unit3: chapter1& the&spanish6american&war ... ·...
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Table of Contents Page 1. Industrializa/on to Imperialism-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ 2. Foreign Policies-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ 3. U.S. Global Rela/ons at the Turn of the 19th Century-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ 4. Reasons for War-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ 5. Unrest in the Spanish Empire-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ 6. The American Response-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ 7. Results of the Spanish-‐American War-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
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With the Industrial Revolu/on in full effect in 1898, the U.S. was establishing itself as an economic powerhouse. Industrializa/on led to imperialist policies as we exerted our influence on the rest of the world to protect our interests at home. War is a tool in this influence and the Spanish-‐American War was the first interna/onal conflict in which war was used as an imperialist policy by the U.S. As Spain’s empire was dwindling and experiencing strife in some of its last remaining colonies, the U.S. was impacted as a result of the proximity of the unrest to our borders We responded first with diploma/c nego/a/ons. When diplomacy ran out and tensions came to a head, the U.S. declared war on the Spanish empire.
Unit 3: The Spanish-‐American War
Chapter 1 IndustrializaAon to Imperialism
In addi/on to the social, poli/cal, and economic changes that took place within the U.S. as a result of the Industrial Revolu/on, there was also a change in foreign policies or how America dealt with the rest of the world. Before the Industrial Revolu/on, the U.S was a subsistence economy. We were able to support ourselves from our reliance on the agricultural industry within the U.S. We had maintained an isola/onist policy since the Monroe Doctrine was signed in 1823, which declared that the U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of European na/ons or their colonies. However, that changed with the advent of the Industrial Revolu/on.
The Industrial Revolu/on led to an increase in produc/on. With a popula/on increase due to an influx of immigrants and the inven/on of new machines capable of mass produc/on to meet the new demand, there was a surplus of goods that would be des/ned for interna/onal markets. To ensure that these markets would be available to U.S. businesses and consumers, our government implemented imperialist policies to protect our interests abroad. Imperialism is a foreign policy in which a larger and stronger country seeks to influence or control the economic and/or poli/cal affairs of smaller or weaker country or region in an effort to protect the interests of the dominant country.
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Surplus
Trade
Leads to imperialism
(Overseas)
Chapter 2 Foreign Policies
Foreign policy is a government’s strategy of dealing with other na/ons. There was a progression of foreign policy op/ons that the U.S. u/lized between the 19th and 20th centuries. Isola/onism is the idea that a country should stay out of foreign affairs. Isola/onist policies o]en do not last in developing countries because a country’s resources and domes/c markets can not sustain itself. As a result, a country will look outside its borders to bring in the necessary resources and markets. Expansionism is a policy of extending a na/on’s boarders and annexa/on is used to add on or take over territories that were once under foreign control. As stated in the previous chapter, imperialism is the policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and poli/cal affairs of weaker countries. Imperialism defines 20th century American foreign policy.
There are three types of foreign policy enforcement: economic, poli/cal, and military. Diplomacy dictates that economic and poli/cal means be u/lized first to bring about the desired results. When those outlets have been exhausted, a country might resort to a military response, depending on the priori/es that have established.
Foreign Policy Enforcement
Economic PoliAcal Military
Chapter 3 U.S. Global RelaAons at the Turn of the 19th Century
An expedi/on by Ma_hew Perry persuaded Japan to open up trade to the U.S.
Prior to this, Japanese rulers had their country cut off
from the rest of the world since the 1600s.
Secretary of State Seward persuaded Congress to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia. The purchase not only helped with trade but they also found lots of natural resources.
Americans had established a sugar trade in Hawaii but the the U.S.
government realized the trade and military benefits of the islands and forced the monarch to step down
in 1893.
The U.S. needed a quicker route between the Atlan/c and Pacific oceans in its pursuit of raw materials and new markets. As a result, the U.S. government worked out a deal to build the Panama Canal.
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Chapter 4 Reasons for War
America goes to war as a result of several key factors. External forces that are planned to perpetuate evil within the country are reasons we can be drawn into war. The Japanese surprise a_ack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the a_acks on the World Trade Centers in New York City in 2001 are examples of these external forces.
As Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, the president of the U.S. can pass down an execu/ve order that sends troops throughout the world, such as when President George W. Bush pulled the country into a war in Iraq because of a perceived threat to na/onal security.
American interests can also draw this country into a global conflict. Americans, as with ci/zens of other countries, want to make sure that what they think is important is protected. These ideas are relayed to the members of Congress that represent our ci/zen popula/on. Congress controls the na/on’s budget. If the president decides to send troops to foreign lands, Congress ends up paying the bills. In addi/on, Congress is the only governing body in the U.S. that has the authority to formally declare war. The last /me Congress declared war was against Japan in 1941, but the U.S. Armed Forces have been involved in at least five major interna/onal conflicts……….and coun/ng since World War Two.
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Chapter 5 Unrest in the Spanish Empire
By 1898, Spain’s once vast empire was reduced to a series of islands in the waters of the Caribbean and Pacific, including the Philippines and Cuba. Revolu/onaries in Cuba, led by Jose Mar/, were figh/ng for their independence against Spanish rule.
The U.S. could not formally support their cause even though we were sympathe/c to their plight. Americans had gone through something similar against Bri/sh rule in 1776. The Spanish government was responsible for the protec/on of $50 million of U.S. proper/es and the safety of American ci/zens in Cuba. If the U.S. government supported Spanish enemies on the island, Spain would have no reason to protect American interests and we wanted to hold them responsible if anything were to happen.
However, Jose Mar/ did not want the U.S. to get involved with Cuban revolu/onaries and their fight against Spain. He was worried that a U.S. occupa/on of the island would resemble the current occupa/on. Describe the poli/cal cartoon from Cuba about U.S.
imperialism and explain what you think it means.
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Chapter 6 The American Response
With civil unrest happening on the island of Cuba and elsewhere, the U.S. government encouraged Spain to give Cuba enough autonomy in an effort to stop the revolu/onaries from figh/ng. If the government in the Spanish capital of Madrid were to relinquish control of one of its colonies, authori/es would be commigng poli/cal suicide because they would be showing signs of weakness. It would also threaten Spain’s control over other holdings because colonies might want to follow Cuba’s lead.
Against U.S. advice, Spain sent 150,000 troops to squash the rebellion. In the
figh/ng, insurgents burned U.S. proper/es to provoke American
involvement. President McKinley responded by sending the ba_leship USS Maine to Cuba in 1898 to protect
the remaining U.S. interests. The president thought that the
revolu/onaries and Spanish troops would think twice before endangering
our interests because their was a ba_leship on hand to retaliate.
Yellow journalists (people associated with the media that created sensa/onal headlines in an effort to sell newspapers) blamed Spain and Americans became more sympathe/c to the Cuban cause. However, a Spanish mo/ve was improbable because they were not equipped to enter a war with the U.S. The revolu/onaries lacked a mo/ve because of their concern with a U.S. occupa/on of the island. In fact, a 1976 inves/ga/on concluded that the explosion came from inside the vessel and not from an external device.
To heighten tensions even further, there was an explosion that sunk the USS Maine and killed over 250 officers and sailors.
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Yellow journalists were mo/vated by sales so they created sensa/onal headlines to intrigue people enough to buy the newspaper. Even though they generate revenue from newspapers sales, the bulk of the profits come from the sale of adver/sing space. The more people buy the newspaper, the more newspapers can sell adver/sing space.
Newspaper giants like William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer printed newspapers with headlines, such as “Spanish Cannibalism.”
Due to how events were unfolding, on April 21, 1898 Congress declared war on Spain by sending troops to establish a blockade around Cuba.
Admiral George Dewey and his American naval fleet set out from Hong Kong to engage the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. Knowing that they did not stand a chance against the Americans, Spanish commanders in the Philippines posi/oned their ships in shallow parts of the water so that when their ships were sunk, they would not be completely submerged and ul/mately save the lives of countless Spanish sailors.
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Nor was the Spanish fleet any match for the American navy in Cuba. And Theodore Roosevelt led his Rough Riders cavalry unit in a long but victorious land ba_le on the island.
Chapter 7 Results of the Spanish-‐American War
The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 and formally ended the conflict between the U.S. and Spain. The following is a summary of the condi/ons set forth in the treaty:
1. Spain gave the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico and the Pacific island of Guam to the U.S.
2. Spain sold the Philippines to the U.S. 3. Spain grants independence to Cuba. 4. The U.S. declared the right to intervene in Cuban
government and American troops remained on the island (all limi/ng their independence).
There were also unintended results of the Spanish-‐American War. More American lives were lost to disease than as a result of ba_le. And this conflict gave Americans the idea that war was easy and coined it “The Splendid Li_le War. “ It would not be un/l World War One that we would learn otherwise.
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