Defining Leadership

Leadership

Leadership;Example of leaders;

Conventional Examples of Strong Leaders

Components

A process of influence; Sanctioned influence;

Leaders and followers; Voluntary surrender control

Goal oriented context

Leadership v.s. management

Leadership is a managerial task;Management is leadership applied to business

situations;an effective manager should possess

leadership skills, and an effective leader should demonstrate management skills.

Management involves power by position. Leadership involves power by influence. managers concerned themselves with tasks

while leaders concerned themselves with people.

Managers Versus LeadersManagers

Are appointed to their position Can influence people only to

the extent of the formal authority of their position

Do not necessarily have the skills and capabilities to be leaders

Leaders Are appointed or emerge

from within a work group Can influence other

people and have managerial authority

Do not necessarily have the skills and capabilities to be managers

Leadership is the process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals.

Definition

The use of noncoercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of the members of an organized group toward the accomplishment of group objectives

The process…

The importanceGoal-directed functions

Generating and maintaining the required effort;

Directing and coordinating the effort; Attracting new followers;

Symbolic function Representing the group or organization;

Focal point Heroic, large-than-life value

The transactional model

Three forces

Followers Interaction and exchange between;

Situation

leader

Leadership Questions ►Who do you consider leaders in your school? ►What do you think makes someone an effective leader? Which of those qualities do you

have?

Factors Affecting Leadership Style

Leadership style

The way in which a leader uses power to lead others determines his or her leadership style.

Types of Leadership Style

Autocratic: Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone

else High degree of dependency on the leader Can create de-motivation and alienation

of staff May be valuable in some types of business where

decisions need to be made quickly and decisively

Authoritarian (autocratic)

Decision maker?Consulting employees?Question: How might an autocratic sal

es manager do with quota?

Types of Leadership Style

Democratic: Encourages decision making

from different perspectives – leadership may be emphasised throughout the organisation

Types of Leadership Style

Democratic: May help motivation and involvement Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas Improves the sharing of ideas

and experiences within the business Can delay decision making

Participative (democratic)

Decision maker? Consulting employees?E.g. How will a democratic sales ma

nager do with quota?

Types of Leadership Style

Laissez-Faire (free rein) : The leadership responsibilities

are shared by all Can be very useful in businesses

where creative ideas are important Can be highly motivational,

as people have control over their working life Can make coordination and decision making

time-consuming and lacking in overall direction Relies on good team work Relies on good interpersonal relations

free rein

Decision maker?

Analysis

Make an analysis of the former CEOs of AT&T. What are their leadership styles? Why do they take such a style?

Four factors affect leadership style

peoplethe jobmanagement supportpersonal characteristics

PeopleEmployees with low

expectationsWork-centered;Autocratic Close supervisi

on

Employees with high expectationsPeople-centeredDemocratic To work on their o

wn

The performance levels & expectations

people

How to motivate people?Satisfy the need of people with different kinds of leadership style

Hierarchy of need

--Abraham maslow

self-actualization

Self-esteem

belonging-love

safety

physiological

Food water shelterwarmth

Security stability freedom from fear

Friends family spouse lover

Achievement mastery

recognition respect

Pursue inner talent

peopleDifferent kind of motivationQuestion

But how about when your employees have various needs?

The jobCompare: which leadership style is

more efficient, democratic or autocratic?

Urgent or not Analysis or coordination;Uncertainty or certainty

Management Support

The reward systemThe approval and support of high

er management

The Reward System

Short-run reward system –authoritarian leadership

Long-run reward system—more democratic leadership

Examples :Koppers corporation’s incentive program b

ase on a three-year period performance.Phillips Petroleum’s two separate incentive

program.

The approval and support of higher managementPeople-oriented leaderAutocratic leader

Personal characteristics

Question What characteristics should a leader has?Suggest you are a nonmanagerial employ

ee what kind of character of the leader do you like most?

Some important characteristics

SincerityKnowledgeNeed to be accepted

Would you like an insincerity person to be your leader?

A silent tongue and true heart are the most admirable things on earth.

-----proverb Insincerity is a stumbling block of the

management. An insincerity leader can’t make the job go smoothly.

But sincerity is opposite.

Is a knowledgeable leader useful?

If a leader lack of knowledge, is he competent?

Should a leader is more knowledgeable than his employees?

Should the leader be lonely?

Many managers complain about the loneliness of the leadership.

Summarization

It ’s, of course, vital to recognize that no leadership style is correct, and that style is always dependent upon the particular situation, and the nature and culture of the  organization

Question

Which leadership style is the best one?When facing extremely easy and extremely

difficult situation, which leadership style is suitable?

When facing moderately difficult situations?

The History of Leadership Thought

Ten streams of leadership thought

Personality EraInfluence EraBehavior EraSituation EraContingency Era

Ten streams of leadership thought

Transactional EraAnti-Leadership EraCulture EraTransformational EraIntegrative Era

Personality Era

Leaders are born, not made.The qualities essential for leadership could not

be taught.Research focused on identifying personal char

acteristics that differentiated leaders from nonleaders was unsuccessful.

Influence Era

Leadership was considered as influence over others, through power and persuasion.

Behavior Era

Leader’s actions and rewarding of followers was important

Situation Era

Social status and group, environmental, and sociotechnical influences on the leader are brought into the analysis of leader effectiveness.

Contingency Era

The most appropriate leader behavior was contingent on the situation.

Transactional Era

The exchange relationship between leader and members, that is, their agreed-upon roles, rewards, and interaction, was more fully developed in this era.

Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.

Anti-Leadership Era

Authors questioned whether leaders made a difference to the performance of organization.

Leaders may be only symbols of organization. Elements of the leadership could substitute for active

leadership. Neutralizers and supplements

Culture Era

Leaders were seen as the creators and maintainers of an organization’s culture.

Transformational EraThe focus was on how the organizational member was transformed or changed by the leader. Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization by clarifying role and task requirements.Leaders who also are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on their followers.

Integrative Era

The streams of leadership thought are coming together and each major stream will have an influence on the understanding on leadership organizations.