united airways module•recurrent respiratory tract infections (rrti) are defined as acute...
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United Airways Module
A Module For The Practicing PediatricianUnder The IAP Presidential Action Plan 2018
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TeamDesignation Name
Chairperson Dr Santosh SoansCo-chairperson Dr Sachidanand Kamath IAP Coordinator Dr Bakul ParekhNational Coordinator Dr Jose OusephJoint National Coordianator Dr Salim A KhatibNational Scientific Convener Dr S Balasubramanian Jt. National Scientific Convener Dr S. Nagabhushana
Zonal ConvenersSouth Zone Dr Krishna Mohan RWest Zone Dr Rajendra C DevNorth Zone Dr Ashwani Kumar KamdarEast Zone Dr Santanu DebCentral Zone Dr Paka R Rajender
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Contributors• Dr Barnali Bhattacharya• Dr Basavaraj• Dr Dhiren Gupta• Dr Ira Shah• Dr Indu Khosla• Dr Gautam Ghosh• Dr NC Gowrisankar• Dr Jagdish Chinnappa• Dr Jagdish Dhekne• Dr Jeeson Unni• Dr E Mahender• Dr Prabhakar murthy
• Dr Srinivas Gunda• Dr Subba Rao SD • Dr Sumanth Amperayani• Dr Sushil K Kabra• Dr Subramanya NK• Dr Salim A Khatib• Dr Tanu Singhal• Dr Thangavelu S• Dr Upendra K• Dr Vijay Yewale• Dr Vineet Sehgal
• Dr Pankaj Vaidya• Dr Pallab Chatterjee• Dr Pritish Nagar • Dr Palaniraman R• Dr P Ramachandran• Dr Sanjay Natu• Dr Sanjay Bafna• Dr Somu Sivabalan• Dr Sharath Balaji• Dr Shishir Modak• Dr Shivakumar• Dr Srikanta JT
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Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
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Discuss
Differentials
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Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
• Which respiratory symptoms commonly recur?
• At what age are they common ?
• What is the meaning of increased frequency ?
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Symptoms and age
• Symptoms?
• Cough – Acute onset/chronic
• Snoring and Nasal symptoms
• Noisy breathing
• Breathlessness & Wheeze
• Usually in Preschool and school going age
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What is increased frequency?
• Varies depending on the symptom and condition
• Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTI) are defined as acute respiratory infections occurring 8 episodes per year if age < 3 years and or 6episodes per year if age>or=3 years (Principi et al., 2003).
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Case Scenario 1
• A 3 year old master D weighing 12 kg presents with c/o fever,
cough and cold 3 times in the last 2 months
• Subsides within 5-6 days after symptomatic medications
• Poor appetite and disturbed sleep during episodes
• Active and well in between
• Examination Normal
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Points to Note
• Normal child with normal frequency of symptoms
• Anxious parents• Normal growth and
development• Interval normal• Brief disturbances of eating,
sleeping and activity• No red flags
• Counselling • What is normal?• Why?• Tonics wont help• Immune-stimulants wont work• Focus on food, fluids; exercise
and sleep• Discourage antibiotics and
cough syrups
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URIs• Preschool & school children, Avg. 6 - 8 cold/year
• Cold symptoms last 10 - 14 days
• Cough (up to 2 - 3 wks. post viral URI)
• Fever, if present, generally lasts only 24 - 48 hours
• Healthy children may exhibit cold symptoms from viral URIs
• 60 - 112 days annually
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TIME COURSE OF AN EPISODE OF VIRAL FEVER
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Case Scenario - 2
• 3 year old master G c/o 8 episodes of fever, cough & cold – since
last 6 months
• Fever usually lasts for 3 days with running nose - watery/mucoid
• Cough not disturbing physical activity & sleep
• Similar episodes once/ twice in a month in the past
• Recently joined in kindergarten
• No family h/o atopy
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On Examination
• Growth and development normal
• ENT
• nose - coryza+, post nasal drip+
• tonsils - normal
• Ear drums - normal
• Systemic examination - normal (chest clear)
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Points to Note• Normal child with Increased Frequency Of Symptoms
• Normal Growth and Development
• Interval normal
• Brief disturbances of eating, sleeping and activity
• No Red Flags
but Frequency more than normal for age
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Factors that can Increase Frequency ofRespiratory INFECTIONs in children
• Malnutrition • LACK OF BREAST FEEDING• Allergies• CONGENITAL ANAMOLIES• Day care, or Sibling in day care • Vitamin D deficiency
• Iron deficiency• Passive
smoke(biomass/tobacco)• Outdoor air pollution• Exposure to adult with
chronic respiratory infections
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Case Scenario - 3• 4 year master F c/o frequent cough, cold• Cough is dry - More at night, with variable periods of cough free
intervals• Rubs his nose & sneezes often with persistence of nasal
symptoms• Episodes seldom associated with fever • No snoring or mouth breathing• No h/o of wheezing• Father known asthmatic
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On Examination
• Growth – normal • Development – normal • Systemic evidence of atopic dermatitis• ENT
• Ear - erythema but no bulge• Nasal congestion with clear fluid• Throat - congested
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Points to Note• Child With Increased Frequency Of Symptoms At One or more
contiguous anatomical Site•Nasal•Pharyngotonsillar•Ear•Laryngeal•Tracheobronchial
• Temporary Stuttering of Growth and Development• More significant disturbances of appetite, sleep and activity• Occasional Red Flags That Need To Be Elicited• Discrete Syndromes
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Allergic Rhinitis (AR)
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Diagnosis
• Purely based on clinical grounds• 2 or more of the following symptoms for > 1 h on most days
• watery anterior rhinorrhoea• sneezing, especially paroxysmal• nasal obstruction• nasal pruritus• conjunctivitis
+-
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Allergic salute Transverse nasal crease
Allergic SaluteTransverse Nasal Crease
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Denie-Morgan Lines
Allergic Shiners
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Other Causes of Recurrent / Persistent Rhinitis
• Vasomotor rhinitis• Viral infection• Obstructive causes• Adenoid hyperplasia• Foreign body
• Deviated septum• Nasal polyps• Neoplasm• Medications
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Case Scenario - 4
• 7 year old boy c/o recurrent cough, cold & fever (103-1040 F)
• Thick purulent nasal discharge
• Cough more on lying down posture
• Persistent Snoring worsening during episodes with gasping
during sleep
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On Examination• Growth weight - 26 kg, Height - 119 cm
• Development - normal
• Head to toe examination - adenoidal facies mild retrognathia
• ENT
• Nose - Thick nasal discharge bilaterally, diminished airflow
across nares
• Ear - Bilateral OME
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• VIDEO
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Recurrent Sinusitis with
Upper Airway Obstruction
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Snore . . . Common Causes
• Adenotonsillar hypertrophy• Overweight / obesity• Nasal congestion from colds, flu
or allergies• Nasal trauma / Deviated nasal
septum / choanal stenosis
• Facial anomaly - small or posteriorly placed jaw or a flattened midfacial profile
• Throat - cleft palate • Neuromuscular problems -
cerebral palsy, Duchene muscular dystrophy
• Large tongue - Down syndrome, hypothyroidism
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS)
• OSAS is a “disorder of breathing during sleep
characterized by prolonged partial upper airway
obstruction and/or intermittent complete obstruction
(obstructive apnea) that disrupts normal ventilation
during sleep and normal sleep patterns”
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ASK
DOES THE CHILD HAVE SOUND SLEEP OR
SOUND WHILE SLEEPING?
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OSAS
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Diagnosis• CLINICAL – Ask for night
symptoms, morning and daytime symptoms
• CAREFUL EVALUATION OF height and weight, face, neck, nose and mouth, chest and back, cardiovascular system
• XRAY NECK LEFT LATERAL
• POLYSOMNOGRAPHYY
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Treatment• Medical
• Sleep hygiene, obesity treatment & rhinitis
• Surgical
• Adenotonsillectomy cures OSAS in 70 -80% of children with
adenotonsillar hypertrophy*
• Craniofacial abnormalities correction
• Non invasive ventilation
• Tracheostomy
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Case Scenario – 5
• 7 months old with recurrent episodes of noisy breathing
• Increasing intensity with cold
• In between colds child has minimal noisy breathing
• No admissions so far
• Child thriving well
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On Examination
• Growth - normal • Development - normal
• Head to toe - suprasternal retractions +• Systemic examination - inspiratory stridor
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ASK
• IF THE NOISE IS MORE THAN THE COUGH –CONSIDER MALACIA SYNDROMES
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Malacia – SyndromesWorsening with Viral Infections
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Malacia Syndromes - Laryngomalacia• Common dynamic
abnormality of the supra-glottic area
• Presents with stridor in the first few days of life
• Usually mild and recovers in the first 1-2 years of life
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Tracheomalacia• Primary or secondary defect in
tracheal cartilage• Brassy cough, Expiratory
Stridor and choking spells• Associated with vascular rings
and Tracheo-esophageal fistula• May have concomitant
bronchomalacia and Laryngomalacia
• Diagnosed by Bronchoscopy
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Bronchomalacia
• Noisy breathing and ‘Wheeze’ in
early infancy, usually worse
with colds. No response to anti-
asthma or GERD treatment
• Monophonic wheeze in central
lung fields on examination
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Case Scenario - 6
• 2 year old master A presented with c/o recurrent cough more during feeding (liquid feed) with nasal regurgitation of most feed since birth
• Also has had 6 episodes of AOM with recurrent LRTI with wheeze
• Weight trend
Birth
3 kgs
6 mths
5 kgs
1 yr
7 kgs
2yrs
8 kgs
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On Examination• Growth and development – failure to thrive with
developmental delay• ENT
• OME bilaterally• Palate not moving well on crying• Look for evidence of submucosal cleft palate (bifid uvula)
• Systemic Evaluation• Hypotonia • Few scattered wheeze and crackles
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Investigations
• Empirical anti reflux measures given• Tried ICS - NO benefit• Barium Swallow Normal study - No TEF/ GERD• Echo normal
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Points to Note
• Child With Increased Frequency Of Symptoms at Multiple Anatomical Sites
• Significant effect on growth and development• Clear Red Flags• Needs Urgent Attention
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VELO-PHARYNGEAL INCOMPETENCE
Aspiration syndromeVelo - Pharyngeal Incompetence
Aspiration syndrome secondary to Neuromuscular abnormalities
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Case Scenario – 7
• 8 month old infant with c/o recurrent fever, moist cough and wheezing - since 1 month of age
• Multiple hospitalizations and clinic visits• Treated with antibiotics/nebulization• On examination
• Weight trend – birth (4kg) current weight (5kg)• Clubbing present with hyper-inflated chest+, Harrison sulci+• Chest – bilateral coarse crackles+
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Comments?
• Recurrent and/or persisting moist cough
• Intermittent febrile episodes
• Need of antibiotics
• Clubbing
• Failure to thrive
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Mucociliary Dysfunction Cystic Fibrosis
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Case Scenario - 8• 13 year old adolescent admitted with c/o high grade fever, cough
and breathlessness since last 3 days
• Admitted 2 month back with similar complaints
• No significant past history of atopy or wheeze
• On examination
• Signs suggestive of left lower lobe consolidation
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X-Rays
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Approach
• Clinical or Radiological or both
• Recurrent / Persistent
• Single or multiple lobes• Pulmonary alone or with extrapulmonary involvement
• Associated with red flag signs
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Recurrent Pneumonia
• Two episodes within same year
• 3 or more episodes over any period of time• Complete resolution of clinical & radiological findings between
episodes
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Recurrent Pneumonia
Unilobar• Congenital airway anomaly
Cardiovascular anomaly• Retained foreign body• Mediastinal adenopathy• Right middle lobe syndrome• Tuberculosis
Multilobar• Recurrent aspiration• GERD• Immunodeficiency• Cystic fibrosis/ PCD
Abnormal Anatomy (Structural) / Abnormal Physiology (Functional/ Mucociliary)
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Case Scenario – 8
• History continued
• Twice had discharging ears
• Several episodes of diarrhea
• Incision & drainage - 4 times (Abscess in multiple sites)
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Clues to Suspect Immunodeficiency
• S P U R• Severe infection• Persistent infection & failure of expected recovery• Unusual organisms, sites• Recurrent infection
• Along with• Family history of unexplained death• Failure to Thrive
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Conclusion
Normal Child, Anxious Parents, Counselling
Child With Clear Anatomical Recurrence, Sinusitis, Otitis,
Bronchitis, Asthma, Adenoiditis, Tonsillitis
Normal Child, Increased Frequency Look for Triggers
(Environmental or Nutritional)
Persistently ill Child with Exacerbations, Multiple
Anatomical Sites, Disturbance in Growth & Development, Red
Flag Signs
Recurrent
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What are Red flag signs in Respiratory Disease?
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Red Flags in Respiratory Complaints
• Failure to thrive (FTT) • Clubbing/Cyanosis• Low saturation on pulse oximetry• Symptoms from early infancy• Persisting moist or productive cough• Feeding difficulties, choking
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Red Flags in Respiratory Complaints
• Persisting focal auscultatory findings• Hemoptysis• Chronic / exertional dyspnoea• Multisystem involvement - Immune deficiency• Neuromuscular abnormality & Developmental
issues
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RECURRENT RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS
• Recognise the pattern • Key questions• Age • Pattern of illness• Wellness interval• Key symptoms• Environment
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We express our Gratitude toLupin Laboratories Respiratory Division
for making this possible