unit_5_respiration_and_photosynthesis_.pdf - amazon … · respiration and photosynthesis ....
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiration and
Photosynthesis
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Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chains
Anabolic Pathway
Photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
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Flow of Energy
Energy is needed to support
all forms of life
We have talked about that
energy is transferred from
producer to consumer but
how?
How does light energy from
the sun get transferred into
usable forms of energy?
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The Short Answer
Plants use sunlight to go through
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis generates
Oxygen and organic molecules
used by the mitochondria as fuel
for respiration
Respiration breaks down that
fuel to generate ATP which is
the molecule that drives cellular
work
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Catabolic Pathways
Catabolic (break down complex molecules) pathways create
energy by oxidizing organic fuel
Cellular Respiration-The chemical process that generates most
of the energy in the cell
Aerobic Respiration- oxygen is consumed as a reactant along
with organic fuel (aerobic=air)
Fermentation- partial degradation of sugar or other organic
fuels that occurs without the use of oxygen
Anaerobic- without air
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Glucose
Glucose is a sugar
C6H12O6
The typical formula for the break down in Glucose
usually has the products of CO2 H2O and Energy in
the form of ATP and Heat
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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Misnomer about Catabolic Pathways
They do not do they work of the cell
Move the cell
Pump molecules across a membrane
Ect.
They just provide the Fuel in order to preform
these functions
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Cellular Respiration
Think of this as 3 stages
Glycolysis, The Krebs (aka Citric Acid) Cycle, & Electron
Transport
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Glycolysis and Its Reactants
Glycolysis- literally means glucoses splitting so this is the stage of
cellular respiration where glucose molecules are split up
Enzymes split the glucose molecules into 2 Pyruvate molecules (or
Pyretic acid)
In order to split the Glucose there is energy needed so 2ATP molecules
are used to start off the reaction
The ATP break a Phosphate off to release the energy needed to start
the reaction off and form 2 ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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Glycolysis Products
In order for glycolysis to be effective it has to
produce more energy then it takes in
The key products formed from glycolysis is 4 ATP,
2 NADH, 2H+, 2 Pyruvate & 2 H2O
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Glycolysis Net Payout
Net pay is how much did you profit
If I pay someone $500 and they made me $750 then I only
profited $250 over my investment of $500
Same concept with Glycolysis we used resources to start the
process so they will be counted against the product to form
the net profit
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Krebs Cycle
The Pyruvate travels to the mitochondria where the Krebs
cycle takes place
3 Carbon Pyruvate
Before the Krebs
cycle the 2 Pyruvate
combine coenzyme
A
This reaction
produces acetyl-CoA
The other product
are CO2 & 2NADH
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Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA is a 2 carbon molecule it combines
with a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetate
(OAA) this produces citric acid a 6 carbon atom
Citric acid goes through a series of reactions that
release energy in the forms of NADH, ATP, and
FADH2
OOA is then regenerated and reused and the
cycle is repeated for the other pyruvate made in
glycolysis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgXnH087JIk
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The Results Up To This Point
After the 2nd time through the Krebs cycle the
original glucose molecule has been completely
broken down
16 energy carrier molecules
4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH2
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Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain - a collection of molecules
embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
All the folds in the mitochondrion allows more surface
area which allows more proteins to be added to the
surface
As an electron is transported along the chain, the carries
(NADH & FADH2) alternate between oxidizing and
reducing as the donate and take on electrons
Through out the movement of the electron H+ ions are
pumped out of the organelle creating a concentration
gradient
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NADH looses its H+ ion
FADH2 loses both of its H+
ions
1 H+ is released out of
the mitochondrion
1 H+ is used up the
chain to combine
oxygen (why this is
aerobic respiration) to
form H2O
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Electron Transport Chain Continued
ATP Synthesis- the creation of ATP molecules
ATP Synthase- and enzyme that makes ATP from
ADP and Inorganic phosphate
It takes the H+ gradient that is produced and
uses the energy of the ions to allow free ADP
and Phosphorous ions to form together to form
ATP
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What is our overall product?
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Anaerobic Respiration
No oxygen
Is the sole source of ATP in anaerobic bacteria
Starts off like cellular respiration using glycolysis to
produce 2 ATP molecules and 2 Pyruvate
Then it uses Fermentation to produce ethanol and
NAD+
Which then fuels glycolysis this process does not net
the huge amount of ATP that cellular respiration
does
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Fermentation
2 pathways
Alcoholic Fermentation
Products: 2 Ethanol & 2 CO2
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Products: 2 Lactates
Both replenish NAD+ for glycolysis
Both net yield 2 ATP molecules per glucose
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Ways Plants Get Energy
Photosynthesis- the process plants uses to
convert light energy and convert it to chemical
energy that is stored in sugar
Autotrophs- self feeders, they make their own
energy
Heterotrophs- obtain energy from consuming
organic materials (with plants think of
decomposers)
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Photosynthesis Sites
The Mesophyll of the leaves contain Chloroplast
Chloroplast-a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in
which photosynthesis take place
Mesophyll- the tide in the interior of the leaf
CO2 enters and exits the leaves through pores called
stomata
Water is absorbed through the roots and other non
photosynthetic parts of the plant
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Mesophyll Cells
30-40 chloroplasts
Chloroplast
Stroma- the envelope of 2 membranes surround a
dense fluid
Thylakoids- suspended sacked which segregate the
stoma from the thylakoid space
Chlorophyll- free pigment that gives leaves it color,
resides in the thylakoid membranes
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Photosynthesis Reaction
6 CO2 + 12H2O + Light Energy —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
The process in which plants make glucose is called the Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle takes CO2 and uses it to make a 3-C sugar this by sunlight
(provides ATP and NADPH)
Consist of 3 parts
Carbon Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration
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Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixation
A CO2 molecule combines with a 5-Carbon
acceptor molecules and makes a 6-Carbon
molecule (RuBP or ribulose-1,5-bisphophate)
RuBP is split into 2 molecules of a 3-Carbon
molecule (3-PGA)
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Calvin Cycle Reduction
ATP & NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into a 3
carbon sugar (glyceralheyde-3-phosphate or G3P)
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Calvin Cycle Regeneration
Some G3P molecules go make glucose whole
others are recycled to regenerate RuBP acceptors
Regeneration requires ATP
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