The United Nations Organisation

The United Nations OrganisationProject Report

ByNameSchool

Origin of the United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.Due to its unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the Organization can take action on a wide range of issues, and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees.The forerunner of the United Nations was theLeague of Nations, an organization conceived in similar circumstances during the First World War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security." TheInternational Labour Organizationwas also created under the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency of the League. The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War.In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at theUnited Nations Conference on International Organizationto draw up theUnited Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories.United Nations Dayis celebrated on 24 October each year.

Objectives of the United NationsThe objectives of the United Nations are: To keep peace throughout the world; To develop friendly relations among nations; To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each others rights and freedoms; To prevent wars; To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals; To achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems; To eradicate various diseases from the world; To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world; To facilitate international law.

The Principles of the United Nations: All Member States have sovereign equality. All Member States must obey the Charter. Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means. Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force. The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country. Countries should try to assist the United Nations.

The United Nations Organisation2014

3

Principle Organs of the United Nations General Assembly Secretariat Security Council Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council International Court of JusticeGeneral AssemblyThe General Assembly functions as a parliament. All UN members participate.It is the UN's central deliberative body, empowered to discuss and make recommendations on any subject falling within the scope of the charter itself. It also approves the UN's budget and determinesalone or with the Security Councilpart of the composition of the other main organs, including the Security Council.The functions of General Assembly are: Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States; Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General; Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament; Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it; Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations; Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields; Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among nations; Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs.

Secretariat

The Secretariat deals with the administrative workings of the UN and includes the office of the Secretary Generalis the administrative arm of the organization. It is headed by a Secretary-General appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term.The functions of UN Secretariat are:1) It records the all the minutes of the General Assembly meetings and Security Council meetings and resolutions.2) It notify and arrange all the important meetings of the Secretary- General .3) It maintain records of the all the activities of UN agencies.4) UN secretariat keeps the correspondence with the all the Heads of States.5) UN secretariat is a biggest and largest bureaucracy in the world, and it maintains the records of the income and expenditure of the UN.6) UN secretariat prepares the all the important documents and distribute among all the important offices.7) UN secretariat keeps the documentation of the disarmament meetings, and other related activities which protects the world peace.8) UN secretariat will perform certain ceremoniat duties of the UN and secretary-general.

The Security Council

The Security Council deals with security issues. There are 5 permanent members and 10 rotating members. The permanent members are Russia, the United States, China, France and the United Kingdom. It has primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. In times of crisis, it is empowered to act on behalf of all member states and to decide on a course of collective action that is mandatory for the entire membership.The functions of the Security Council are: To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations; To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction; To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement; To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments; To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken; To call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression; To take military action against an aggressor; To recommend the admission of new Members; To exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas"; To recommend to theGeneral Assemblythe appointment of theSecretary-Generaland, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of theInternational Court of Justice.The Economic and Social CouncilThe Economic and Social Council handles economic and social issues. There are 54 members. It is assigned the task of organizing the UN's work on economic and social matters and the promotion of human rights. It consists of 54 members elected for overlapping three-year terms by the General Assembly.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the central body for coordinating the economic and social work of the United Nations and the UN family of organizations. It has 54 member nations elected from all regions. As much as 70 per cent of the work of the UN system is devoted to promoting higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development. The Council recommends and directs activities aimed at promoting economic growth of developing countries, supporting human rights and fostering world cooperation to fight poverty and under-development.Functions of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) are:1. The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly to the Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned.2. It may make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.3. It may prepare draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its competence.4. It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by the United Nations, international conferences on matters falling within its competence.

The Trusteeship Council

The Trusteeship Council is currently inactive. Formerly, it oversaw trusteeship territories operated the UN trusteeship system established under the charter. It was originally composed of member nations administering trust territories, the permanent members of the Security Council, and a sufficient number of other members, elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms, to ensure an equal division of administering and nonadministering powers. After 1975, it was composed of the five permanent members of the Security Councilthe United States, the sole remaining administering power, and the four permanent nonadministering powers. The last trust territory, the Pacific island of Palau, voted for affiliation with the United States in late 1993. The Trusteeship Council voted in 1994 to suspend operation, convening only at the request of its President, a majority of its member states, the General Assembly, or the Security Council.The primary functions of the Trusteeship Council are: Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council is authorized to examine and discuss reports from the Administering Authority on the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the peoples of Trust Territories and, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to examine petitions from and undertake periodic and other special missions to Trust Territories; Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were formerLeague of Nations mandates.

The International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (also known as the World Court) sits in The Hague in the Netherlands. Its documentation system is distinct from that of the first five main organs. It is the principal judicial organ of the UN. It consists of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms by the General Assembly and the Security Council voting independently. It may not include more than one judge of any nationality. The Members of the Court do not represent their governments but are independent magistrates.The functions of the court are: To settle, in accordance with international law,legal disputessubmitted by States, and To giveadvisory opinionson legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.

Other Specialized Organizations of the United Nations1. Food and Agriculture Organization2. International Atomic Energy Agency3. International Civil Aviation Organization4. International Fund for Agricultural Development5. International Labour Organization6. International Maritime Organization7. International Monetary Fund8. International Telecommunication Union9. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization10. United Nations Industrial Development Organization11. World Tourism Organization12. Universal Postal Union13. World Bank Group14. World Food Programme15. World Health Organization16. World Intellectual Property Organization17. World Meteorological Organization

MembershipThere are currently 192 Members of the United Nations. They meet in the General Assembly, which is the closest thing to a world parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a single vote; however, none of the decisions taken by the Assembly are binding. Nevertheless, the Assembly's decisions become resolutions that carry the weight of world governmental opinion.Process for being a member1. Any State which desires to become a Member of the United Nations shall submit an application to the Secretary-General. Such application shall contain adeclaration, made in a formal instrument that the State in question accepts the obligations contained in the Charter.2. The Secretary-General shall, for information, send a copy of the application to the General Assembly, or to the Members of the United Nations if the Assembly is not in session.3. If the Security Council recommends the applicant State for membership, the General Assembly shall consider whether the applicant is a peace-loving State and is able and willing to carry out the obligations contained in the Charter and shall decide, by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting, upon its application for membership.4. If the Security Council does not recommend the applicant State for membership or postpones the consideration of the application, the General Assembly may, after full consideration of the special report of the Security Council, send the application back to the Council, together with a full record of the discussion in the Assembly, for further consideration and recommendation or report.5. The Secretary-General shall inform the Applicant State of the decision of the General Assembly. If the application is approved, membership shall become effective on the date on which the General Assembly takes its decision on the application.Indian MembershipIndia was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the historic UN Conference of International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UNs specialized programmes and agencies.Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism and apartheid. India was the co-sponsor of the landmark 1960 Declaration on UN on Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which proclaimed the need to unconditionally end colonialism in all its forms and manifestations. India was also elected the first chair of the Decolonization Committee (Committee of 24) where its ceaseless efforts to put an end to colonialism are well on record.

India was amongst the most outspoken critics of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa. In fact, India was the first country to raise the issue in the UN (in 1946) and played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories.

Indias status as a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order.

Evidence of Peacekeeping

Peacekeepingby theUnited Nationsis a role held by theDepartment of Peacekeeping Operationsas "a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the Organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace".It is distinguished from bothpeacebuildingandpeacemaking.Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing thepeace agreementsthey may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly UN peacekeepers (often referred to asBlue Beretsbecause of their light blueberetsor helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.Missions1. In September 2013, the UN had peacekeeping soldiers deployed on 15 missions. The largest was theUnited Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo(MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan(UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire inJammu and Kashmir. UN peacekeepers with theUnited Nations Truce Supervision Organization(UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.2. Middle East (195667):India was part of theUnited Nations Emergency Force(UNEF), where for the first time armed troop contingents were deployed. India's contribution was an infantry battalion and other support elements. Over a period of 11 years, 393 officers, 409 JCOs and 12383 other ranks took part in the operations.3. Congo (196064) (ONUC):Two infantry Brigades composed of 467 officers, 401 JCOs and 11354 other ranks participated and conducted operations. A flight of sixCanberra bomberaircraft of theIAFalso participated in the operations. 39 personnel of the Indian contingent laid down their lives. CaptGS Salariawas awarded posthumously theParamvir Chakrafor action in Katanga, Southern Congo.4. Cambodia (1992-1993):United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodiawas set up to supervise ceasefire, disarm combatants, repatriate refugees and monitor conduct of free and fair elections. A total of 1373 peacekeepers from all ranks of theIndian Army participated.5. Mozambique (199294) (ONUMOZ):Two Engineer companies, HQ company, logistics company, staff officers and military observers were provided. In all 1083 peacekeepers from all ranks participated.6. Somalia (199394) (UNITAF&UNOSOM II):TheIndian NavyandIndian Armytook active part in UN Operations. Indian Army deployed a Brigade Group composed of 5000 personnel from all ranks and the navy deployed four battleships.7. Sierra Leone (1999-2001) (UNAMSIL):Two Infantry Battalion groups, two engineer companies, Quick reaction company, Attack helicopter unit, medical unit and Logistic support in addition to sector HQ and Force Headquarters staff were provided.8. Ethiopia-Eritrea (200608) (UNMEE):Indian contribution comprised one infantry battalion group, one construction Engineer Company and one force Reserve Company, apart from staffing at various HQs and military observers.UN is persistently involved in many more peacekeeping missions.

Interesting facts about the UN The UN has its headquarters in New York City The UN was set up on the 24th October 1945 The UN was created in San Francisco The UN had 189 members in 2002 The United Nations Charter has the rules and obligations of every state in the UN 51 countries attended the very first UN meeting The newest member of the United Nations is South Sudan UN has spent more than 40 billion US dollars on peace keeping The name "United Nations" was proposed by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Winston Churchill back in 1942. The United States pays 22% (and 27% of the peacekeeping budget, which is assessed separately) of the entire UN budget. In 2006, this turns out to be $423 million or $1.42 per American citizen The Trusteeship Council 1994 has been inactive since 1994

Bibliography http://www.un.org/ https://www.pminewyork.org/ http://www.unaslovenia.org/ http://www.answers.yahoo.com/ www.mea.gov.in/ http://en.wikipedia.org/ www.icj-cij.org/