UNIT 7CAPITALISM AND IMPERIALISM

Material de apoyo para los alumnos de 4ºESO de la Sección Bilingüe

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• After the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, there were no warsbetween the European powers.

• However, relationships between these nations werecharacterised by increasing tension.

• At the same time, many countries were increasing theirproduction of arms and military equipment.

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE 1871 - 1914 THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The German unification process made Germany the most powerfulcountry in Europe.

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Second French Empire opposed the German expansion through Europe and declared thewar to the Kingdom of Prussia, aided by theNorth German Confederation, of which itwas a member.

Prussia won the war and it brought aboutchanges in Europe. France had to surrenderthe region of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.

Napoleon III's Empire finished during thewar, and the Third Republic was establishedin France.

1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• German Confederation

became a political union

as well after the war, as

Bismarck wished.

• Bismark then established

the Second Reich, or

German Empire, with

Wilhem I as its kaiser.

King Wilhelm I

Chancellor Bismarck

GERMANY´S FOREIGN POLICY

• Germany´s foreign policy became especially important duringthis period in two phases:

The Bismarkian system

The policies of Wilhem II

THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM

German Chancellor Otto von Bismark establisheda system of allianceswith Austria, Russia and Italy in order to reach toobjectives:

The isolation of France.

The balance in theBalcans.

Part of the Austrian Empire Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, part of present-day Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, part of Ukraine

Part of the Russian Empire Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, part of Ukraine

Part of the Ottoman Empire Turkey

Independent countries Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy,Romania, Serbia, Spain, Swithzerland.

THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM

The isolation of France

• France´s main objective duringthis period was to recover theregion of Alsace-Lorraine, which ithad lost to Germany in 1871.

• Bismark used his alliances toprevent conflict in Europe, including a possible war withFrance over Alsace-Lorraine.

THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM

• Bismark knew that Austria and Russia wanted to control the Balcans and that these tensions could be the origin of a European conflict.

The balance in the Balcans

THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II

• Kaiser Wilhlem I died and Wilhelm II took the throne.

THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II

• Wilhelm II wanted a more agressive foreign policy in Europe, so in 1890 he dismissed Bismark and abandoned his system of alliances.

• Then, Wilhem II began a policy of expansionism known as Weltpolitik (world politics).

• This policy created tension between

Germany and other European countries,

especially in unstable regions such

as Morocco and the Balkan Peninsula.

• Do exercise 3 on pager 141.

FINANCE CAPITALISM

FINANCE CAPITALISM

Industrial capitalism

Industrial productionhad been the most

important economicactivity.

Finance capitalismLate-19th-century Europe

Activities related to themovement and

management of moneybecame the most important

source of business profit.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• Why did the finance capitalism emerge in Europe?

Financecapitalism

Technologicalinnovations

Industrial innovations

Financialinnovations

Organisationalinnovations

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• ENERGY

• New sources of energy were discovered that supplementedand even replaced coal and gas.

New sources of energy

ELECTRICITY OIL

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• 1867: Bergès designed a hidroelectric generator to produce electricity for factories.

• Video hidroelectric power plant

This led to theconstruction of largehydroelectric powerplants and the installationof electric cables toprovide homes and factories with electricity.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• 1879: Edison invented the electric light bulb, which soonreplaced gas lights in factories, streets and people´s homes.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• OIL

• New processes were discovered to refine

oil and produce new fuels => kerosene and

petrol.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• TECHNOLOGY

• Improved versions of the Bessemer converter

• This made it cheaper to produce steel for railways, cars, industrial machinery and very tall buildings known as skyscrapers.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• TECHNOLOGY

• Stainless steel

• It is used to make precision instruments.

• New types of fibres, such as artificial silk.

• It revolutionated the textile industry.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• NEW INDUSTRIES

• Electrical technology became an important industry, dedicated tothe production of equipment such as generators, engines, wires, lamps and light bulbs.

• Some German companies were established during this period.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• NEW INDUSTRIES

• New food industries, which preserved perishable food in metal tins, also developed.

• The chemical industry started producing a variety of goods, suchas:

• Perfume

• Medicines

• Dynamite

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• FINANCE AND INVESTMENT• Business owners needed enormous amounts of capital to

establish, maintain and expand their industrial operations.

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Request a loan from a bank, in exchange for interest.

Banks made direct investments in industry.

Businessmen could form a companyu and sell shares to investors, who received a part of the profits.

Investors could buy and sell shares in differentcompanies at the stock exchange.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• NEW BUSINESS STRUCTURES

• Objective: to reduce competition

New businessstructures

Cartels TrustsHolding

companies

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

• NEW BUSINESS STRUCTURES

• Some companies aquired monopolies over certain products orservices by elimitating their competition.

• In some cases, governments gave monopolies to companies in return for money or a share of the company´s profits.

•Homework

•Page 145

•Exercises 8, 9, 10, 11.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• CONSUMERISM

• A new culture of consumerismdeveloped, as peopledemanded more manufactured goods.

• Businesses also startedto use advertising toincrease sales and profits.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• ECONOMIC INSTABILITY

• In periods of economic crisis, there was lessdemand for goods.

• This reduced business profits, resulting in:

• factory closures

• high unemployment

• social conflict

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• INTERNATIONAL TRADE

• Improvements to transportsystems:

• New roads

• New railways

• Modern vehicles: cars, lorriesand steamships.

• These developments facilitatedthe expansion of internationaltrade.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• TRADE IMBALANCES

• Industrialised countries bought raw materials in less developed countries and colonies at lowprices.

• They used raw materials to make manufacturedgoods.

• Then, they sold these goods in less developedcountries and colonies at high prices.

• This is the beginning of the wide development gap betweendeveloped and less developed countries.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• INCREASED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY

• Factories began to use the assembly-line systemof production.

• This improved productivity and provided more of the new manufactured goods which consumersdemanded.

Video of an example of assembly line.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• EXERCISES 12 and 14 on page 145

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY• In the late 19th century, the process of industrialisation continued

in the European countries. It also spread to other countries aroundthe world.

THE WORLD´S BIGGESTS

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCERS

USA

JAPANGERMANY

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY•GERMANY

• Europe´s leading industrial producer.

• Iron and steel industry.

• The electrical and chemical industries.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY

• THE UNITED STATES• Rapid industrialisation in the

second half of the 19th century.

• Increased immigration fromEurope:

• Provided work-force forindustry.

• Westward expansiontowards the Pacific:• Construction of a

transcontinental railwaysystem.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY• JAPAN

• The Japanese government:

• Built its own factories.

• Established banks.

• Introduced measures to increase thecountry´s exports.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY•What happened to Great Britain?

•Great Britain ceased to be the world´sleading industrial power because itsfactories were outdated and it did notinvest in new industries.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY•What happened to Spain?

• The most industrialised areascontinued to be:

• Cataluña => textile industry.

• País Vasco => the iron and steelindustry, and ship-building.

• Foreign businessmen also continuedto control some industries, such as Rio Tinto mines in Huelva.

IMPERIALISM

IMPERIALISM

•What doesImperialism mean?

• Domination of onecountry or peopleby another, usuallyinvolving directcontrol; also knownas colonialism.

Films related to Imperialism

IMPERIALISM

• PROCESS

• During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of developedcountries took control of other regions and lands all over the world.

• These lands became colonies and formedpart of the various colonial empires.

Colony: a conquered territory occupied by a settlement from the ruling state.Ruling state: the country that conquers a territory.

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

CO

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EMP

IRES

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

USA

JAPAN

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

CO

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ISED

AR

EAS

AFRICA

ASIA

OCEANIA

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

CO

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ISED

AR

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AFRICA

ASIA

OCEANIA

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

CAUSES OF IMPERIAL

EXPANSION

FINANCE CAPITALISM

RAPID INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF

THE COLONIAL POWERS

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

THE ROLE OF THE COLONIES

Colonies providedindustrialised countries

with cheap RAW MATERIALS.

Colonies also providedNEW MARKETS where

industrialised countriescould sell the

manufactured goods whichthey produced at home.

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

COLONIES

Raw materials

IMPERIAL POWERS

Manufacturedproducts

COLONIES

New markets

IMPERIAL POWERS

Sell the produts tothe colonies

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

Advantages por the imperial

powers.

A symbol of international

prestige.

More powerfulin international

terms.

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

• RESULT OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION:

• The colonial powers competed with one anotherfor control of strategic locationsaround the world.

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COLONIES FOR THE

EUROPEAN POPULATION:

• Colonies were an attractive destination forEuropean emigrants:

• High population growth in Europe.

• High unemployment due to machines in factories.

• Many working-class emigrated to the colonies tolook for work and better living standards.

• Some governments encouraged emigration toreduce social conflict.

THE CONSECUENCES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• Colonies were controlled by a minority that imposed

European culture.

• Native people had second-class status

• Ratial segregation was common.

THE CONSECUENCES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• Rivalry between the imperial powers was one of the

causes of the First World War.

THE CONSECUENCES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• The world economy became extremely imbalanced

because the wealthy nations controlled industry and trade, and exploited less developed countries.

AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY

AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY

Upper and middle class Working class

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

• The consumer society was based on the acquisition of manufactured goods.

Consumerism

AdvertisingNew luxury

itemsTourism Cinemas

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

• ADVERTISING

• Businesses used posters and various types of printed advertisements in newspapers and magazines to informcustomers about theirproducts and increasetheir sales.

Date: 1890´s.Print shows a well dressed young woman, wearing hat, white gloves, and pearls, holding up a glass of Coca-Cola, seated at a table on which is a vase of roses, the "Drink Coca-Cola" sign, and a paper giving the location of the "Home Office [of the] Coca-Cola Co." as well as branch locations.

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

• NEW LUXURY ITEMS

• Members of the upper class demonstrated their wealth bybuying expensive new luxury products, such as telephonesand cars.

Model: three-boxer with Blake transmitterMade by: Charles WilliamsFrom: circa 1880

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

• TOURISM

• Tourism became a new form of leisure.

• Members of the upper class used their leisure time totravel, go to spas at the weekends and visit the country or seaside in summer.

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

• CINEMAS

• The invention of cinematographic technology led to theestablishment of cinemas in cities around the world.

Video: The first film in History

SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

• 1880-1914

• Many workers participated in protests and strikes.

• The number of workers´associations and tradeunions increased during this period.

• New Socialist and Communist parties werefounded to defend workers´rights in thepolitical sphere.

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

• In Spain, the enormous differences in wealthbetween the upper and lower classes also led tothe establishment of political parties thatdefended workers´ rights and trade unions.

PSOE, 1879 FTRE, 1881 UGT, 1888 CNT, 1910

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

• After the Disaster of `98, a new movement known as Regenerationism waspromoted by intellectuals, such as Joaquín Costa.

• They wanted to renewSpanish society and improve the lives of working-class people.

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

• Rural credit unions werecreated to help farmersbuy seeds, fertilizer and farm equipment.

• Catholic workingmen´sassociations helpedfactory workers toprovide for their families.

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

• The Anarchist movementfound support amongworkers on the largeagricultural estates in Andalucía and industrial workers in Cataluña.

• Anarchists used violenttactics.

• The government repressedtheir organisations.

Atentado anarquista en el Liceo de Barcelona. 1893.

ART: MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE

MODERNISM

• Modernism or Art Nouveau

• It was an artistic response to industrial objects and industrial architecture, which Modernists foundunattractive.

Casa Milá by Gaudí. Barcelona.

Art Nouveau in Vienna.

Art Nouveau in Paris.

Art Nouveau in British cities.

MODERNISM

• Modernist architecturesdesigned all theelements of theirbuildings, including theinterior decoration and furniture.

MODERNISM

• Modernist decoration was inspired bynatural forms, with curved lines and motifs that included leaves and flowers.

Tessel Housein Brussels, by VictorHorta.

Majolikahaus, by Otto Wagner. Vienna.

A mainentranceof a housein Paris.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1

MODERNISM IN SPAIN

• In Spain, the most important Modernist architec wasAntoni Gaudí.

Video: Some of the best Gaudí´s works in Barcelona

MODERNISM IN SPAIN

• Gaudí´s projects typically featured undulating shapesbuilt with concrete and covered with hexagonal tiles in a variety of colours.

El Capricho de Gaudí. Comillas (Cantabria)

HOMEWORK

• EXERCISES 27 and 28 on page 155.

• EXERCISE 11 on page 157.

• Museo de Art Nouveau y Art Deco en la Casa Lis de Salamanca:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM308sRipQE

ART: IMPRESSIONISM

IMPRESSIONISM

• What is Impressionism?

• 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of

Paris-based artists.

• Impressionism is considered to be the beginning ofmodern art:• Impressionists artists

rejected and moved away

from classical models.

Video about the Impressionist

IMPRESSIONISM

• It was an experimental style:

• Artists tried to create an «impression» in the mindsof people who saw their work.

IMPRESSIONISM

• Impressionist painters were

interested in depicting lightand the ways in which itilluminated different objects.

• They usually worked outsideto take advantage of naturallight.

Study of a Figure Outdoors: Woman with a Parasol, facing left. By Claude Monet.

IMPRESSIONISM• Some artists painted the same scene at different times

of day.

Rouen Cathedral was performed by Claude Monet between 1892 and 1894. It is a series of 31 paintings that show the facade of gothic cathedral of Rouen during the day and in different weather conditions.

IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionists typically used pure, unmixed colours.

IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionists applied paint in thick, overlapping layers

with fast, loose brush-strokes.

IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionists paintings usually featured:

• Landscapes

• Scenes of everyday life, susch as people dancing or walking onthe beach.

Apple Blossoms, Eragny - Camille Pissarro. Le Moulin de la Galette. Renoir.

IMPRESSIONISM

Impression: sunrise (Claude Monet. 1872)

IMPRESSIONISM

IMPRESSIONISM

IMPRESSIONISM

RodinRodin was a sculptor who abandonedclassical proportionality and emphasisedthe depiction of emotion.

The Kiss

The thinker

IMPRESSIONISM

• Rodin

The burghers of Calais

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionism was followed by Post-

Impressionism.

• Artists experimented more freely to create their

won personal styles.

• They were more inclined to emphasize geometric

forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to

use unnatural or arbitrary colour.

• The most famous painters were: Van Gogh,

Gauguin, Cezánne, Toulouse-Lautrec, Seurat and

Signac.

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

• Paul Cezanne• He began using geometric shapes such as cubes and cylinders to

represent objects.

POST-IMPRESSIONISMVan GoghHe was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable

for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-

reaching influence on 20th-century art.

Starring nightThe Sunflowers

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• Van Gogh

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• Paul Gaugin

POINTILLISM• Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small,

distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to

form an image.

Detalle de La Parade (1889).

POINTILLISM

Seurat

Bathers at Asnières

Prof. Isabel Aguña

Bilingual Project

• Fuentes:

• Libro History 4ºESO. Oxford Education.

• http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1

• Imágenes obtenidas de Google.