unit x: the cold war & beyond
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Unit X: The Cold War & Beyond. Heirs to Traditional Power Politics: Fear & Misinterpretation : West’s role in 1919 & the 30s Failure to open a second front, halting Lend-Lease, & refusing a 6 billion dollar loan Stalin was bitter at Potsdam Security was the issue! - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Unit X:The Cold War & Beyond
OriginsHeirs to Traditional Power Politics:
Fear & Misinterpretation:• West’s role in 1919 & the 30s• Failure to open a second front, halting Lend-Lease, & refusing a 6 billion dollar loan• Stalin was bitter at Potsdam• Security was the issue!
Ideological differences:• economic imperialism vs. international socialism
Early Stages1946: Iron Curtain Speech• Kennan’s Long Telegram
1947: communist revolutions threaten Turkey & Greece• Truman Doctrine
1948: Marshal Plan• West Germany founded• Berlin Blockade & Airlift
1949: NATO created • Soviets counter w/ Warsaw Pact• Soviet A-bomb & Red China• arms race & the Red Scare Berliners cheer US planes
Post-war USSR
1945-53: spectacular recovery• Five Year Plans again• purges & gulags• falling out w/ Tito’s Yugoslavia
1953: Stalin died; destalinization
1953-63: Nikita Khrushchev• Secret Speech (1956)• inspired Hungarian Uprising• attempted economic reforms• removed after Cuban Missile Crisis
Hungarian Uprising
The 50s, 60s & 70s
1950-53: Korean War
1956: Hungarian Uprising• Imry Nagy executed
1961: Berlin Wall built
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
1968: Dubcek’s Prague Spring
1959-75: Vietnam War
Fall of Saigon - 1975
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
• reaction to the Bay of Pigs
• threatened “mutually assured destruction”
• missiles removed from Cuba (and Turkey), a hotline established & Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Prague Spring1968: Prague Spring• Alexander Dubcek introduced
freedom of speech, press and travel
• “Communism with a human face”
• reformers wanted more and withdrawal from Soviet bloc
• Soviets invade & crush movement Prague 1968
Vietnam War1959-75: Vietnam War
• French colony, Japanese occupation & French colony again
• US supported the Diem regime in South Vietnam
• Strong nationalistic regime in the north led by Ho Chi Minh
• limited war• guerilla war; no front line
Fall of Saigon - 1975
Monolithic Communism?
The Post-war WestDecolonization:
Christian Democrats:• combined capitalism, socialism & Christianity
Great Britain:• the national welfare state• Margaret Thatcher (1980s)
West Germany:• Adenauer’s “economic miracle”
France:• De Gaulle & the Fifth Republic• Algerian Independence
1968 – student protests Student protestors in Paris
Culture & SocietyEducation:
The Women’s Movement:• De Beauvoir’s The Second Sex• Friedan’s N.O.W.
Catholic Church:• reaction to Pius XII’s conservatism; Vatican II (1962)
Permissive Society:• homosexuality, pornography, divorce & abortion became legal
Simone de Beauviour
Culture & Society
Existentialism: Camus & Sartre“Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.”
Art: Pollack’s abstract expressionism & Warhol’s pop-art
Technology: jet travel, television & nuclear energy
Pollack’s Lavender Mist
Detente1963: Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
& hotline established
1972: Nixon’s trip to China• SALT agreement• Brandt’s Ostpolitik
1973: Vietnam War ended
1975: Helsinki Accords
1979: Afghanistan invadedNixon with Mao Zedong
Decline of Communism• USSR experienced .5 of U.S.
economic growth in the 1970s and zero in the 1980s
• Failure of central planning
• Didn’t deliver materially & political practices discredited moral claims
• Misjudged human nature-caused massive apathy
• Inertia kept it together Eastern Bloc Architecture
The Decline Begins…1964-82: Leonoid Brezhnev• economic stagnation; - “no experimentation”• pollution• declining public health; alcoholism• loss of faith in government• party privileges were obvious• military budgets made social reform difficult
1979-89: Afghanistan;• “The Soviet’s Vietnam”
1984: Reagan’s “Evil Empire” & “Stars Wars” speeches
1986: Chernobyl
Birth defects from Chernobyl
Gorbachev1985-91: Mikhail Gorbachev• witnessed Khrushchev’s secret speech
• a direct, frank and pragmatic approach
• a staunch communist who wanted to reform the central
planning of the Soviet economy
GorbachevGlasnost – “openness”• addressed Chernobyl• admitted to Katyn Forest Massacre & Nazi-Soviet Pact• freed political dissidents like Andrei Sukharov (H-bomb)• supported Bukharin’s gradual collectivization
Victims of the Katyn Forest Massacre
GorbachevPerestroika – “restructuring”• multi-candidate elections• economic decisions made by local-level leaders
• REDUCED military spending!
• signed arms treaty w/ US
• declined to send troops to prop up Eastern Bloc
The Berlin Wall
1989
Poland: gov’t (Gen. Jaruzelsky) accepted talks w/ Lech Walesa & Solidarity; they in turn supported the gov’t to keep the Soviets out
Hungary: had been experimenting w/ reforms; “socialism with a human face”
• cut the barbwire fences with Austria; people flooded out
Especially from East Germany…
The Chain Reaction
East Germany:• Honecker’s government was now left with a
choice; repress emigration violently or open the Berlin Wall
• Berlin Wall opened on November 9, 1989
Eric Honecker
The Chain Reaction (con’t)
• Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution under Vaclav Havel
• Romania was the only violent collapse; Nicolae Ceausescu attempted to use force and was brutally killed
Prague - 1989
The Chain Reaction (con’t)1990: Germany reunited under Kohl
1991: USSR - hardliners attempt coup
• hasten dissolution; 15 republics• Yeltsin President of Russia
– organized crime & oligarchies– loss of empire
1991: Yugoslavia dissolved violently• Milosevic & Serbs
1992-95: Bosnian Crisis• Srebrenica Massacre• Clinton/NATO; Dayton Accords
1999: Kosovo
The European Union (EU)1957: Rome Treaty• 7 countries form the
European Economic Community (EC);
• eliminated tariffs & barriers
1994: Maastricht Treaty• EC became the EU• free trade & the
Euro
Contemporary Issues
Xenophobia
Immigration
Terrorism
Americanization
Globalization
Neo-Nazi March – Sweden 2010