiy fs nakn fs tng pgf` rftgs am mertnwgstgrm Gurepg am tng 61>2s, hgcerg tng amtredujtaem ec matrekgm glassaem latakftaem lgfsurgs.
Matrekgm pifys f jratajfi reig am jialftg jnfmkg latakftaem, fdfptftaem fmd alpfjts. At nfs hggm sukkgstgd tnft matrekgm nfs f mgt jeeiamk gflgjt em jialftg jnfmkg tnreukn tng jemtrahutaem ec fgreseis (suspgmsaems ec tamy pfrtajigs cerlgd crel matreus exadg, matrekgm exadg fmd fllemaf tnft sjfttgr sumiaknt) fmd haelfss krewtn am tgrrgstrafi fmd fquftaj systgls dug te matrekgm cgrtaiazftaem, wnajn igfds te krgftgr jfrhem daexadg (JE
8 ) uptf`g. Jialftg wfrlamk rgsuits
crel amjrgfsgd matreus exadg glassaems, kreumd-igvgi ezemg predujtaem, fmd dflfkg te vgkgtftaem hgjfusg ec evgr- cgrtaiazftaem watn matrekgm. Gvgm watn tng mgt jeeiamk gflgjt, tngrgcerg, lujn jfm hg demg te rgdujg matrekgms wfrlamk alpfjts fmd jemtrahutg te gflerts te tfjìg jialftg jnfmkg.
Matreus exadg? tng „cerkettgm krggmneusg kfs
Matreus exadg (M 8
E) glassaems jemtamug te amjrgfsg kiehfiiy. M8E as f pewgrcui krggmneusg kfs tnft jfusgs strftespngraj ezemg ifygr dgpigtaem. Zelgtalgs rgcgrrgd te fs tng „cerkettgm krggmneusg kfs, at as evgr :22 talgs lerg gflgjtavg ft trfppamk ngft am tng ftlespngrg tnfm jfrhem daexadg (JE
8 ) evgr f 622-ygfr pgraed.
© nttp?//www.dfypaj.ru
matrekgm
1
[nft as hgamk demg te rgdujg gxjgss matrekgm rgigfsgs5
Am 8266 kevgrmlgmts fkrggd te fddrgss tng matrekgm jnfiigmkg hy gmdersamk tng Kiehfi Rfrtmgrsnap ec Mutragmt Lfmfkglgmt (KRML). Gstfhiasngd am 8221, KRML as f luita- stf`gneidgr pfrtmgrsnap lfdg up ec kevgrmlgmts, tng pravftg sgjter, tng sjagmtastj jellumaty, javai sejagty erkfmazftaems fmd WM fkgmjags ‚ fii jellattgd te preletamk gflgjtavg mutragmt lfmfkglgmt am erdgr te fjnagvg ceed sgjuraty (tnreukn amjrgfsgd predujtavaty), jemsgrvftaem ec mfturfi rgseurjgs fmd gmvaremlgmtfi pretgjtaem. Hy lgfms ec KRML,
jeumtrags fmd etngr stf`gneidgrs adgmtacy eppertumatags cer je-epgrftavg wer` fjress amtgrmftaemfi fmd rgkaemfi cerf fmd fkgmjags fddrgssamk mutragmts.
Am tng 8268 WM Jemcgrgmjg em Zustfamfhig Dgvgieplgmt (Xae+82) eutjelg dejulgmt „Tng Cuturg [g [fmt, kevgrmlgmts fise „metgd watn jemjgrm tnft tng ngfitn ec ejgfms fmd lframg haedavgrsaty frg mgkftavgiy fflgjtgd hy (…) matrekgm-hfsgd jelpeumds, crel f mulhgr ec lframg fmd ifmd-hfsgd seurjgs. [erid igfdgrs ft Xae+82 lfdg f jellatlgmt te fjt te rgdujg tng amjadgmjg fmd alpfjts ec sujn peiiutaem em lframg gjesystgls. Tnas jellatlgmt hy tng kiehfi jellumaty mggds te hg tf`gm cerwfrd tnreukn f jemjgrtgd prekrfllg ec fjtaems, amjiudamk jrgftamk krgftgr fwfrgmgss ec tng urkgmt mggd cer hgttgr mutragmt lfmfkglgmt fmd wfstg trgftlgmt.
F mulhgr ec teeis nfvg hggm dgvgiepgd am rgjgmt ygfrs
te amjrgfsg fwfrgmgss ec tng matrekgm assug hy dgjasaemlf`grs fmd tng kgmgrfi puhiaj, fs wgii fs te gdujftg cfrlgrs fmd etngrs am tng fkrajuiturfi sgjter em hgttgr mutragmt lfmfkglgmt. Tngsg amjiudg tng M-Jfijuifter, f „matrekgm ceetpramt ledgi, M-Zam`, f salpig kge-spftafi teei dgsakmgd cer wftgrsngd lfmfkgrs, fmd M-Sasufiasftaem, f teei watn fmalftaems tnft ngips usgrs umdgrstfmd tng gflgjts ec daflgrgmt lgfsurgs em tng gmvaremlgmt, gjemelags fmd ifmd usg.
Cgrtaiazgr hgst lfmfkglgmt prfjtajgs frg dgsakmgd te lfxalazg tng hgmgstts ec usamk lfmucfjturgd cgrtaiazgrs weridwadg fmd te lamalazg tng mgkftavg alpfjts ec tngar lasusg er evgr-usg. Tngrg as jemsadgrfhig sjepg cer cfrlgrs usamk cgrtaiazgrs te alprevg tng gjagmjy ec tngar mutragmt lfmfkglgmt. Cer gxflpig, dgspatg tng 6116 Gurepgfm Wmaem (GW) Matrftgs Dargjtavg, wnajn as amtgmdgd te prgvgmt matrftgs
crel fkrajuiturfi seurjgs peiiutamk kreumd fmd surcfjg wftgrs, emiy twe GW jeumtrags, Dgmlfr` fmd tng Mgtngrifmds, nfvg rgdujgd tnas typg ec matrekgm peiiutaem se cfr.
Emg rgfsem cer amgjagmt mutragmt usg as tng gxastgmjg ec cgrtaiazgr suhsadags am lfmy jeumtrags. Curtngrlerg, gdujftaem fmd gxtgmsaem sgrvajgs ectgm cejus em amjrgfsamk predujtaem tnreukn cgrtaiazgr usg, rftngr tnfm em fppiyamk cgrtaiazgr lerg gjagmtiy am vagw ec tng mgkftavg gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts ec
gxjgssavg matrekgm amputs.
Hgttgr lfmfkglgmt prfjtajgs frg gssgmtafi te alprevg matrekgm usg gjagmjy. Tnas as tng lest jest-gflgjtavg eptaem cer rgdujamk matrekgm iessgs te tng gmvaremlgmt crel fkrajuiturfi seurjgs. Tngrg frg ifrkg vfraftaems am cfrl typgs fmd sazgs, jialftaj jemdataems, seais fmd etngr cfjters. Fdgquftg fmd fpprepraftg kuadgiamgs, gdujftaemfi prekrfllgs fmd amdgpgmdgmt gxtgmsaem sgrvajgs frg rgquargd tnreukneut tng werid.
Tgjnmeiekajfi ammevftaems jfm fise ialat tng fleumt ec matrekgm rgigfsgd te tng gmvaremlgmt, wnaig gmsuramk ceed sgjuraty cer haiiaems ec pgepig. Jemtreiigd-rgigfsg cgrtaiazgrs fmd cgrtaiazgr dggp pifjglgmt frg gxflpigs. Zujn ammevftaems frg falgd ft amjrgfsamk jrep yagids fmd cfrlgrs amjelgs wnaig rgdujamk tng fleumt ec cgrtaiazgr usgd fmd igssgmamk gmvaremlgmtfi dflfkg.
Tng veiulg ec sgwfkg fmd amdustrafi wfstg kgmgrftgd hy fkrewamk werid pepuiftaem nfs amjrgfsgd matrekgm amputs te tng gmvaremlgmt. Am dgvgiepamk jeumtrags, cgwgr tnfm :7% ec jatags nfvg fmy cerl ec sgwfkg trgftlgmt. [ngrg sujn cfjaiatags gxast, tngy ectgm prevadg emiy pralfry trgftlgmt, wnajn degs iattig te rglevg matrekgm. Gvgm am tng dgvgiepgd werid, lfmy sgwfkg trgftlgmt cfjaiatags de met amjiudg tng tgrtafry trgftlgmt tnft rglevgs lest ec tng matrekgm.
Tngrg as wadg rgjekmataem tnft tng matrekgm assug mggds te hg hgttgr umdgrsteed fmd jellumajftgd am erdgr te rgdujg iessgs te tng gmvaremlgmt fmd jrgftg tng lelgmtul te tf`g gflgjtavg fjtaem. Am pfrtajuifr, fwfrgmgss as mggdgd ec tng gmvaremlgmtfi fmd nulfm ngfitn jemsgqugmjgs ec gvgr- amjrgfsamk matrekgm amputs, amjiudamk matrekgms jratajfi reig am jialftg jnfmkg latakftaem, fdfptftaem fmd alpfjts.
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Tewfrds amtgkrftgd matrekgm lfmfkglgmt
Eur `mewigdkg ec tng matrekgm jyjig nfs alprevgd am tng ifst dgjfdg, fiemk watn eur fhaiaty te qufmtacy tng seurjgs, cftg fmd alpfjts ec matrekgm am tng gmvaremlgmt. Newgvgr, hgjfusg ec tng jelpigxaty ec tng matrekgm jyjig fmd tng daflgrgmt sjfigs amveivgd (crel iejfi te kiehfi), sjagmtastj umdgrstfmdamk fmd lgfsurgs te rgdujg matrekgm peiiutaem frg ectgm cejusgd em amdavadufi sgjters.
Tngrg as fise f crfklgmtftaem ec tng peiajags tnft fddrgss
fspgjts ec tng matrekgm jnfiigmkg. Tngsg peiajags typajfiiy cejus em gmvaremlgmtfi jelpfrtlgmts (g.k. far, wftgr, seai), pfrtajuifr gmvaremlgmtfi assugs (g.k. wfstg lfmfkglgmt, haedavgrsaty iess, jialftg jnfmkg) er f samkig cerl ec matrekgm (g.k. matrftgs, matrekgm exadgs).
Tng sjfig em wnajn stf`gneidgrs epgrftg fise daflgrs, rfmkamk crel tng kiehfi jelledaty igvgi am tng jfsg ec tng cgrtaiazgr amdustry te slfii-sjfig cfrlgrs fmd iejfi jellumatags. Lerg jelprgngmsavg, amtgkrftgd lfmfkglgmt as mggdgd te rgdujg tng fdvgrsg gflgjts ec gxjgss matrekgm am tng gmvaremlgmt wnaig eptalazamk ceed predujtaem fmd gmgrky usg. Tngrg as fm urkgmt mggd te?
• Dgvgiep oeamgd-up fpprefjngs tnft tf`g amte fjjeumt alpfjts em tng matrekgm jyjig am, cer gxflpig, tng predujtaem fmd jemsulptaem ec ceed fmd gmgrky, fs wgii
fs tng ras`s te gjesystgls, haedavgrsaty, tng jialftg fmdnulfm ngfitn • Gstfhiasn amtgrmftaemfiiy fkrggd tfrkgts cer amtgkrftgd
matrekgm lfmfkglgmt • Jeerdamftg (fmd jeiifherftg) flemk rgkaems fmd
iejftaems am erdgr te lf`g tng ifrkg alprevglgmts mggdgd am kiehfi matrekgm usg gjagmjy
Emg ec tng `gy lgssfkgs ec tng rgjgmt „Eur Mutragmt [erid
rgpert as tnft f 82% alprevglgmt am kiehfi mutragmt usg gjagmjy hy 8282 weuid rgdujg fmmufi usg ec matrekgm cgrtaiazgr hy fm gstalftgd 82 laiiaem temmgs. Tnas, am turm, jeuid predujg mgt sfvamks ec WZ$72-422 haiiaem pgr ygfr am tgrls ec alprevglgmts am nulfm ngfitn, jialftg fmd haedavgrsaty.
Zejagty cfjgs preceumd jnfiigmkgs am tryamk te lggt kiehfi dglfmds cer ceed, sthrg fmd cugi wnaig lamalazamk matrekgms umamtgmdgd mgkftavg gmvaremlgmtfi fmd nulfm ngfitn alpfjts. Gflgjtavg lfmfkglgmt peiajags mggd te hg am pifjg te prgvgmt er rgdujg far peiiutaem, gutrepnajftaem fmd jialftg gflgjts, flemk etngrs. F mulhgr ec `gy fjtaems cer lerg gflgjtavg lfmfkglgmt nfvg hggm prepesgd tnft jeuid rgdujg tng fleumt ec matrekgm gmtgramk tng gmvaremlgmt, usamk fm amtgkrftgd fpprefjn. Kgmgrfiiy tngsg amjiudg tng ceiiewamk?
• Cejusamk em mfturfi predujtaem (matrekgm „stxamk) wnaig ialatamk ews ec rgfjtavg matrekgm
• Caxamk matrekgm am sujn f wfy tnft at degs met stmd ats wfy hfj` amte tng gmvaremlgmt, fmd, ac pessahig, rgusg matrekgm
• Wsamk tgjnmeieky tnft jemvgrts matrekgm hfj` amte umrgfjtavg matrekgm (M
8 ) fs seem fs pessahig
Tgjnmeiekajfi ammevftaems ‚ fmd wadg dassglamftaem ec tngsg tgjnmeiekags fmd ec keed prfjtajgs ‚ frg jrujafi. Newgvgr, tng allgmsg alpfjts ec nulfm fjtavatags em tng matrekgm jyjig, gspgjafiiy samjg tng lad 82tn jgmtury, fise jfii cer rg- gvfiuftamk 86st jgmtury jemsulptaem pfttgrms ‚ tnft as, eur matrekgm ceetpramt.
Zeurjg? Zuttem gt fi. 826:
matrekgm
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Dfvadsem, G.F., gt fi. (8268). Gxjgss matrekgm am tng W.Z.
gmvaremlgmt? Trgmds, ras`s, fmd seiutaems. Assugs am Gjeieky Xgpert Me. 67. Gjeiekajfi Zejagty ec Flgrajf nttp?//www.wnrj.erk/rgseurjgs/puhiajftaems/pdc/ DfvadsemgtfiAssugsGjei.68.pdc
Dìfz, X., gt fi. (8268). Fkrajuiturgs Alpfjt em Fqufjuiturg? Nypexaf fmd Gutrepnajftaem am Lframg [ftgrs. EGJD nttp?//www.egjd.erk/tfd/sustfamfhig- fkrajuiturg/41>463:2.pdc
GJ (826:). Zjagmjg cer Gmvaremlgmt Reiajy. Matrekgm Reiiutaem fmd tng Gurepgfm Gmvaremlgmt Alpiajftaems cer Far Vufiaty Reiajy nttp?//www.gj.gurepf.gu/ gmvaremlgmt/amtgkrftaem/rgsgfrjn/mgwsfigrt/pdc/AX3. pdc
Graslfm, O.[. gt fi. (826:). Jemsgqugmjgs ec nulfm ledastjftaem ec tng kiehfi matrekgm jyjig. Rnai. Trfms. Xey. Zej. :3> (6386) nttp?// www.rsth.reyfisejagtypuhiasnamk.erk/ jemtgmt/:3>/6386/826:2663.snert
Graslfm, O.[. gt fi. (8266). Xgfjtavg matrekgm am tng gmvaremlgmt fmd ats gflgjt em jialftg jnfmkg, Jurrgmt Epamaem am Gmvaremlgmtfi Zustfamfhaiaty : (7), 8>6-812 nttp?//www.rgsgfrjnkftg.mgt/puhiajftaem/8:2361447U XgfjtavgUmatrekgmUamUtngUgmvaremlgmtUfmdUatsU
gflgjtUemUjialftgUjnfmkg Graslfm, O.[. gt fi. (822>). New f jgmtury ec fllemaf symtngsas jnfmkgd tng werid. Mfturg Kgesjagmjg 6, 3:3 - 3:1 nttp?//www.mfturg.jel/mkge/oeurmfi/v6/m62/ fhs/mkge:87.ntli
Cewigr, D., gt fi. (826:). Tng kiehfi matrekgm jyjig am tng twgmty-strst jgmtury? amtredujtaem. Rnaiesepnajfi Trfmsfjtaems ec tng Xeyfi Zejagty. H? Haeiekajfi Zjagmjgs, :3>, 6386 nttp?//www.rsth.reyfisejagtypuhiasnamk.erk/ jemtgmt/:3>/6386/826:2637.cuii
Kfiiewfy, O.M. gt fi. (822:). Tng matrekgm jfsjfdg. HaeZjagmjg, 7: (4), :46-:73.
Kfiiewfy, O., gt fi. (822>). Trfmscerlftaem ec tng matrekgm jyjig? Xgjgmt trgmds, qugstaems, fmd petgmtafi seiutaems. Zjagmjg, :82 (7>;>), >>1->18 nttp?//www.sjagmjglfk. erk/jemtgmt/:82/7>;>/>>1
Igfjn, F.L. gt fi. (8268). F matrekgm ceetpramt ledgi te ngip jemsulgrs umdgrstfmd tngar reig am matrekgm iessgs te tng gmvaremlgmt. Gmvaremlgmtfi Dgvgieplgmt 6, 42‚33 nttp?//www.sjagmjgdargjt.jel/sjagmjg/frtajig/ paa/Z88664347662222>^
Iau, ^., gt fi. (826:). Gmnfmjgd matrekgm dgpesataem evgr Jnamf. Mfturg, 414, 471-438 nttp?//www.mfturg.jel/
mfturg/oeurmfi/v414/m;4:>/pdc/mfturg6616;.pdc Meemg, @.O., gt fi. (826:). Lfmfkamk Ejgfm Gmvaremlgmts am f Jnfmkamk Jialftg? Zustfamfhaiaty fmd Gjemelaj Rgrspgjtavgs. Gisgvagr nttp?//www. sjagmjgdargjt.jel/sjagmjg/hee`/1;>26842;33>3
ZTFR (Zjagmtastj fmd Tgjnmajfi Fdvasery Rfmgi) (8266).
Nypexaf fmd Mutragmt Xgdujtaem am tng Jefstfi _emg. Fdvajg cer Rrgvgmtaem, Xglgdaftaem fmd Xgsgfrjn. F ZTFR Fdvasery Dejulgmt. Kiehfi Gmvaremlgmt Cfjaiaty nttp?//www.tngkgc.erk/kgc/satgs/tngkgc.erk/stigs/ puhiajftaem/ZTFRUNypexafUiew.pdc
Zuddaj`, G.J., gt fi. (826:). Tng reig ec matrekgm am jialftg jnfmkg fmd tng alpfjts ec matrekgm-jialftg amtgrfjtaems am tng Wmatgd Ztftgs? cergwerd te tnglftaj assug. Haekgejnglastry, 664?6-62 nttp?//www.iam`. spramkgr.jel/frtajig/62.622;/s627::-268-1;17- z#pfkg-6
Zuttem, L. F., gt fi. (8266). Tng Gurepgfm Matrekgm Fssgsslgmt? Zeurjgs, Gflgjts fmd Reiajy Rgrspgjtavgs. Jflhradkg Wmavgrsaty Rrgss0 Zullfry cer Reiajy Lf`grs nttp?//www.fssgts.jflhradkg.erk/1;>662;2/23683/ cremtlfttgr/1;>662;223683Ucremtlfttgr.pdc
Zuttem, L.F., gt fi. (826:). Eur Mutragmt [erid. Tng jnfiigmkg te predujg lerg ceed fmd gmgrky watn igss peiiutaem nttp?//www.kpf.umgp.erk/amdgx.pnp/kiehfi- pfrtmgrsnap-em-mutragmt-lfmfkglgmt/puhiajftaems- fmd-rgseurjgs/kiehfi-pfrtmgrsnap-em-mutragmt- lfmfkglgmt-kpml/64:-eur-mutragmt-werid
Tnelpsem, F.O., gt fi. (gds.) (8268f). Lggtamk Assug
’Matreus exadg? tng cerkettgm krggmneusg kfs“.Rnaiesepnajfi Trfmsfjtaems ec tng Xeyfi Ze jagty. H? Haeiekajfi Zjagmjgs, :3; nttp?//www.rsth. reyfisejagtypuhiasnamk.erk/satg/8268/matreusUexadg. xntli
WMDGZF, WM-DEFIEZ/EIF, AFGF, ALE, AEJ-WMGZJE, WMDR, WMGR, WM[TE (8264). New ejgfms- fmd sgfs-rgiftgd lgfsurgs jemtrahutg te tng gjemelaj, sejafi fmd gmvaremlgmtfi dalgmsaems ec sustfamfhig dgvgieplgmt? Iejfi fmd rgkaemfi gxpgragmjgs nttp?// www.sustfamfhigdgvgieplgmt.um.erk/jemtgmt/ dejulgmts/6::1MemUrgjurrgmtUgUpuhiajftaemU
EjgfmsUstmfi%82vgrsaem.pdc WMGR (826:). Drfwamk Dewm M8E te Rretgjt Jialftg fmd tng Ezemg Ifygr. F WMGR Zymtngsas Xgpert. Wmatgd Mftaems Gmvaremlgmt Rrekrfllg (WMGR), Mfareha, @gmyf nttp?//www.umgp.erk/puhiajftaems/ghee`s/ WMGRM8Ergpert/
WMGR fmd [eeds Neig Xgsgfrjn Jgmtgr (822;). Xgfjtavg Matrekgm am tng Gmvaremlgmt? Tee Lujn er Tee Iattig ec f Keed Tnamk nttp?//www.umgp.cr/sjp/puhiajftaems/ dgtfais.fsp5ad<DTA/2124/RF
[erid Xgseurjgs Amstatutg (826:). Amtgrfjtavg Lfp ec Gutrepnajftaem & Nypexaf nttp?//www.wra.erk/eur-
wer`/preogjt/gutrepnajftaem-fmd-nypexaf
Glgrkgmjg fmd rg-glgrkgmjg ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs
TN G GL GX KG MJ G EC AM CG J TA EW Z DA ZG FZ GZ
Tng Glgrkgmjg ec Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs
Glgrkgmjg fmd rg-glgrkgmjg ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs
Zgvgrg fjutg rgsparftery symdrelg (ZFXZ) wfs strst rgpertgd am Fsaf am Cghrufry 822:. Hgcerg tnas varfi rgsparftery aiimgss wfs ejafiiy dgjifrgd jemtfamgd oust stvg lemtns iftgr, at nfd sprgfd te lerg tnfm twe dezgm jeumtrags am Mertn fmd Zeutn Flgrajf, Gurepg fmd Fsaf, àiiamk ;;4 pgepig fmd lfàmk lerg tnfm >222 etngrs aii. Tng ZFXZ euthrgf` ‚ jfusgd hy f prgvaeusiy um`mewm jeremfvarus (ZFXZ-JeS) wnajn ia`giy nfd sprgfd crel hfts te nulfms ‚ wfs f stummamk gxflpig ec nulfm pepuiftaems, gjemelaj fjtavatags, gmvaremlgmtfi
jemdataems fmd far trfvgi jelamk tekgtngr, jrgftamk f kiehfi ngfitn tnrgft.
Nulfm amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs frg jfusgd hy pftnekgmaj lajreerkfmasls sujn fs hfjtgraf, varusgs, pfrfsatgs fmd cumka tnft sprgfd dargjtiy er amdargjtiy vaf f vgjter crel emg pgrsem te fmetngr er crel fm fmalfi te pgepig. Tng 8224/7 Qgfr Hee` rgpertgd tnft 67 laiiaem pgepig dagd fmmufiiy crel amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs, lfàmk tngl tng werids igfdamk jfusg ec dgftn fmd fjjeumtamk cer 87% ec kiehfi lertfiaty. Jemtrahutamk te tnas alpfjt wfs tng krewamk rgsastfmjg ec lfmy vgjters te pgstajadgs fmd ec selg pfrfsatgs te lgdajamgs, fs wgii fs tng siew dgvgieplgmt ec fflerdfhig mgw vfjjamgs.
Gmvaremlgmtfi jnfmkg pifys f lfoer reig am tng glgrkgmjg fmd rg-glgrkgmjg ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Cer gxflpig, tng dgtgraerftaem er dgstrujtaem ec mfturfi nfhatfts jfm rgdujg
tng mulhgr ec mfturfi prgdfters, jnfmkg tng delamfmjg ec spgjags, er jrgftg cfveurfhig jemdataems cer dasgfsg nests. Amcrfstrujturg, sujn fs dfls fmd arrakftaem jnfmmgis, jrgftgs adgfi gmvaremlgmts cer lesquategs, wnajn frg tng vgjter rgspemsahig cer dasgfsgs ia`g lfifraf fmd dgmkug cgvgr.
Dasgfsgs jfrragd hy fkgmts tnft frg eutsadg tng nulfm nest duramk lest ec tngar iacgjyjig frg gspgjafiiy susjgptahig te hgamk fflgjtgd hy gmvaremlgmtfi jemdataems.
Ifmd usg jnfmkg fmd dgcergstftaem jfm hramk pgepig jiesgr te waidiacg, fiiewamk prgvaeusiy um`mewm dasgfsgs te sprgfd te nulfms. Gheif fmd Iylg dasgfsg frg gxflpigs, hut etngr dasgfsgs fise nfvg emg er lerg fmalfi rgsgrvears am tng waid. Tng vfst lfoeraty ec glgrkamk amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs frg zeemetaj .
Lfmy pgepig weridwadg ifj` fdgquftg sfmatftaem, wfstg lfmfkglgmt er vgjter jemtrei. Am 8268, >3: laiiaem pgepig iavgd am siul-ia`g jemdataems. [ngtngr evgrjrewdamk rgsuits crel pevgrty, er daspifjglgmt dug te jemajts er mfturfi dasfstgrs, at jfm igfd te jemtfkaem ‚ jrgftamk f hrggdamk kreumd cer amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs ia`g amugmzf, lfifraf fmd [gst Maig varus tnft frg jfrragd hy wftgr, far, ceed, lesquategs er redgmts.
Xgfd lerg fheut glgrkamk fmd rg-glgrkamk amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs am tng 8224/7 Qgfr Hee`.Sgjters
F vgjter as fm fmalfi, typajfiiy fm frtnreped (g.k. f taj` eramsgjt), wnajn trfmslats fm amcgjtaeus dasgfsg te f nest. Lest vgjters fjquarg f dasgfsg crel emg nest fmd trfmslat at te fmetngr. Newgvgr, selg vgjters frg amcgjtgd „vgrtajfiiy vaf tngar letngrs.
© Hfifzs @evfjs Alfkgs/Znuttgrstej`
_eemetaj dasgfsgs
_eemetaj dasgfsgs frg dasgfsgs am wnajn tng pftnekgm as trfmslattgd crel f mem-nulfm vgrtghrftg nest te nulfms.
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Jelhfttamk amcgjtaeus dasgfsg wnaig fddrgssamk gmvaremlgmtfi jnfiigmkgs
Amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs frg tng werids igfdamk jfusg ec dgftn cer jnaidrgm fmd fdeigsjgmts. Tngy frg tng sgjemd igfdamk evgrfii jfusg ec dgftn fctgr ngfrt dasgfsg. Jemtamueus euthrgf`s ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs nfvg hggm rgpertgd duramk tng pfst dgjfdg. Am tng strst nfic ec 8264, gheif jfusgd evgr 822 dgftns am [gst Fcrajf fmd evgr 722 pgepig jemtrfjtgd Laddig Gfst Xgsparftery Zymdrelg (LGXZ). Tngrg wgrg lerg tnfm 647 cftfi jfsgs ec LGXZ.
Fitneukn krgft stradgs nfvg hggm lfdg, laiiaems ec pgepig jemtamug te dag gfjn ygfr crel amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs fmd laiiaems lerg suflgr pgrlfmgmt dasfhaiatags er peer ngfitn. F trapig tnrgft as rgprgsgmtgd hy mgw amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs, tng rg-glgrkgmjg ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs tnft wgrg emjg umdgr jemtrei, fmd tng jemtamueus dgvgieplgmt ec fmtahaetaj rgsastfmjg. Fiemk watn jnfmkgs am sejagty fmd tgjnmeieky ‚ fmd am tng lajreerkfmasls tnglsgivgs ‚ tngsg cfjters frg jemtrahutamk te f „pgrcgjt sterl ec vuimgrfhaiaty.
Gmvaremlgmtfi cfjters pify f lfoer reig am tng dgvgieplgmt fmd trfmslassaem ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Zjagmjg amjrgfsamkiy snews tnft nulfm-amdujgd jnfmkgs am tng gmvaremlgmt iam`gd te pepuiftaem dymflajs, jialftg jnfmkg, ifmd usg fmd kiehfiazftaem frg fssejaftgd watn amcgjtaeus dasgfsg pfttgrms. Haedavgrsaty, wnajn jfm pify fm alpertfmt reig fs f huflgr, ngips pretgjt fkfamst amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Zgvgrfi
studags nfvg sukkgstgd tnft fs haedavgrsaty as iest, tngrg as fmamjrgfsg am tng rftg ec dasgfsg trfmslassaem. F rfmkg ec cfjters lfy hg amveivgd, amjiudamk jnfmkgs am tng fhumdfmjg fmd fitgrgd hgnfvaeur ec f nest, vgjter er pfrfsatg. Tnas gflgjt ec haedavgrsaty iess nfs hggm rgpertgd cer dasgfsgs amjiudamk lfifraf, Iylg dasgfsg, Jnfkfs dasgfsg, igasnlfmafsas fmd sjnasteselafsas.
Lfoer prekrgss am lfifraf jemtrei am tng pfst dgjfdg nfs fise
hggm lfdg pfrtiy tnreukn gmvaremlgmtfi lfmfkglgmt. Hy prgvgmtamk er rglevamk tng hrggdamk satgs ec lesquategs tnft jfrry tng lfifraf pfrfsatg, fmd ggpamk tng lesquategs eut ec iavamk spfjgs (g.k. watn sjrggms fmd trgftgd lesquate hgd mgts, jeupigd watn sprfyamk), lfifraf trfmslassaem nfs hggm
rgdujgd te jiesg te zgre am selg jellumatags. Lertfiaty rftgs dreppgd hy 48% kiehfiiy fmd hy 41% am Fcrajf hgtwggm 8222 fmd 8268, watn fm gstalftgd 472,222 iavgs sfvgd am f samkig ygfr.
Newgvgr, kiehfi jialftg jnfmkg as gxpgjtgd te rgsuit am amjrgfsgd rfamcfii fmd nakngr tglpgrfturgs. At fise waii igfd te jnfmkgs am nfhatfts fmd am tng prgsgmjg ec vgjters sujn fs lesquategs, wnajn waii hg fhig te levg amte mgw frgfs
fmd rgfjn vuimgrfhig pepuiftaems tnft nfvg nfd iattig er me prgvaeus gxpesurg te tng dasgfsgs. F rgjgmt study am tng naknifmds ec Gtnaepaf fmd Jeielhaf snewgd tnft lfifraf as firgfdy sprgfdamk am wfrlgr ygfrs te nakngr gigvftaems wngrg at wfs met prgvaeusiy sggm. Tnas alpiags tnft tngrg lfy hg curtngr gxpesurgs ec dgmsgiy pepuiftgd rgkaems ec Fcrajf fmd Iftam Flgrajf te lfifraf fs f rgsuit ec jialftg jnfmkg.
Rrgvgmtamk amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs tnreukn gmvaremlgmtfi lfmfkglgmt fmd jialftg jnfmkg latakftaem as nakniy jest- gflgjtavg. Cer gxflpig, lfifraf jests Fcrajf WZ$68 haiiaem fmmufiiy wnaig f jelprgngmsavg Fcrajfm lfifraf jemtrei prekrfllg weuid jest fm fvgrfkg ec WZ$: haiiaem pgr ygfr.
Wmdgrstfmdamk new f jnfmkamk jialftg fmd gmvaremlgmt dravg tng glgrkgmjg fmd rg-glgrkgmjg ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs jfm igfd te gflgjtavg strftgkags te jelhft tngar dgvgieplgmt
fmd sprgfd. Gjesystgl- fmd jellumaty-hfsgd fpprefjngsnfvg prevgm te hg vfiufhig teeis.
Jialftg jnfmkg? f kflg jnfmkgr5
Jialftg jnfmkg nfs alpiajftaems cer nulfm ngfitn, gspgjafiiy watn rgspgjt te vgjter-hermg fmd wftgr-hermg amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs sujn fs jneigrf fmd dgmkug. Rfrfsatgs fmd wftgr-hermg pftnekgms fmd vgjters lfy stmd f lerg nespatfhig gmvaremlgmt met emiy wngrg tngrg frg wfrlgr tglpgrfturgs, hut fise wngrg tngrg as rasamk nuladaty er dasfstgr gvgmts frg ejjurramk. Am jeumtrags wngrg selg amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs nfvg gssgmtafiiy hggm grfdajftgd, jialftg jnfmkg jeuid gxpfmd vgjter rfmkg fmd selg dasgfsgs jeuid lf`g f jelghfj`.
Tfàmk fjtaems te jelhft amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs
Tng gflgjtavgmgss ec gjesystgl fmd gmvaremlgmtfi lfmfkglgmt fpprefjngs am stkntamk tng sprgfd ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs as kfamamk rgjekmataem crel kevgrmlgmts fmd iejfi jellumatags. Cer gxflpig, f mgw preogjt am Jgmtrfi Flgrajf as tfàmk fm „gjengfitn fpprefjn te jelhfttamk Jnfkfs dasgfsg am Gi Zfivfder, Kuftglfif fmd Nemdurfs. Xgsgfrjngrs frg weràmk te rgdujg tng trfmslassaem ec tnas dasgfsg hy jemtreiiamk tng amsgjt spgjags tnft amcgst peeriy jemstrujtgd nelgs fmd jfrry tng dasgfsg-jfusamk pfrfsatg. Tnas preogjt
huaids em tng sujjgss ec prgvaeus gflerts am Kuftglfif (822:- 62), wngrg Jnfkfs dasgfsg wfs jemtreiigd hy jelhamamk jellumaty gdujftaem watn neusamk alprevglgmts.
Alpertfmt lgssfkgs fheut dasgfsg trfmslassaem mggd te hg dassglamftgd te jellumatags am salpig hut ammevftavg
wfys. Gdujftaemfi jflpfakms hy mem-kevgrmlgmtfierkfmazftaems (MKEs) fmd etngrs ngip rfasg fwfrgmgss fmd jnfmkg jellumaty ngfitn fmd sfmatftaem prfjtajgs. Am Amdaf f jflpfakm preletamk nfmd-wfsnamk watn sefp, ZuppgrFllf, nfs hreuknt fheut iemk-ifstamk hgnfvaeurfi jnfmkgs am letngrs fmd jnaidrgm tnft nfvg ngipgd rgdujg tng rftg ec dafrrnegf fmd rgsparftery amcgjtaems.
Alprevamk f jellumatys fjjgss te wftgr, sfmatftaem fmd
nykagmg ([FZN) as fmetngr gflgjtavg wfy te lamalazg tng ras`s ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsg. Am 8268, [FZN amataftavgs alpiglgmtgd tnreukn tng Wmatgd Mftaems Jnaidrgms Cumd (WMAJGC) mem- glgrkgmjy prekrfllgs ngipgd lerg tnfm 62 laiiaem pgepig kfam fjjgss te alprevgd sfmatftaem, ifrkgiy tnfm`s te tng gxpfmsaem ec jellumaty fpprefjngs. Zujn fjtavatags frg fise fjtavgiy suppertgd hy MKEs fmd etngr WM erkfmazftaems,
amjiudamk tng Wmatgd Mftaems Dgvgieplgmt Rrekrfllg (WMDR), [NE fmd Excfl.
Gflgjtavg prgvgmtaem ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs rgquargs kiehfi jeepgrftaem fmd jeerdamftaem. Amtgrmftaemfi trfvgi fmd trfdg jemtrahutg te tng rfpad sprgfd ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Zurvgaiifmjg as tngrgcerg fmetngr alpertfmt iamg ec dgcgmjg. Ft tng amtgrmftaemfi igvgi, [NE nfs gstfhiasngd tng Kiehfi Euthrgf` Figrt fmd Xgspemsg Mgtwer` (KEFXM), wnajn iam`s lgdajfi
amstatutaems, erkfmazftaems fmd mgtwer`s freumd tng werid te prevadg rfpad adgmtastjftaem ec fmy euthrgf`s tnft laknt hg ec amtgrmftaemfi alpertfmjg. NgfitnLfp as fm ammevftavg survgaiifmjg mgtwer` gstfhiasngd hy f tgfl ec rgsgfrjngrs, gpadglaeiekasts fmd sectwfrg dgvgiepgrs. Ats crggiy fjjgssahig wghsatg usgs dftf crel trfdataemfi fmd puhiaj ngfitn amcerlftaem systgls amjiudamk emiamg mgws, gygwatmgss fmd ejafi rgperts, te prevadg rgfi-talg emiamg survgaiifmjg amcerlftaem em glgrkamk dasgfsgs. Tngrg as gvadgmjg tnft NgfitnLfp amjrgfsgs tng sgmsatavaty fmd talgiamgss ec figrts fmd rgdujgs cfisg fifrls.

Jnfkfs dasgfsg
Jnfkfs dasgfsg as emg ec tng lest sgraeus puhiaj ngfitn jnfiigmkgs am Iftam Flgrajf fmd tng Jfrahhgfm. At as
jfusgd hy f pfrfsatg trfmslattgd crel waidiacg er delgstajfmalfis te pgepig hy tng hatg ec f traftelamg huk. Lerg tnfm 62 laiiaem pgepig am tng rgkaem frg amcgjtgd watn tnas dasgfsg, wnajn as gmdglaj am lfmy peer, rurfi frgfs. Emg-tnard ec tnesg wne frg amcgjtgd dgvgiep jnremaj Jnfkfs. At aiis lerg tnfm 62,222 pgepig pgr ygfr.
[natg-ceetgd leusg
(6268 pgr ngjtfrg)
Taj`s kreelgd efl fmd àiigd
(74>; pgr ngjtfrg) Taj`s cgd fmd amcgjtgd
(123 pgr ngjtfrg)
(7 pgr ngjtfrg)
(;> pgr ngjtfrg) Taj`s cgd fmd
umamcgjtgd (614 pgr ngjtfrg)
Xeigs ec nest spgjags am tng trfmslassaem ec Iylg dasgfsg am tng mertngfstgrm WZF
Cer vadge iam`s pigfsg ke te nttp?//www.frjnavg.peukn`ggpsagoeurmfi.jel/frtajig/826:2:2:/MG[Z24/:2:2:2238/SADGE-Rrgsgrvftaem-Fm-fmtadetg-Iylg-dasgfsg
63
F luita-sgjterfi fpprefjn te gmsurg ngfitny iacg cer fii
Tng jemtrei ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs jfm hg curtngr strgmktngmgd tnreukn rgjekmataem ec tng petgmtafi jemtrahutaem ec gmvaremlgmtfi lfmfkglgmt te prgvgmtamk tngar glgrkgmjg fmd sprgfd. Jialftg jnfmkg rglfams emg ec tng hakkgst tnrgfts watn rgspgjt te tng sprgfd ec vgjters fmd wftgr-hermg dasgfsg, gspgjafiiy dafrrnegfi dasgfsgs. Gvadgmjg, fmd hgttgr umdgrstfmdamk, ec tng luitapig hgmgstts ec jialftg jnfmkg latakftaem frg krewamk. Am fddataem, prfjtajfi amataftavgs sujn fs gmsuramk fdgquftg fjjgss te sfcg wftgr fmd sfmatftaem (g.k.
tnreukn tng Zfmatftaem fmd [ftgr cer Fii Kiehfi Rfrtmgrsnap) fmd fpprepraftg sngitgr jemtrahutg te jelhfttamk amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Amtgrmftaemfi dafiekug fmd jeepgrftaem nfvg hggm gssgmtafi am tng pfst fmd waii jemtamug te hg rgquargd am tng cuturg.
Tngrg as amjrgfsamk rgjekmataem ec tng reig gjesystgls fmd haedavgrsaty pify am pretgjtamk fmd gmnfmjamk nulfm ngfitn. Tnas kegs hgyemd umdasjevgrgd pifmts tnft laknt prevadg mgw trgftlgmts, er umdasturhgd wgtifmds tnft stitgr dasgfsg- jfusamk erkfmasls (g.k. am dramàmk wftgr) ‚ fitneukn tngsg hgmgstts frg fise alpertfmt frkulgmts cer haedavgrsaty jemsgrvftaem.
Gmvaremlgmtfi dasruptaem igfds te tng glgrkgmjg, flpiastjftaem fmd sprgfd ec mgw dasgfsgs, wnaig amtfjt gjesystgls nfvg f pretgjtavg gflgjt. Tnas sukkgsts fm gxjatamk mgw fpprefjn te amcgjtaeus dasgfsg jemtrei? hy weràmk te gmsurg f stremk fmd ngfitny gmvaremlgmt, wg jfm ngip pretgjt pgepig fkfamst tng dgvfstftamk alpfjts ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsg. Tngrg frg cerladfhig jnfiigmkgs te hg lgt. Amtgrfjtaems watnam gjesystgls frg jelpigx. Newgvgr, tngrg as lujn te hg kfamgd hy pursuamk tnas fpprefjn, wnajn jfm suppiglgmt lerg
trfdataemfi puhiaj ngfitn fjtavatags.
Ia`g etngr urkgmt gmvaremlgmtfiiy rgiftgd prehigls (g.k. far fmd wftgr peiiutaem), amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs mew me heumdfrags. Gflerts te prgvgmt, dgtgjt fmd rgspemd te amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs jfmmet hg jfrragd eut sujjgsscuiiy ft tng iejfi er mftaemfi igvgi fiemg, er hy f samkig kreup ec stf`gneidgrs. Jelhfttamk tngar sprgfd rgquargs wgii jeerdamftgd fjtaems, hfsgd em rgiafhig amcerlftaem fmd gflgjtavg jellumajftaem flemk
vfraeus pfrtmgrs. Luita-sgjterfi fpprefjngs tnft rgjekmazg tng reigs ec fjters ft fii igvgis mggd te hg hgttgr rgjekmazgd fmd suppertgd, pfrtajuifriy am dgvgiepamk jeumtrags, am erdgr te fddrgss tng iam`s hgtwggm nulfm ngfitn, tng gmvaremlgmt fmd gjemelaj fjtavatags fmd lf`g ngfitny iavgs cer fii pessahig.
© Znuttgrstej`/telkakfhatg
Fitazgr, Z., gt fi. (826:) Jialftg Jnfmkg fmd
Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs? Crel Gvadgmjg te f Rrgdajtavg Crflgwer` (fhstrfjt) nttp?//www.sjagmjglfk.erk/ jemtgmt/:46/3647/764.fhstrfjt
Hfttgrlfm, Z., gt fi. (8221) Zustfamfhig Jemtrei ec [ftgr- Xgiftgd Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs? F Xgvagw fmd Rrepesfi cer Amtgrdasjapiamfry Ngfitn-Hfsgd Zystgls Xgsgfrjn. Gmvaremlgmtfi Ngfitn Rgrspgjtavgs, 66;, ;, 628:-62:8
Hgzartzekieu, J., gt fi. (8266) Jialftg jnfmkgs, gmvaremlgmt fmd amcgjtaem? cfjts, sjgmfraes fmd krewamk fwfrgmgss crel tng puhiaj ngfitn jellumaty watnam Gurepg. Fmfgrehg, 6;, 3, ::;-42 nttp?//www.sjagmjgdargjt.jel/sjagmjg/frtajig/paa/ Z62;711346622627:
Hrewmstgam, O.Z., gt fi. (822>). Zurvgaiifmjg Zfms Cremtaîrgs? Amtgrmgt-Hfsgd Glgrkamk Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsg Amtgiiakgmjg fmd tng NgfitnLfp Rreogjt. RIEZ Lgdajamg, > Ouiy nttp?//www.pieslgdajamg.erk/frtajig/ amce%:Fdea%8C62.6:;6%8Coeurmfi.plgd.2272676
JDJ (Jgmtgrs cer Dasgfsg Jemtrei fmd Rrgvgmtaem) (Wmatgd Ztftgs) (8264f). Zgvgrg Fjutg Xgsparftery Zymdrelg (ZFXZ) nttp?//www.jdj.kev/sfrs/amdgx.ntli
JDJ (8264). [gst Maig Sarus nttp?//www.jdj.kev/ wgstmaig/amdgx.ntli
JDJ (8264). Gheif Nglerrnfkaj Cgvgr. Euthrgf` ec Gheif am Kuamgf, Iahgraf, fmd Zagrrf Igemg nttp?//www. jdj.kev/vnc/gheif/euthrgf`s/kuamgf/
JDJ (8264). Laddig Gfst Xgsparftery Zymdrelg (LGXZ) nttp?//www.jdj.kev/jeremfvarus/lgrs/
Dg Kreet, H.X.O., gt fi. (826:) Laddig Gfst rgsparftery symdrelg jeremfvarus (LGXZ-JeS)? fmmeumjglgmt ec tng Jeremfvarus Ztudy Kreup. Oeurmfi Sarei 826:0 >;? ;;12-;;18 nttp?//ova.fsl.erk/jemtgmt/>;/64/;;12.cuii
Cgrre, O. (826:). Haedavgrsaty alpfjts Iylg Dasgfsg. Reukn`ggpsag Oeurmfi, Cgh. 8>, 826: nttp?//www.
peukn`ggpsagoeurmfi.jel/frtajig/826:288>/MG[Z24/6:288>221/Jelamk-Zumdfy-Haedavgrsaty- alpfjts-Iylg-dasgfsg-wftjn-vadge
Keidstgam, H., gt fi. (8227). Glgrkamk fmd Xg-glgrkamk Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs? Iam`s te Gmvaremlgmtfi Jnfmkg. Kge Qgfr Hee` (8224/8227) Glgrkamk Jnfiigmkgs - Mgw Camdamks nttp?//www.umgp.erk/ygfrhee`/8224/pdc/ kgeUygfrheeÙ8224.pdc
Nfrvfrd Zjneei ec Ruhiaj Ngfitn/Jgmtrg cer Ngfitn fmd tng Kiehfi Gmvaremlgmt (8268). Haedavgrsaty fmd Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs nttp?//jnkg.lgd.nfrvfrd.gdu/tepaj/ haedavgrsaty-fmd-amcgjtaeus-dasgfsgs
AXDJ (Amtgrmftaemfi Dgvgieplgmt Xgsgfrjn Jgmtrg) (8264). Gjesystgls fmd nulfm ngfitn? [ny wg de wnft wg de. nttp?//www.adrj.jf/GM/Rrekrfls/FkrajuiturgU fmdUtngUGmvaremlgmt/GjesystglUFpprefjngsUteU NulfmUNgfitn/Rfkgs/Fheut.fspx
AXDJ (8264h). Gjesystgls fmd nulfm ngfitn? Tfjìamk
Jnfkfs dasgfsg am Jgmtrfi Flgrajf nttp?//www.adrj. jf/gm/prekrfls/fkrajuiturgUfmdUtngUgmvaremlgmt/ gjesystglUfpprefjngsUteUnulfmUngfitn/pfkgs/ frtajigdgtfais.fspx5puhiajftaemad<6622
ATW (Amtgrmftaemfi Tgigjellumajftaem Wmaem) (8264). Lehaig suhsjraptaems mgfr tng ; ha iiaem lfr`Degs filest gvgryemg nfvg f pnemg5 nttps?//atumgws.atu.amt/ Gm/:;46-Lehaig-suhsjraptaems-mgfr-tng-;>821haiiaem- lfr`hrDegs-filest-gvgryemg-nfvg-f-pnemg.metg.fspx
@ggsamk, C., gt fi. (8262). Alpfjts ec haedavgrsaty em tng glgrkgmjg fmd trfmslassaem ec amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Mfturg
Igvy, Z. (826:) Tng Iylg Dasgfsg Dghftg Nest Haedavgrsaty fmd Nulfm Dasgfsg Xas` . Gmvaremlgmtfi Ngfitn Rgrspgjtavgs, 686, 4, f682‚f687 nttp?//www. mjha.mil.man.kev/plj/frtajigs/RLJ:382218/
Lerfmd, Z.Z., gt fi. (8264). Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs fmd Tngar Euthrgf`s am Fsaf-Rfjastj? Haedavgrsaty fmd Ats Xgkuiftaem Iess Lfttgr. RIeZ Emg, 1, 8, g122:8 nttp?//www. piesemg.erk/frtajig/amce%:Fdea%8C62.6:;6%8Coeurmfi. pemg.22122:8
Lygrs, Z.Z., gt fi. (826:). Nulfm ngfitn alpfjts ec gjesystgl fitgrftaem. Rrejggdamks ec tng Mftaemfi
Fjfdgly ec Zjagmjg, 662, 4;, 6>;7:-6>;32 nttp?//www. wjs.erk/stigs/pdcs/RMFZ-826:-Nulfm-ngfitn-alpfjts- ec-gjesystgl-fitgrftaem.pdc
Lygrs, Z.Z. fmd Rftz, O.F. ( 8221). Glgrkamk tnrgfts te nulfm ngfitn crel kiehfi gmvaremlgmtfi jnfmkg. Fmmufi Xgvagw ec Gmvaremlgmt fmd Xgseurjgs, :4, 6. 88:-878 nttp?//jnkg.lgd.nfrvfrd.gdu/satgs/dgcfuit/ stigs/LygrsUGlgrkamkUTnrgftsUTeUNulfmU%82 NgfitnUcrelU%82KiehfiUGmvaremlgmtfiUJnfmkg.pdc
Estcgid, X., fmd @ggsamk, C. (8268) Gflgjts ec nest davgrsaty em amcgjtaeus dasgfsg. Fmmufi Xgvagw Gjeieky, Gveiutaem fmd Zystglftajs, 4:, 67;->8 nttp?//
www.fmmufirgvagws.erk/dea/fhs/62.6643/fmmurgv- gjeisys-628;62-647288
Ruhiaj Ngfitn Fkgmjy ec Jfmfdf (8264). Crgqugmtiy Fs`gd Vugstaems. Laddig Gfst Xgsparftery Zymdrelg Jeremfvarus (LGXZ-JeS) nttp?//www.pnfj-fspj.kj.jf/ gra-arg/jeremfvarus/cfjt-cguaiigt-gmk.pnp
Xfmdeipn, Z.G. (8221) Rgrspgjtavgs em jialftg jnfmkg
alpfjts em amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs. Gjeieky, 12, 4, 18;-1:6nttp?//www.gsfoeurmfis.erk/dea/fhs/62.6>12/2>-2723.6
Zarfo, F.Z. (8264). Fitatudamfi Jnfmkgs am Lfifraf Amjadgmjg am Naknifmds ec Gtnaepaf fmd Jeielhaf. Zjagmjg, :4:, 36;7,6674-667>. nttp?//www.sjagmjglfk. erk/jemtgmt/:4:/36;7/6674
Tng Kiehfi Ngfitn Reiajy Jgmtgr (8264). Amcgjtaeus
Dasgfsgs? f Rgrsastgmt Tnrgft .nttp?//www. slfrtkiehfingfitn.erk/assugs/gmtry/amcgjtaeus-dasgfsgs
Wigry, H.D., gt fi. (8266). Dgsakm ec f Rretgjtavg Zamkig-Desg Amtrfmfsfi Mfmepfrtajig-Hfsgd Sfjjamg Riftcerl cer Xgsparftery Amcgjtaeus Dasgfsgs. RIeZ EMG, 3,:, g6;348 nttp?//www.piesemg.erk/frtajig/ amce%:Fdea%8C62.6:;6%8Coeurmfi.pemg.226;348
WMAJGC (Wmatgd Mftaems Jnaidrgms Cumd) (8264). Zfmatftaem updftgs. Mgws, epamaems fmd rgseurjgs cer sfmatftaem cer fii nttp?//sfmatftaemupdftgs.werdprgss. jel
[NE ([erid Ngfitn Erkfmazftaem) (822:). ZFXZEuthrgf` Jemtreiigd. [eridwadg Lgdaf Jgmtrg nttp?// www.wne.amt/lgdafjgmtrg/mgws/rgigfsgs/822:/pr73/ gm/
[NE (826:). Kiehfi Sfjjamg Fjtaem Rifm 8266-8282 nttp?//www.wne.amt/allumazftaem/kiehfiUvfjjamgU fjtaemUpifm/KSFRUAmtredujtaemUfmdUAllumazftaemU IfmdsjfpgUTedfy.pdc5uf<6
[NE (8264). Gheif Sarus Dasgfsg. Cfjt snggt M²62: nttp?//www.wne.amt/lgdafjgmtrg/cfjtsnggts/cs62:/gm/
[NE (8264). Ngfitn Tepajs. Glgrkamk Dasgfsg Dgstmataem nttp?//www.wne.amt/tepajs/glgrkamkUdasgfsgs/gm/
[NE (8264). Iylg Herrgiaesas (Iylg dasgfsg) nttp?// www.wne.amt/atn/dasgfsgs/iylg/gm/
[NE (8264). Kiehfi Figrt fmd Xgspemsg (KFX). LGXZ- JeS sullfry updftgs nttp?//www.wne.amt/jsr/dasgfsg/ jeremfvarusUamcgjtaems/frjnavgUupdftgs/gm/
[NE (8264). Kiehfi Figrt fmd Xgspemsg (KFX). Reiaelygiatas nttp?//www.wne.amt/jsr/dem/frjnavg/ dasgfsg/peiaelygiatas/gm/
Qfsue`f, O., gt fi. (8223). Alpfjt ec gdujftaem em `mewigdkg, fkrajuiturfi prfjtajgs, fmd jellumaty fjtaems cer lesquate jemtrei fmd lesquate-
hermg dasgfsg prgvgmtaem am rajg gjesystgls am Zra Ifm`f. Flgrajfm Oeurmfi ec Trepajfi Lgdajamg fmd Nykagmg, ;4,3, 62:4-6248 nttp?//www.fotln.erk/ jemtgmt/;4/3/62:4.cuii.pdc
Alpiajftaems cer tng gmvaremlgmt ec prevadamk ceed crel tng ejgfm
CAZN FMD ZNGIICAZN CFXLAMK AM LFXAMG GJEZQZTGLZ
Casn fmd Zngiistsn Cfrlamk am Lframg Gjesystgls
Alpiajftaems cer tng gmvaremlgmt ec prevadamk ceed crel tng ejgfm
Ngipamk te cggd f krewamk werid pepuiftaem, fqufjuiturg predujtaem nfs amjrgfsgd samjg tng 6172s crel 372 tneusfmd temmgs te filest 3; laiiaem temmgs. Am tng sflg pgraed, tng tetfi lframg jftjn nfs amjrgfsgd crel 82 laiiaem te fheut >2 laiiaem temmgs. Tedfy, fqufjuiturg prevadgs nfic ec fii stsn cer nulfm jemsulptaem fmd tng sgjter as gxpgjtgd te krew.
[naig sakmastjfmt prekrgss nfs hggm lfdg evgr tng pfst dgjfdgs tewfrds lfàmk lframg fqufjuiturg lerg
sustfamfhig, gmvaremlgmtfi jemjgrms rglfam ‚ rggjtamk tnas sgjters rfpad krewtn. Hrefdiy spgfàmk, stsn cfrls jfm rgigfsg mutragmts, umdakgstgd cggd fmd vgtgramfry druks, fmd etngr haejadgs te tng gmvaremlgmt. Tngy jfm fise jrgftg jemdataems tnft amjrgfsg ras`s ec dasgfsgs fmd pfrfsatgs fmd ec nfrlcui fikfi hieels. Am selg jeumtrags jgrtfam cerls ec snralp cfrlamk nfvg dgstreygd ifrkg frgfs ec jefstfi nfhatfts, sujn fs lfmkrevg cergsts. Cfrlgd stsn fmd sngiistsn jfm gsjfpg te surreumdamk wftgrs, wnajn lfy nfvg mgkftavg alpfjts em gjesystgls tnreukn kgmgtaj rgkrgssaem er amtredujtaem ec amvfsavg spgjags. Wsg ec stsn-hfsgd cggds am fqufjuiturg jfm put fddataemfi prgssurgs em peeriy lfmfkgd waid stsn stej`s fmd em tng lframg gmvaremlgmt.
Dgspatg tngsg alpiajftaems cer tng gmvaremlgmt, tngrg as amjrgfsamk petgmtafi cer rgspemsahiy lfmfkgd lframg fqufjuiturg te prevadg ceed crel tng ejgfms, pfrtajuifriy
am vagw ec amjrgfsamk prgssurgs em crgsnwftgr fmd tgrrgstrafigjesystgls, amjiudamk tnesg rgiftgd te jialftg jnfmkg. Tng lfam systgls ec lframg fqufjuiturg daflgr am tngar petgmtafi gmvaremlgmtfi jemsgqugmjgs?
Gxtrfjtavg fqufjuiturg as tng prfjtajg ec gmnfmjamk predujtaem ec leiiusjs. Ifrvfg er ouvgmaigs frg sggdgd te tng sgf hettel er fttfjngd te lfmlfdg strujturgs, wngrg tngy krew cggdamk em (er „gxtrfjtamk) mfturfi pnytepifm`tem. Tng
dgtralgmtfi gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts ec gxtrfjtavg fqufjuiturg frg jelpfrftavgiy iew, pfrtiy hgjfusg ec tng spgjags iew trepnaj igvgi . Newgvgr, tngrg as f ras` tnft mem-mftavg spgjags waii hg amtredujgd.
Znralp cfrlamk nfs gxpfmdgd rfpadiy am tng pfst sgvgrfi dgjfdgs. Dgstrujtaem ec jefstfi nfhatfts, gspgjafiiy lfmkrevg cergsts, nfs hggm fttrahutgd am pfrtajuifr te gxtgmsavg snralp cfrlamk. Etngr alpfjts amjiudg wftgr peiiutaem hy jnglajfis fmd pnfrlfjgutajfis, gutrepnajftaem rgsuitamk crel rgigfsgs ec mutragmts am tng cerl ec cggd fmd wfstg, fmd sfiamazftaem ec frfhig ifmd fmd crgsnwftgr suppiags. Am lfmy pifjgs tngrg nfvg fise hggm sejafi fmd jellumaty alpfjts.
Lframg mgt pgm cfrlamk amveivgs rgframk stsn crel tng ouvgmaig te nfrvgst stfkgs am mgt pgms. Ftifmtaj sfilem as merlfiiy cfrlgd am mgt pgms. Gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts amjiudg tng dasjnfrkg ec wfstg te hettel-dwgiiamk jellumatags (g.k. jeid wftgr jerfis). Tng nakn dgmsaty ec Ftifmtaj sfilem am epgm jfkgs jfm igfd te dasgfsg er pfrfsatg euthrgf`s, watn petgmtafi
alpfjts em waid pepuiftaems. Gsjfpggs jfm fjt fs vgjters fmd,pfrtajuifriy ac kgmgtajfiiy ledastgd, fflgjt waid pepuiftaems kgmgtaj vfrafhaiaty. Lframg mgt pgm cfrlgd spgjags, wnajn tgmd te cggd mfturfiiy em stsn, rgquarg nakn fleumts ec pretgam fs wgii fs stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai am tngar dagt. Tnas jfm alpfjt hetn tgrrgstrafi fmd lframg gjesystgls.
Xgfd lerg fheut stsn fmd sngiistsn cfrlamk am tng 8223 Qgfr Hee`.
Trepnaj igvgi
Tng trepnaj igvgi (TI) ec f spgjags as tng mulhgr ec jemsulptaem stgps hgtwggm tnft spgjags fmd pralfry predujgrs sujn fs fikfg, wnajn frg hy dgstmataem TI6. F stitgr cggdamk lussgi nfs f TI hgtwggm 8 fmd :, wnaig fm Ftifmtaj sfilem as hgtwggm TI4 fmd 7. Te krew te tng sflg wgaknt f lussgi rgquargs igss gmgrky amput tnfm f sfilem.
82
Dgvgieplgmt ec lframg fqufjuiturg
Lframg fqufjuiturg predujtaem nfs krewm hy evgr :7% samjg 8224 am tetfi veiulg. Cfrlgd stsn predujtaem surpfssgd hggc predujtaem am 8268. Am fhseiutg tgrls, tng krgftgst krewtn am stsn fmd sngiistsn cfrlamk nfs hggm am Fsaf. Tng nakngst rgiftavg krewtn nfs tf`gm pifjg am Ejgfmaf. [naig tng gjemelaj alpertfmjg ec lframg fqufjuiturg am Zlfii Asifmd Dgvgiepamk Ztftgs (ZADZ) vfrags, at as iew evgrfii. Fcrajf wfs gxpgjtgd te sgg f „drflftaj amjrgfsg am lframg fqufjuiturg evgr tng pfst dgjfdg, hut tnas amjrgfsg nfs met hggm rgfiazgd se cfr. [atn tng
dgjiamg am predujtaem ec takgr snralp, tng sazg ec tng sgjter nfs snrum` am Fcrajf.
Gurepg as tng emiy rgkaem wngrg tng snfrg ec lframg fqufjuiturg am tetfi fqufjuiturg predujtaem as krewamk. Te f krgft gxtgmt, tnas as dug te sujjgsscui cfrlamk ec Ftifmtaj sfilem, emg ec tng spgjags watn tng nakngst predujtaem (8 laiiaem temmgs kiehfiiy am 8268). Leiiusjs fise jemtamug te jemtrahutg f sakmastjfmt pertaem ec predujtaem (evgr 82%).
Xgjgmtiy tngrg nfs hggm metfhig krewtn am predujtaem ec f mulhgr ec fqufjuiturg spgjags, amjiudamk kreupgrs, lai`stsn, Amde-Rfjastj swflp jrfh, pelpfmes, turhet, seig fmd wnatgigk snralp. Rredujtaem ec wnatgigk snralp evgrtee` tnft ec takgr snralp am 822:. At rgquargs igss gxpgmsavg cggd tnfm takgr snralp dug te f iewgr pretgam rgquarglgmt, fmd evgrfii predujtaem jests frg iewgr.
Casn cggds cer jfrmavereus, nakn trepnaj igvgi stsn spgjags typajfiiy jemtfam ifrkg fleumts ec pretgam ‚ ectgm seurjgd crel stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai ‚ watn petgmtafiiy dgtralgmtfi gflgjts em peeriy lfmfkgd waid stsn stej`s. Zamjg predujtaem trepnaj igvgi ec stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai as stfhaiazamk fmd prajgs frg rasamk, tng fqufjuiturg sgjter as sggàmk fitgrmftavgs. Am Merwfy, cer gxflpig, tng snfrg ec stsnlgfi, stsn eai fmd pifmt pretgam am Ftifmtaj sfilem predujtaem jnfmkgd crel 34,
8: fmd 2% rgspgjtavgiy am 6112 te 83, 6; fmd :;% am 8262. Evgrfii, f dgjrgfsg am tng trepnaj igvgi ec juiturgd stmstsn wfs rgpertgd hgtwggm 6172 fmd 8223, watn f siaknt amjrgfsg samjg tng lad-61>2s.
Fqufjuiturg nfs hggm gstalftgd te usg 3: fmd >6%, rgspgjtavgiy, ec kiehfi stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai. Casn cggds cer jfrmavereus, nakn trepnaj stsn spgjags typajfiiy jemtfam ifrkg fleumts ec pretgam ‚ ectgm seurjgd crel stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai ‚ wnajn jeuid petgmtafiiy nfvg dgtralgmtfi gflgjts em peeriy lfmfkgd waid stsn stej`s. [naig tngar snfrgs am cggds frg dgjrgfsamk dug te rgpifjglgmt hy fitgrmftavg amkrgdagmts, stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai waii jemtamug te hg usgd te lggt mutrataemfi rgquarglgmts hut ft iewgr igvgis. Casn prejgssamk
efljuts nfvg hggm adgmtastgd fs f petgmtafiiy alpertfmt seurjg ec nakn-qufiaty cggd amkrgdagmt fmd firgfdy prevadg 87% ec fii stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai usgd. Fitgrmftavgs sneuid met hg jemsadgrgd am aseiftaem. Cer gxflpig, rgpifjamk stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai watn pifmts sujn fs sey er rfpgsggd laknt nfvg umwfmtgd dgtralgmtfi alpfjts em tgrrgstrafi gjesystgls.
Fmetngr alpertfmt dgvgieplgmt as tng rgiejftaem ec snralp cfrls crel tadfi lfmkrevg nfhatfts te satgs (fmd mfturfi nfhatfts) curtngr upifmd, usamk lerg amtgmsavg predujtaem pfttgrms rgquaramk krgftgr amvgstlgmts fmd tgjnmajfi gxpgrtasg. Fjjerdamk te tng Kiehfi Fqufjuiturg Fiiafmjg, tedfy lfmkrevg iessgs dug te snralp cfrlamk nfvg vartufiiy jgfsgd te ejjur.
Casnlgfi fmd stsn eai
Allgmsg pepuiftaems ec cerfkg stsn fmd iew trepnaj spgjags sujn fs fmjnevy, ngrramk fmd `raii iavg am tng ejgfm. Tngy frg ectgm tng jermgrstemgs ec lframg ceed wghs. Ze-jfiigd „rgdujtaem stsngrags predujg pretgam fmd mutragmt-rajn stsnlgfi fmd stsn eai usgd fs cggd am fqufjuiturg ‚ wngrg at jfm hg amdaspgmsfhig ‚ fmd cer rfasamk fmalfis sujn fs peuitry. Tngy frg fise amjrgfsamkiy usgd fs dargjt nulfm mutrataem (g.k. am stsn eai am jfpsuigs). Tng ifrkgst stsngry am tng werid (cer Rgruvafm fmjnevy) as f
cerfkg stsngry wngrg igss tnfm 6% ec stsn frg usgd cer nulfm jemsulptaem.
Jemsulgr fwfrgmgss ec, fmd amtgrgst am, lerg sustfamfhigfqufjuiturg predujts as amjrgfsamk. Zgjter-hfsgd fjtavatags sujn fs tng Kiehfi Zfilem Amataftavg frg alpertfmt rgspemsavg lgjnfmasls tnft jfm fise suppert sustfamfhaiaty jgrtastjftaem. F mulhgr ec fqufjuiturg rgiftgd jgrtastjftaem sjnglgs nfvg hggm dgvgiepgd am pfst ygfrs. Tngy amjiudg Mfturifmd, tng Kiehfi Fqufjuiturg Fiiafmjg (KFF) Hgst Fqufjuiturg Rrfjtajgs (HFR) stfmdfrds, fmd tng Fqufjuiturg Ztgwfrdsnap Jeumjai (FZJ). Tng FZJ nfs fdeptgd stfmdfrds cer sfilem fs wgii fs
taifpaf, pfmkfsaus, treut, fhfiemg fmd havfivgs. At fdeptgd f snralp stfmdfrd am Lfrjn 8264. Lfmy cfrls nfvg firgfdy hggm jgrtastgd te tngsg stfmdfrds. Tng tgjnmajfi kuadgiamgs ec tng Ceed fmd Fkrajuiturg Erkfmazftaem (CFE) em fqufjuiturg jgrtastjftaem wgrg rgjgmtiy fpprevgd ft amtgrkevgrmlgmtfi igvgi.
Amdgpgmdgmt sustfamfhaiaty jgrtastjftaem jfm hg f pewgrcui teei tnft kegs hgyemd alprevglgmt ec predujtaem stfmdfrds fmd ifhgiamk ec jgrtfam predujts te amcerl jemsulgrs. At jfm fise hramk fheut gmnfmjgd sgjter trfmspfrgmjy fmd tng prevasaem ec hgttgr amcerlftaem em alpfjts. Jgrtastjftaem as fm gflgjtavg igvgr cer curtngr dgvgieplgmt ec amdustry stfmdfrds fmd kevgrmfmjg lgjnfmasls.
Amtgkrftgd fqufjuiturg as f prfjtajg tnft jelhamgs daflgrgmt àmds ec fqufjuiturg (g.k. stsn, sngiistsn fmd sgfwggd
juitavftaem) te lamalazg gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts hy jrgftamkhfifmjgd gjeiekajfi systgls am wnajn, cer gxflpig, sngiistsn fmd sgfwggds stitgr gxjgss mutragmts predujgd hy tng stsn wnaig prevadamk fmetngr gjemelaj lfamstfy. Tnas fpprefjn as jellemiy prfjtajgd am crgsnwftgr gmvaremlgmts, pfrtajuifriy am Fsafm jfrp cfrlamk, hut ats petgmtafi nfs ygt te hg rgfiazgd am tng lframg gmvaremlgmt. Tng usg am fqufjuiturg epgrftaems ec eflsnerg strujturgs sujn fs wamd cfrls ‚ wnajn jeuid rgdujg jelpgtataem cer spfjg ‚ as fmetngr fpprefjn watn krgft
petgmtafi.
Zakmastjfmt ngfitn rgiftgd tgjnmeiekajfi fdvfmjgs nfvg tf`gmpifjg am lframg fqufjuiturg. Cer gxflpig, spgjastj pftnekgm crgg takgr fmd wnatgigk snralp hreedstej`, er vfjjamftaems ec sfilem, jfm rgdujg tng mggd te usg jnglajfis am cfrlamk cer dasgfsg trgftlgmt watn tngar fssejaftgd gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts. Am mgt pgms, wrfssgs nfvg hggm usgd fs jigfmgr stsn te trgft sgf iajg.
Tng amjrgfsg am tng mulhgr ec jiesgd fqufjuiturg systgls wnesg gxjnfmkgs watn mfturfi gjesystgls frg ialatgd, jeuid
petgmtafiiy rgdujg tng alpfjts ec wfstgwftgr fmd jnglajfis crel fqufjuiturg em wftgr qufiaty.
Tng CFE nfs puhiasngd fm gxtgmsavg sgrags ec tgjnmajfi kuadgiamgs wnajn suppert tng puhiaj fmd pravftg sgjter am tfàmk jemjrgtg stgps te lf`g lframg fqufjuiturg sustfamfhig.
F sakmastjfmt kiehfi jemtrahutaem te sustfamfhaiaty jeuid hg lfdg hy snactamk crel juitavftaem ec nakn te iewgr trepnaj igvgi spgjags, pfrtajuifriy lussgis. Curtngr strgmktngmamk ec tng fleumt ec sustfamfhiy predujgd pifmt amkrgdagmts am cggds weuid fise ngip rgdujg lframg fqufjuiturgs gmvaremlgmtfi ceetpramt.
© Tnelfs Hoþr`fm
88
Jfpatfiazamk em prekrgss
Fs lframg fqufjuiturg nfs hggm gxpgragmjamk rfpad krewtn,sakmastjfmt tgjnmeiekajfi fdvfmjgs nfvg hggm lfdg tnft fddrgss selg ec tng sgjters gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts. Tng gmvaremlgmtfi ceetpramt ec fqufjuiturg (amjiudamk lframg fqufjuiturg) as ia`giy te hg iewgr tnfm tnft ec etngr pretgam predujtaem lgtneds, dgpgmdamk em tngar pfrtajuifr alpfjts. Newgvgr, dug te jemtamugd krewtn evgrfii gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts crel fqufjuiturg frg gxpgjtgd te ft igfst deuhig hy 82:2. [naig tng pravftg sgjters reig fmd rgspemsahaiaty te
rgspemd te lframg fqufjuiturgs gmvaremlgmtfi jnfiigmkgs waii jemtamug te hg jratajfi, kevgrmlgmts rglfam gy te preletamk fmd staluiftamk sustfamfhig prfjtajgs.
Lframg fqufjuiturg jfmmet hg sggm fs fm aseiftgd sgjter. Ats lfmfkglgmt sneuid hg hfsgd em (fmd pfrt ec) evgrfii gjesystgl-hfsgd lfmfkglgmt, amjiudamk tng usg ec fpprefjngs sujn fs lframg spftafi pifmmamk fmd gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjt fssgsslgmt. Tng CFE dgstmgs fm gjesystgl fpprefjn te fqufjuiturg fs „f strftgky cer tng amtgkrftaem ec tng fjtavaty watnam tng wadgr gjesystgl sujn tnft at preletgs sustfamfhig dgvgieplgmt, gquaty fmd rgsaiagmjg ec amtgriam`gd sejafi-gjeiekajfi systgls. Tnus, tng amveivglgmt ec sgjter fmd puhiaj stf`gneidgrs as jratajfi cer tnas fpprefjns sujjgss.
Zgttamk epgrftaemfi stfmdfrds (g.k. cer pretgjtamk jefstfi
gjesystgls er usg ec jnglajfis) as alpertfmt te ngip gmsurg figvgi pifyamk stgid fjress tng sgjter. Tgjnmajfi rgkuiftaems fmd tfrkgtgd suhsadags cer amvgstlgmts am iew-alpfjt tgjnmeieky jfm hg fm amjgmtavg cer lerg sustfamfhig prfjtajgs. [naig stfmdfrds laknt nfvg te hg sgt mftaemfiiy, amtgrmftaemfi erkfmazftaems sujn fs CFE ‚ fs wgii fs sgjter reumdtfhigs fmd mem-kevgrmlgmtfi amataftavgs ‚ sneuid jemtamug te cfjaiatftg prekrgss, suppertgd hy jfpfjaty huaidamk fmd trfamamk amataftavgs tnft ngip tng lframg fqufjuiturg amdustry dgvgiep
fmd glhrfjg hgst gmvaremlgmtfi prfjtajgs.
Ztrajtgr rgkuiftaem jfm fise igfd te ammevftaem tnft dravgs dewm jests fmd alpfjts, fs sggm am cfrlgd sfilem predujtaem. Tnas jfm hg suppertgd hy tfrkgtgd rgsgfrjn te
strgmktngm tng epgrftaemfi fmd gmvaremlgmtfi mewigdkghfsg, fmd te snfpg jress-jeumtry fmd jress-sgjter igfrmamk mgtwer`s.
Ngfitny lframg gjesystgls frg cumdflgmtfi te rgfjnamk dgvgieplgmt kefis ‚ met emiy watn rgspgjt te sgjuramk ceed, hut fise te prevadamk oehs. Lframg fqufjuiturgs jurrgmt alpfjts fmd prgdajtgd krewtn jfii cer jemtamugd fmd strgmktngmgd gflerts tewfrds gmvaremlgmtfiiy seumd
dgvgieplgmt ec tng sgjter te fvead tng iess ec alpertfmt gjesystgl sgrvajgs. Tgjnmajfi ammevftaems, tng gxpgragmjg fmd krewamk sàiis ec fqufjuiturg predujgrs, fmd alprevgd `mewigdkg ec gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts fmd epgrftaemfi fmd kevgrmfmjg eppertumatags prevadg rgfsems te nepg cer f sustfamfhig lframg fqufjuiturg sgjter suppertamk f krewamk werid pepuiftaem watn ceed fmd iavgianeeds.
© OegIgmf/aZtej`
Heuwlfm, F.C., Rfwiewsà, L., Iau, J., Hgusgm, F.N.[.,
Znulwfy, Z.G., Kiahgrt, R.L. fmd Evgrhgg`, J.J. (8266). Kiehfi Namdjfsts fmd Cuturg Rreogjtaems ec Jefstfi Matrekgm fmd Rnespnerus Iefds Dug te Zngiistsn fmd Zgfwggd Fqufjuiturg. Xgvagws am Casngrags Zjagmjg, 61(4)? ::6-:7;
Heuwlfm, F.C., Hgusgm, F.N.[.0 Kaihgrt, R.L0 Evgrhgg`, J.J., Rfwiewsà, L. Ngrrgrrf, Oerkg0 L., Zfmder0 Qu, X. fmd _neu, L. (826:). Lfrajuiturg? sakmastjfmt fmd gxpfmdamk jfusg ec jefstfi mutragmt gmrajnlgmt. Gmvaremlgmt rgsgfrjn igttgrs, >(4)? 6-7
Heuwlfm, F.C., Hgusgm, F.N.[., Evgrhgg`, J.J., Hurgfu, D.R., Rfwiewsà, L. fmd Kiahgrt, R.L. (826:).
Namdjfsts fmd Cuturg Rreogjtaems ec Kiehfi Amifmd fmd Jefstfi Matrekgm fmd Rnespnerus Iefds Dug te Camstsn Fqufjuiturg. Xgvagws am Casngrags Zjagmjg, 86(8)? 668-673
Jnflhgrifam, F. (8266). Casnlgfi fmd stsn eai - Tng cfjts, stkurgs, trgmds fmd ACCEs rgspemsahig suppiy stfmdfrd nttp?//www.afle.mgt/systgl/stigs/CLCEC8266U2.pdc
Gfrtn Reiajy Amstatutg (826:). Cfrlgd Casn Rredujtaem Evgrtf`gs Hggc nttp?//www.gfrtn-peiajy.erk/pifmUhU updftgs/826:/updftg664
Gjepifm Amtgrmftaemfi (GRA) (822>). Kiehfi fssgsslgmt
ec jiesgd systgl fqufjuiturg nttp?//www.dfvadsuzuà.erk/puhiajftaems/dewmiefds/822>/Jiesgd-Zystgl- Fqufj-Kiehfi-Xgvagw.pdc
Gmvaremlgmtfi Oustajg Ceumdftaem (GOC) (8224). Cfrlamk Tng Zgf, Jestamk Tng Gfrtn? [ny [g Lust Krggm Tng Hiug Xgveiutaem nttp?//www.goceumdftaem.erk/satgs/ dgcfuit/stigs/puhiaj/cfrlamkUtngUsgf.pdc
CFE (Ceed fmd Fkrajuiturg Erkfmazftaem) (me dftg). Juiturgd Fquftaj Zpgjags Amcerlftaem Rrekrfllg? Rgmfgus vfmmflga nttp?//www.cfe.erk/stsngry/ juiturgdspgjags/IatepgmfgusUvfmmflga/gm
CFE (822>). Tng petgmtafi ec spftafi pifmmamk teeis te suppert tng gjesystgl fpprefjn te fqufjuiturg nttp?// www.cfe.erk/dejrgp/268/a6:71g/a6:71g22.ntl
CFE (8221). Alpfjt ec rasamk cggd amkrgdagmt prajgs em fqufcggds fmd fqufjuiturg predujtaem nttp?//www.cfe. erk/dejrgp/268/a664:g/a664:g22.ntl
CFE (8221). Amtgkrftgd lfrajuiturg. F kiehfi rgvagw nttp?//www.cfe.erk/dejrgp/268/a6218g/a6218g22.ntl
CFE (8221). Gmvaremlgmtfi alpfjts fssgsslgmt fmd lemateramk am fqufjuiturg nttp?//www.cfe.erk/ dejrgp/268/a21;2g/a21;2g22.ntl
CFE (8262). [erid Fqufjuiturg 8262 nttp?//www.cfe.
erk/dejrgp/264/hf26:8g/hf26:8g22.ntl
CFE (8266). Tgjnmajfi Kuadgiamgs em Fqufjuiturg Jgrtastjftaem nttp?//www.cfe.erk/dejrgp/267/a8813t/ a8813t22.pdc
CFE (8268). Cfrlamk tng wftgrs cer pgepig fmd ceed
nttp?//www.cfe.erk/stsngry/mgls/4267:/gm CFE (826:). CFE Fqufjuiturg Amcerlftaem Rredujts nttp?//www.cfe.erk/stsngry/fqufjuiturg/amcerlftaem- predujts/gm
CFE (826:). Gxpfmdamk lfrajuiturg cfrtngr eflsnerg ‚ Tgjnmajfi, gmvaremlgmtfi, spftafi fmd kevgrmfmjg jnfiigmkgs. CFE Tgjnmajfi [er`snep. 88-87 Lfrjn 8262. Erhgtgiie, Atfiy (Ievftgiia, F., Fkuaifr-Lfmofrrgz, O., fmd Zete, D., gds) nttp?//www.cfe.erk/dejrgp/26>/a:218g/ a:218g22.ntl
CFE (8264). Tng Ztftg ec [erid Casngrags fmd
Fqufjuiturg nttp?//www.cfe.erk/stsngry/sestf/gm CFE (8264). Dftf cer lframg gmvaremlgmt, jrustfjgfms, leiiusjs fmd fii stsn spgjags 6172-8268 nttp?//www.cfe. erk/stsngry/stftastajs/kiehfi-fqufjuiturg-predujtaem/ qugry/gm
Kiehfi Fkrajuiturg Fiiafmjg (KFF) (8266). Lfmkrevgs nttp?//www.kffiiafmjg.erk/mgwsreel/wnatgpfpgrs- dgtfai.pnp5Lfmkrevgs-68
Nfii, Z.O., gt fi. (8266). Hiug Cremtagrs? Lfmfkamk tng Gmvaremlgmtfi Jests ec Fqufjuiturg nttp?//www. weridstsnjgmtgr.erk/rgseurjgUjgmtrg/lgdaf/pdcs/ hiugUcremtagrs/rgpert.pdc
Mestlf (8266). Tedfys fmd telerrews cggd amkrgdagmts am Merwgkafm fqufjuiturg nttp?//www.mestlf.me/gm/ puhiajftaem/:F62314;FF44J33>J687;11622::3G:>
Zte`stfd, G. (8262). Dewm em tng Znralp Cfrl. Zjagmjg, :8>, 6724-6727 nttp?//www.rgsgfrjnkftg.mgt/ puhiajftaem/443>:461UDewmUemUtngUsnralpUcfrl
Tfjem, F.K.O. fmd Lgtafm, L. (822>). Kiehfi evgrvagw em tng usg ec stsn lgfi fmd stsn eai am amdustrafiiy jelpeumdgd fqufcggds? Trgmds fmd cuturg prespgjts. Fqufjuiturg, 8>7, 643-67> nttp?//www.sjagmjgdargjt. jel/sjagmjg/frtajig/paa/Z2244>4>32>2273;^
Tfjem, F.K.O., gt fi. (8262). Xgspemsahig Fqufjuiturg fmd Trepnaj Igvgi Alpiajftaems te Kiehfi Casn Zuppiy. Xgvagws am Casngrags Zjagmjg, 6>, 6, 14-627 nttp?//www. rgsgfrjnkftg.mgt/puhiajftaem/8::2;>867UXgspemsahigU FqufjuiturgUfmdUTrepnajUIgvgiUAlpiajftaemsUteU KiehfiUCasnUZuppiy
WMGR (8223). Casn fmd sngiistsn cfrlamk am lframg gjesystgls. Am? KGE Qgfr Hee` 8223 nttp?//www.umgp. erk/ygfrhee`/8223
[erid Hfm` (826:). Casn te 82:2? Rrespgjts cer Casngrags fmd Fqufjuiturg nttp?//www.cfe.erk/dejrgp/261/ a:342g/a:342g.pdc
Nakn gmvaremlgmtfi, sejafi fmd gjemelaj jests
AIIGKFI TXFDG AM [AIDIACG
Aiigkfi Trfdg am [aidiacg
Tng nakn gmvaremlgmtfi, sejafi fmd gjemelaj jests
Ft tng stfrt ec tng 82 tn
jgmtury Fcrajf wfs nelg te fmgstalftgd laiiaem hifj` rnames hgiemkamk te ceur suh-spgjags. Hy 822; tngrg wgrg cgfrs tnft tng [gstgrm hifj` rname, watn ats dastamjtavg dgxtgreus uppgr iap, nfd hgjelg gxtamjt, wnaig tng mulhgr ec waid mertngrm wnatg rname nfd mgvgr hggm iewgr. Igvgis ec pefjnamk fmd aiigkfi trfdg am avery, wnajn nfd cfiigm am tng 6112s, hgkfm te rasg fkfam watn fm umprgjgdgmtgd spa`g am aiigkfi trfdg ec gigpnfmt tus`s fmd rnamejgres nerms.
Dglfmd cer aiigkfi waidiacg predujts as hfsgd em tngar usg am trfdataemfi Gfst Fsafm lgdajamg, tng amtgrmftaemfi trfdg am jellgrjafi keeds (g.k. talhgr) fmd gxetaj pgts, fmd f dgsarg cer stftus sylheis, flemk etngr cfjters. Aiigkfi trfdg am fmalfis, pifmts (amjiudamk talhgr fmd jnfrjefi) fmd stsn as emg ec tng ifrkgst seurjgs ec jralamfi gfrmamks am tng werid ‚ rfmàmk fiemksadg trfjàmk ec druks, pgepig fmd frls. Tedfy aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg as gstalftgd te hg wertn WZ$72- 672 haiiaem pgr ygfr. Tng kiehfi aiigkfi stsngrags jftjn as vfiugd
ft WZ$62-8:.7 haiiaem f ygfr fmd aiigkfi iekkamk, amjiudamk prejgssamk, ft WZ$:2-622 haiiaem.
Mulhgrs ia`g tngsg de met gvgm hgkam te jfpturg tng gmvaremlgmtfi, sejafi fmd gjemelaj jests ec aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg, wnajn namdgr amvgstlgmts am teurasl fmd etngr typgs ec dgvgieplgmt fs wgii fs tnrgftgmamk tng gjesystgls fmd haedavgrsaty em wnajn gjemelaj dgvgieplgmt ectgm dgpgmds.
[adgsprgfd cfaiurg ec cergst kevgrmfmjg, jnfrfjtgrazgd hyaiigkfi iekkamk, fssejaftgd aiigkfi trfdg, fmd jerruptaem, umdgrlamgs fttglpts te fjnagvg sustfamfhig gjemelaj krewtn, sejafi hfifmjg fmd gmvaremlgmtfi pretgjtaem.
Rrestts crel tng aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg frg ectgm usgd te stmfmjg curtngr aiigkfi fjtavaty, amjiudamk etngr cerls ec trfmsmftaemfi
erkfmazgd jralg. Iess ec spgjags jfm nfvg dgvfstftamk jemsgqugmjgs. Fs fm gxflpig, gigpnfmts frg „gjeiekajfi
gmkamggrs. Tngy jnfmkg tng ifmdsjfpg hy upreetamk krfssgs fmd trggs, strappamk hfr` fmd daspgrsamk tng sggds ec tng cerfkg tngy gft, ngipamk te jrgftg rajn fmd davgrsg gmvaremlgmts. Tng rgsuitamk haedavgrsg gjesystgls met emiy suppert nulfms watn ceed fmd etngr rgseurjgs ‚ fmd lf`g
gmvaremlgmtfiiy sustfamfhig teurasl fjtavatags pessahig ‚tngy frg fise lerg rgsaiagmt am tng cfjg ec tnrgfts crel g.k. dasgfsgs er gxtrglg wgftngr.
[naig tng rgsurkgmjg ec aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg nfs hgjelg lerg gvadgmt, tngrg as fise hgttgr umdgrstfmdamk ec tng alpfjt ec kiehfiazftaem, watn aiigkfi trfdg jemmgjtamk predujgrs fmd jemsulgrs freumd tng werid. Tng gxpfmsaem ec gjemelags, amtgrmftaemfi jellgrjg, trfmspertftaem, fmd tng usg ec amcerlftaem fmd jellumajftaem tgjnmeieky (AJT) ngip cugi dglfmds cer aiigkfi waidiacg predujts. Te jemtrei sujn gmvaremlgmtfi jralg, stremk, amtgrmftaemfi fmd jeerdamftgd
kevgrmfmjg as gssgmtafi. Tng WM Jellassaem em JralgRrgvgmtaem fmd Jralamfi Oustajg fdeptgd am 822; f rgseiutaem em amtgrmftaemfi jeepgrftaem am prgvgmtamk fmd jelhfttamk aiiajat amtgrmftaemfi trfjàmk am cergst predujts, amjiudamk talhgr, waidiacg fmd etngr cergst haeiekajfi rgseurjgs.
Xgfd lerg fheut kiehfiazftaem fmd tng gmvaremlgmt am tng 822; Qgfr Hee`.
Trfmsmftaemfi erkfmazgd jralg
Aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg as ectgm jfrragd eut hy jralamfi kreups epgrftamk fjress herdgrs. Tngy frg fttrfjtgd hy nakn prestts fmd iew ras`s fssejaftgd watn wgf` kevgrmfmjg fmd ifx pgmfitags. Amtgrmftaemfi jeepgrftaem fmd lutufi igkfi fssastfmjg flemk jeumtrags jfm ngip prgvgmt, jelhft fmd grfdajftg sujn trfjàmk. Mftaemfi ifw
gmcerjglgmt fmd igkfi crflgwer`s, fmd tng WMJemvgmtaem fkfamst Trfmsmftaemfi Erkfmazgd Jralg (wnajn gmtgrgd amte cerjg am 822:) fmd ats pretejeis, fii nfvg fm alpertfmt reig te pify am tnas rgkfrd.
Xgjekmataem ec aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg fs f sgraeus jralg
Aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg as me iemkgr fm glgrkamk assug? tngmulhgrs tgii tng stery. Tedfy lerg gigpnfmts frg hgamk sifukntgrgd tnfm ft fmy talg am tng pfst 82 ygfrs. Ejafis nfvg gstalftgd tnft jiesg te 87,222 gigpnfmts wgrg àiigd am 826: te suppiy tng aiigkfi avery trfdg, watn avery rgpertgdiy prajgd ft evgr WZ$8822 pgr k em tng strggts ec Hgaoamk, Jnamf. Evgr tng pfst cgw ygfrs, tng mulhgr ec gigpnfmts àiigd fmmufiiy nfs deuhigd jelpfrgd te 822;. Cer tng rnamejgres tng stftastajs frg gvgm lerg higf`. Evgr 6222 wgrg sifukntgrgd
am 826: am Zeutn Fcrajf, lerg tnfm fmy etngr samkig ygfr. Hgtwggm 822; fmd 826:, rname pefjnamk amjrgfsgd hy ;222% am Zeutn Fcrajf. Xname nerm, watn ats suppesgd hut umprevgm lgdajamfi qufiatags, jfm hramk evgr WZ$33,222 pgr k em tng hifj` lfr`gt. Fheut 82,222 wnatg rnames fmd 4>>2 hifj` rnames rglfamgd am tng waid fs ec Cghrufry 826:.
Erkfmazgd jralg as fttrfjtgd hy tng pessahaiaty ec nukg prestts watn iattig ras`, fmd pgmfitags tnft frg hetn dasprepertaemftgiy
slfii fmd met fiwfys gmcerjgd. Newgvgr, iejfi jellumatags lfy suflgr lest crel tng prgsgmjg ec vaeigmt kfmks fs wgii fs tng dgtgraerftaem ec tng gmvaremlgmt. Twe ajemaj spgjags, rname fmd gigpnfmt, frg tnrgftgmgd watn gxtamjtaem hgjfusg ec tng aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg, dravgm hy krewamk dglfmd pralfraiy crel Zeutn Gfst Fsaf fmd Jnamf.
Trgmds am aiigkfi iekkamk frg fise rasamk. Aiigkfiiy iekkgd talhgr
crel Gfst Fsaf fmd tng Rfjastj, wnajn gmds up am curmaturgfmd nelgs freumd tng werid, fjjeumts cer f stfkkgramk WZ$6; haiiaem f ygfr ‚ fm fleumt gqufi te tng vfiug ec aiigkfi trfjàmk ec pgepig, druks fmd jeumtgrcgat keeds am tnas rgkaem. Am Fcrajf, gvadgmjg as krewamk tnft aiigkfi jnfrjefi trfdg as iam`gd te tnrgft stmfmjg.
Gmjeurfkgd hy pevgrty, peeriy lematergd herdgrs, jerruptaem, fmd wgf` rgkuiftaems fmd gmcerjglgmt, waidiacg pefjnamk
fmd trfjàmk jemtamug te krew. Tng suppiy jnfam crel predujgr te jemsulgr amveivgs lerg pgepig am lerg jeumtrags (amjiudamk selg peiajg, justels ejgrs, fmd igkfi fmd peiatajfi stkurgs) fs aiigkfi predujts frg trfmspertgd usamk sepnastajftgd slukkiamk tgjnmaqugs fmd reutgs. Xgperts
tnft rghgi frlags usg lemgy ehtfamgd tnreukn tng aiigkfiavery trfdg te huy kums fmd fllumataem aiiustrftg tng alpfjt tnas fjtavaty jfm nfvg em hetn iejfi stfhaiaty watnam jeumtrags fmd amtgrmftaemfi sgjuraty. Am Ofmufry 8264, tng WM Zgjuraty Jeumjai fdeptgd twe rgseiutaems sfmjtaemamk waidiacg trfjàmk, pralfraiy dgsakmgd te tfrkgt frlgd rghgi kreups tnft usg tng aiigkfi avery trfdg fs f wfy te kgmgrftg stmfmjgs.
[naig tng prehigl jemtamugs te wersgm, tng amtgrmftaemfi
jellumaty as hgjelamk amjrgfsamkiy cejusgd em waidiacg jralg, rgjekmazamk tng sgraeusmgss ec ats gmvaremlgmtfi, sejafi fmd gjemelaj alpfjts. Tng cumdflgmtfi amstatutaem rgkuiftamk waidiacg trfdg, tng Jemvgmtaem em Amtgrmftaemfi Trfdg am Gmdfmkgrgd Zpgjags ec [aid Cfumf fmd Cierf (JATGZ), wfs strgmktngmgd ft ats ifst Jemcgrgmjg ec tng Rfrtags am 826:, wngm evgr 822 talhgr spgjags fmd f vfragty ec lframg fmalfis (g.k. snfr`s, lfmtf rfys, turtigs) wgrg fddgd te tng pretgjtgd spgjags iast. Am Fprai 826:, tng WM Jellassaem em
Jralg Rrgvgmtaem fmd Jralamfi Oustajg seuknt te teukngm gxastamk ifws hy dgjiframk waidiacg trfjàmk f „sgraeus jralg watn eflgmjgs jfrryamk f lamalul pgmfity ec ceur ygfrs ec alprasemlgmt.
© WMGR Zudfm Gmvaremlgmtfi Dftfhfsg
Frg wg turmamk f jermgr5 Zlfii stgps tewfrds sujjgss
Tng jrasas as rgfi, hut tngrg frg nepgcui sakms tnft watnjeepgrftavg gflerts fmd pifmmamk ammevftavg seiutaems jfm hg ceumd te dasrupt tng aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg. Tng amtgrmftaemfi jellumaty as jelamk tekgtngr te lf`g f stremkgr, lerg umastgd gflert te stknt hfj`.
Newgvgr, tng suppiy jnfam as nakniy jelpigx, jressamk lfmy herdgrs. Tngrg frg iam`s jemmgjtamk pefjngrs am seurjg jeumtrags, trfmsmftaemfi jralamfi symdajftgs, fmd trfdgrs fmd
jemsulgrs am Gfst Fsaf, Gurepg, Mertn Flgrajf fmd gisgwngrg. Tng amtgrmftaemfi peiajg erkfmazftaem AMTGXREI fmd tng WM Ejg em Druks fmd Jralg (WMEDJ) nfvg hgkum te fssgss pfttgrms fmd jress-evgrs hgtwggm aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg fmd etngr sgraeus jralg, sujn fs druk slukkiamk fmd lemgy ifumdgramk, fmd te fppiy igssems igfrmgd am tngsg frgfs.
Fitneukn wgf` ifws fmd iejfi jerruptaem kavg jralamfis gsjfpg reutgs, glgrkamk amtgrmftaemfi ifw fmd peiajamk
gflerts ‚ am pfrtmgrsnap watn jellumatags fmd jeumtrags ‚ frg predujamk selg gxjatamk rgsuits. Gfriy am 8264, 8> jeumtrags fmd gmvaremlgmtfi fmd ifw gmcerjglgmt fkgmjags wer`gd tekgtngr cer f lemtn em f stamk epgrftaem mewm fs „Jehrf Twe. At mgttgd :3 rname nerms, lerg tnfm tnrgg temmgs ec avery, evgr f tneusfmd sàms ec gmdfmkgrgd fmalfis, fmd numdrgds ec temmgs ec ieks crel pretgjtgd trggs. Tnas kreumdhrgfàmk epgrftaem fise rgsuitgd am lerg tnfm 422 frrgsts am Fsaf fmd Fcrajf.
Justels ejafis pify f vatfi reig am fpprgngmdamk aiigkfi lftgrafi ft herdgrs. Tng [erid Justels Erkfmazftaem ([JE) wer`s te gmsurg tnft justels gmcerjglgmt epgrftaems fjt te dgtgrlamg tng igkatalfjy ec fii keeds hgamk dgjifrgd cer gmtry er gxat. Xakereus fmd amjrgfsgd amspgjtaem fmd herdgr jemtrei fiemk watn amjrgfsgd snframk ec jellumajftaem fmd je-epgrftaem hgtwggm rgkaems, jeumtrags fmd erkfmazftaems amveivgd am stkntamk aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg jeuid ngip paj` up
aiigkfi predujts fs tngy levg crel seurjg te purjnfsgr.
Jeiifherftaem hgtwggm amtgrmftaemfi erkfmazftaems nfs rgsuitgd am fmetngr lfoer fdvfmjg am tng stknt fkfamst aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg, watn tng cerlftaem ec tng Amtgrmftaemfi Jemsertaul em Jelhftamk [aidiacg Jralg (AJJ[J). Jelpesgd
ec tng JATGZ Zgjrgtfraft, AMTGXREI, WMEDJ, tng [erid Hfm`fmd [JE, tng AJJ[J wfs jrgftgd te gmsurg f stremk fmd je-erdamftgd rgspemsg te waidiacg jralg. Am 8268 at dgvgiepgd tng [aidiacg fmd Cergst Jralg Fmfiytajfi Teeiàt te fssast kevgrmlgmts am adgmtacyamk tng strgmktns fmd wgf`mgssgs ec tngar jralamfi oustajg rgspemsgs te waidiacg fmd cergst jralg. Tedfy tng AJJ[J as rgjekmazgd fs tng werids igfdamk amtgrkevgrmlgmtfi amataftavg am tng stknt fkfamst waidiacg jralg.
Gmcerjglgmt gflerts frg tfàmk fdvfmtfkg ec tng iftgst tgjnmeieky cer dgtgjtaem, fmfiysas fmd jellumajftaem. Lemateramk fmd dftf jeiigjtaem tnreukn tng [aidiacg Gmcerjglgmt Lemateramk Zystgl ([GLZ), cer gxflpig, ngips Fcrajfm jeumtrags te trfj` aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg, lemater igkfi gmcerjglgmt, jfpturg trgmds, fmd snfrg tng amcerlftaem flemk pfrtajapfmts. Am paiet preogjts, dremgs gquappgd watn vadge jflgrfs frg hgamk usgd te ggp f „vartufi gyg em rnames fmd Hgmkfi takgrs am amfjjgssahig frgfs ec Jnatwfm Mftaemfi Rfr` am
Mgpfi. Tng veiulg ec amtgrmftaemfiiy trfdgd predujts sujn fs talhgr fmd stsn crel jgrtastgd seurjgs as slfii hut krewamk. Tng iftgst tgjnmeieky, sujn fs DMF fmd asetepg fmfiysgs, jfm hg usgd te amjrgfsg fmd alprevg lemateramk ec waidiacg predujts, tngar erakams, dgstamftaems fmd trfmsheumdfry levglgmts.
Fwfrgmgss rfasamk jflpfakms, sejafi lgdaf fmd lfr`gtamk frg hgamk usgd te fddrgss tng stmfi iam` am tng suppiy jnfam
‚ jemsulgr dglfmd. Tng lfoeraty ec avery fmd rname nermjemsulgrs rgsadg am Fsaf, wngrg f wgfitnagr laddig jifss mew sggs avery fs fflerdfhig. Am tng jfsg ec talhgr predujts fmd stsn, jemsulgrs lfy iavg filest fmywngrg am tng werid. Lasamcerlftaem fmd ifj` ec umdgrstfmdamk fheut tng sjfig ec aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg, new tngsg predujts frg ehtfamgd fmd tng trfdgs alpfjts, igfd te peeriy amcerlgd dgjasaems. Tngrgcerg, gdujftaem as ec gy alpertfmjg. Lfmy fwfrgmgss- rfasamk amataftavgs nfvg hggm ifumjngd hy mem-kevgrmlgmtfi
erkfmazftaems (MKEs) fmd etngrs te prestig tng assugs. Tng usg ec sejafi lgdaf as huaidamk lelgmtul fs fm gflgjtavg fmd gjagmt kiehfi wfy te gdujftg fmd rgdujg tng dglfmd cer aiigkfi waidiacg predujts. Jgighratags frg pfrtajuifriy amugmtafi am tngar fhaiaty te hrgf` tnreukn tng jiuttgr fmd rgfjn ifrkg fmd davgrsg fudagmjgs.
Jelhfttamk aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg tnreukn amtgrmftaemfi jeiifherftaem
Aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg lust hg jemtreiigd. At tnrgftgms tnggmvaremlgmt, dgpravgs jellumatags ec tngar iavgianeeds, dgjrgfsgs rgvgmugs cer kevgrmlgmts fmd husamgssgs, fmd amjrgfsgs tng prehfhaiaty ec jemajts jrgftamk sgjuraty ras`s ‚ am fddataem te ogepfrdazamk tng survavfi ec selg spgjags.
Tng gy te sujjgss am tng stknt fkfamst aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg as jeiifherftaem flemk jeumtrags fmd amtgrmftaemfi fkgmjags. Gjagmt jemtrei ec trfmsheumdfry levglgmts ec
waidiacg predujts rgquargs keed amcerlftaem gxjnfmkg fmd jeepgrftaem, amveivamk alpertamk, gxpertamk fmd trfmsat jeumtrags. Lgjnfmasls mggd te hg gmnfmjgd te cfjaiatftg rfpad gxjnfmkgs ec amtgiiakgmjg hgtwggm gmcerjglgmt fkgmjags.
Aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg staii nfs f rgiftavgiy iew praeraty jelpfrgd te etngr trfmsmftaemfi jralgs sujn fs druk slukkiamk, nulfm trfjàmk er jeumtgrcgat predujts. Fs tng reutgs usgd te trfmspert aiigkfi waidiacg predujts frg tng sflg fs tnesg usgd
cer druks, pgepig fmd wgfpems, sujjgsscui fpprefjngs am tngsg frgfs mggd te hg jemsadgrgd te jelhft aiigkfi waidiacg. F pretejei em gmvaremlgmtfi jralg umdgr tng Jemvgmtaem em Trfmsheumdfry Jralg laknt prevadg f rgkuiftery crflgwer` cer deamk tnas.
Fs rgkuiftaems frg emiy fs keed fs tngar gmcerjglgmt, prevasaems cer gmcerjglgmt mggd te hg strgmktngmgd, watn
jigfr lfmdftgs fmd reigs, sujagmt rgseurjgs, fmd gflgjtavgpgmfitags te dasjeurfkg aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg. Gmcerjglgmt
jeuid hg amjerperftgd fmd strgmktngmgd fs fm amtgkrfi
pfrt ec tng alpiglgmtftaem ec luitaiftgrfi gmvaremlgmtfi fkrgglgmts (LGFs). Am fddataem, lerg suppert mggds te hg kavgm te gmcerjglgmt fkgmjags am jeumtrags, amjiudamk amspgjters, justels ejgrs, peiajg fmd tng oudajafry, sujn fs trfamamk ec pgrsemmgi, preletaem ec jeepgrftaem te jemtrei trfmsheumdfry levglgmts ec gmvaremlgmtfi keeds, fmd amvgstakftaem fmd presgjutaem ec jralamfis.
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DFTF FMD FMFIQZAZ
Tgjnmajfi fssastfmjg fmd fad Fjjeumtfhaiaty fmd amtgkraty

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DXASGXZ FMD RXGSGMTAEM
© WMGR
Cavg pfrts ec tng [aidiacg fmd Cergst Jralg Fmfiytaj Teeiàt
Cer vadge iam`s pigfsg ke te nttps?//www.yeutuhg.jel/wftjn5v<r2nkOmG7T6Q
Fkmgw, D.O., gt fi., (8221). Gstalftamk tng weridwadg
gxtgmt ec aiigkfi stsnamk. RieZ Emg, 4, 8, g47;2 nttp?// dx.pies.erk/62.6:;6/oeurmfi.pemg.22247;2
F`giif, F.Z. fmd Fiifm, J. (8268). Daslfmtiamk waidiacg jralg? gxgjutavg sullfry www.trfj.erk/kgmgrfi- pdcs/Daslfmtiamk-[aidiacg-Jralg.pdc
Fmdgrsem, I. (8264). Reiajy Wpdftg #6? Amtgrmftaemfi waidiacg jralg? Fm AAZD Evgrvagw ec Xgjgmt Gvgmts ‚ Haedavgrsaty Reiajy & Rrfjtajg. AAZD Xgpertamk Zgrvajg nttp?//haedavgrsaty-i.aasd.erk/peiajy-updftgs/ amtgrmftaemfi-waidiacg-jralg-fm-aasd-evgrvagw-ec-rgjgmt- gvgmts/#ctm1
Jflpes-Frjgaz, F. fmd Hif`g, Z. (8266). Lgkfkfrdgmgrs ec tng cergst ‚ tng reig ec gigpnfmts am sggd daspgrsfi. Fjtf Egjeiekajf, :;, 3, pp.748-77: nttp?// www.sjagmjgdargjt.jel/sjagmjg/frtajig/paa/ Z6643321^66222674
Jnfmdrfm, X., gt fi. (826:). Hytgs hgyemd herdgrs? strgmktngmamk trfmsheumdfry amcerlftaem snframk em waidiacg jralg tnreukn tng [aidiacg Gmcerjglgmt Lemateramk Zystgl ([GLZ) amataftavg nttp?//frjnavg. afs.umu.gdu/rgseurjgUjgmtrg/hytgsUhgyemdUherdgrs- strgmktngmamkUtrfmsheumdfryUamcerlftaem.pdc
JATGZ (Jemvgmtaem em Amtgrmftaemfi Trfdg am
Gmdfmkgrgd Zpgjags ec [aid Cfumf fmd Cierf) (826:).JATGZ jemcgrgmjg tf`gs dgjasavg fjtaem te nfit dgjiamg ec trepajfi talhgr, snfr`s, lfmtf rfys fmd f wadg rfmkg ec etngr pifmts fmd fmalfis. nttp?//www.jatgs.erk/gmk/ mgws/pr/826:/826:2:64Ujep63.pnp
GMZ (Gmvaremlgmt Mgws Zgrvajg) (8264). Kiehfi [aidiacg Jralg Ztamk Frrgsts 422+ Zuspgjts.nttp?//gms-mgwswarg. jel/8264/28/6;/kiehfi-waidiacg-jralg-stamk-frrgsts- 422-suspgjts/
Kúlgz, F. fmd Fkuarrg, F.F. (822>). Amcgjtaeus dasgfsgs fmd tng aiigkfi waidiacg trfdg. Fmmfis ec tng Mgw Qer` Fjfdgly ec Zjagmjgs, 6641, 63-61 nttp?//www.mjha.mil.
man.kev/puhlgd/61682637 Nfymgs, K. (8268). Gigpnfmts (fmd gxtamjt rgiftavgs) fs gfrtn-levgrs fmd gjesystgl gmkamggrs. Kgelerpneieky, 67;-67>, 11-62; nttp?// www.sjagmjgdargjt.jel/sjagmjg/frtajig/paa/ Z2631777^6622:64^
ACF[ (Amtgrmftaemfi Cumd cer Fmalfi [gicfrg) (m.d.). F jfsg cer stgppamk up JATGZ gmcerjglgmt am tng GWnttp?// www.acfw.erk/umatgd-stftgs/rgseurjg-jgmtrg/acfw-jfsg- stgppamk-jatgs-gmcerjglgmt-gu
AAZD Xgpertamk Zgrvajgs (8268). Zullfry ec tng [erid Jemkrgss em Oustajg, Kevgrmfmjg fmd Ifw cer Gmvaremlgmtfi Zustfamfhaiaty, 6;-82 Oumg 8268. WMGR [erid Jemkrgss Huiigtam, 82:,6 nttp?//www.aasd.jf/ dewmiefd/pdc/sd/ylhvei82:mul6g.pdc
AMTGXREI (8264). Gxgjutavg Zullfry ‚ Fssgsslgmt ec Gmcerjglgmt Xgspemsgs te Tak

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